EP0332622B1 - Unterwassersysteme und -vorrichtungen - Google Patents

Unterwassersysteme und -vorrichtungen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0332622B1
EP0332622B1 EP87907125A EP87907125A EP0332622B1 EP 0332622 B1 EP0332622 B1 EP 0332622B1 EP 87907125 A EP87907125 A EP 87907125A EP 87907125 A EP87907125 A EP 87907125A EP 0332622 B1 EP0332622 B1 EP 0332622B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
control module
module package
christmas tree
umbilical
control
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP87907125A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0332622A1 (de
Inventor
Robin Ralph Barnes
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MYRMIDON SUBSEA CONTROLS Ltd
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MYRMIDON SUBSEA CONTROLS Ltd
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Publication of EP0332622A1 publication Critical patent/EP0332622A1/de
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/02—Surface sealing or packing
    • E21B33/03—Well heads; Setting-up thereof
    • E21B33/035—Well heads; Setting-up thereof specially adapted for underwater installations
    • E21B33/038—Connectors used on well heads, e.g. for connecting blow-out preventer and riser
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/02—Surface sealing or packing
    • E21B33/03—Well heads; Setting-up thereof
    • E21B33/035—Well heads; Setting-up thereof specially adapted for underwater installations
    • E21B33/0355—Control systems, e.g. hydraulic, pneumatic, electric, acoustic, for submerged well heads
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/02—Surface sealing or packing
    • E21B33/03—Well heads; Setting-up thereof
    • E21B33/035—Well heads; Setting-up thereof specially adapted for underwater installations
    • E21B33/0387—Hydraulic stab connectors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to subsea systems and devices and particularly to such systems and devices as are employed for the control and monitoring of off-shore subsea production and distribution of hydrocarbon products in the oil and gas industry.
  • references to the "sea” include lakes and other areas of water besides the sea and oceans proper.
  • Hydrocarbon products are currently often obtained from deposits beneath the sea bed and are extracted by forming a production bore or well downwardly from the sea bed into the reservoir deposits and extracting the products through the well head.
  • the series of operations which initially have to be performed in order to extract the hydrocarbon products from a reservoir deposit are known as drilling and completion operations. These operations are not restricted to wells formed by drilling from a fixed structure. Wells may also be formed by drilling through a target area on the sea bed at a position remote from any fixed or floating surface-located process control facility.
  • drilling and completion operations often have to be carried out at considerable depths below the sea surface, for example several hundred metres and are extremely complex, time-consuming and expensive operations to perform.
  • These drilling and completion operations also involve numerous complex and difficult steps, not the least of which is the deployment and connection of a remotely controlled local control and performance monitoring system at the well head for use when the well is to be brought into production. Additionally there are numerous hazards and difficulties associated with the connection of power supplies, and control and monitoring signal paths to the local control system at the site of the well.
  • the present invention is more particularly concerned with problems associated with these latter aspects of the subsea extraction of hydrocarbon products from beneath the sea bed.
  • control and monitoring systems As disclosed for example in US-A-3 894 560, the type of control and monitoring systems currently employed to control and monitor the functions of a subsea well make use of hydraulically operated function control valves and hydraulic, electrical or electronic monitoring devices contained within a package mounted on a structure known as a subsea christmas tree which normally is vertically lowered into position over the well head tubing and secured thereto.
  • the control and monitoring of the christmas tree functions are undertaken by the control module package which is secured to the christmas tree as a modular system and control power is supplied and directed to the christmas tree via the control module package from a remote terminal.
  • This remote terminal may be on the land but more often takes the form of a fixed or floating purpose built process control platform anchored to the sea bed and to which the hydrocarbon product extracted from the well under the control of the christmas tree is delivered for processing and/or distribution and from which processed water or gas is re-injected back into the reservoir structure via the well, e.g. by means of pipelines or other form of distribution.
  • a terminal is frequently situated a considerable distance, for example several kilometres, from the location of the christmas tree and apart from the pipeline extending between the two for the transportation of the various liquids and/or gases, it is necessary to provide connections for the supply of power generally of a hydraulic and/or electrical nature to the christmas tree control module package and also for the transmission of control signals and exchange of information between the terminal and the subsea system.
  • Such connections are currently made by means of cables known as umbilicals constructed to withstand the subsea conditions and to convey the hydraulic and/or electrical power and signals necessary for the operation and monitoring of the system.
  • umbilicals constructed to withstand the subsea conditions and to convey the hydraulic and/or electrical power and signals necessary for the operation and monitoring of the system.
  • One type of subsea connector for use as an interface between a subsea pipeline and a single-buoy mooring system is disclosed in "The Oil and Gas Journal" Volume 73, No. 44 November 1975 on pages 88 to 92. - B.C.Andrews et al.
  • the subsea christmas tree is usually lowered into position from a semi-submersible drilling rig, which may have also been employed to drill the well.
  • a semi-submersible drilling rig which may have also been employed to drill the well.
  • control module package since the control module package is normally located on and to one side of the christmas tree its weight has to be balanced by a counterweight located at the opposite side of the christmas tree in order that the latter is maintained stable and upright during its vertical deployment from the rig and connection to the well head tubing. This in turn can undesirably increase both the weight and bulk of the christmas tree, which is to be lowered and manoeuvred into position over the well head.
  • the present invention provides a submarine umbilical for use in subsea operations and forming a control and monitor connection to a process control means located on the sea bed via a control module package characterised in that said control module package forms an end termination to said submarine umbilical which is deployed on the sea bed for horizontal pull-in and connection to said process control means.
  • this single umbilical forms the only control and monitoring interconnection which is necessary between the remote terminal on the one hand and the subsea process control means such as a christmas tree on the other hand.
  • the invention provides a subsea system for the control of subsea extraction or distribution of a liquid and/or gaseous product from under the sea bed wherein the product is directed or extracted under the control of a process control means located on the sea bed and is fed to a remote terminal and having a control module package physically connectable to the process control system on the sea bed, said control module package being supplied and controlled from the remote terminal and acting to control and monitor the functioning of the process control system, wherein said control module package forms the end termination of an umbilical extending between said remote terminal and said process control means, said umbilical serving both to supply power and for the transmission of information and control signals, and said control module package forming the sole power and signal transmitting component to be physically connected underwater to said process control means.
  • the process control means may be a process control system such as a christmas tree wherein the liquid and/or gaseous hydrocarbon product from a well head on the sea bed is extracted under the control of valve systems contained in a christmas tree located over and secured to the well head and is fed via a pipeline to a remote terminal and wherein the christmas tree is controlled and monitored by a control module package which forms the end termination to an umbilical for supplying power from and transmitting signals to and from said remote terminal, said control module package being physically connected to said christmas tree underwater and forming its sole power and signal path connection to said remote terminal.
  • the christmas tree may be one of a multiple group of subsea christmas trees and several or all of said christmas trees may have such a control module package connected to it.
  • a subsea christmas tree per se requires a supply of hydraulic power for the operation and monitoring of its hydraulically operated valves whilst the control module generally requires a supply of electrical power as well as the provision of signal transmitting conductors which may be either electrical conductors or optical fibres.
  • the arrangement of the present invention would make use of a composite umbilical containing both hydraulic power supply lines and the necessary electrical power and signal conductors or possibly optical fibre signal conductors.
  • the end termination may comprise an oil filled pressure compensated container in which is located hydraulic control valves as well as electrical and/or electronic devices and control systems for controlling and monitoring the operations being performed by the hydraulic mechanisms of the christmas tree or other subsea process control modules.
  • the container is mounted on runners or a sled device in order to facilitate its movement over the sea bed and it can be made so that it is both self-propelled and remotely controlled, if so desired.
  • guide means are provided for the course and fine alignment of the make up of underwater end terminations with respect to the christmas tree or other subsea process control module in order to facilitate proper connection thereto as well as means for clamping the termination comprising the control module package to the christmas tree or other subsea process control module once it has been guided and located into its correct position.
  • Means may also be provided for manual or robotic disconnection of the umbilical from the end termination comprising the control module package.
  • optical or acoustic means such as television cameras or acoustic sensors may also be provided for assisting in lining the end termination with its connection to the christmas tree.
  • Figure 1 shows diagrammatically a known type of oil (or gas) drilling and collection installation for extracting oil from below the sea.
  • a semi-submersible drilling rig 1, anchored by cables 1 a and which has been used to drill a production well 2 is also employed to position and install a christmas tree 3 over the top of the well, when it is desired to extract the oil from the well.
  • the well head may be several hundred metres below sea level.
  • the christmas tree 3 may be employed to control the flow of oil from the well or to inject processed water into the well in accordance with known techniques and comprises a hydraulically operated control valve arrangement.
  • This christmas tree is itself controlled and monitored by means of a control module package 4 which is mounted to one side of the christmas tree and which has to be counterbalanced by a weight 5 on the other side in order to ensure that the christmas tree is maintained stable and upright for lowering from the rig 1 and positioning over the well head.
  • the oil from the well 2 is delivered via a pipeline indicated at 6 to a remote terminal 7 in the form of a fixed or floating platform which is anchored to the sea bed and which is located at a distance, e.g. several kilometres from the well head.
  • the umbilical U1 serves to supply hydraulic power from the terminal 7 to provide control power for the operation of the christmas tree 3 via the control module package 4, whilst the umbilical U2 serves to supply electrical power to the control module package 4 and also for the transmission of monitoring data and control signals to and from the terminal 7.
  • the connections T1, T2, between the umbilicals and the christmas tree and control module can only be made under water once the christmas tree has been located in position, for the reasons given earlier, and this is a complex, time consuming and expensive operation.
  • the present invention provides an arrangement which, in practical terms, allows the umbilical U2 to be omitted and which also removes the control module 4, and hence the counterbalances weight 5, from the christmas tree structure.
  • the control module for the christmas tree is constructed so as to form the end termination of a submarine umbilical which is horizontally deployed on the sea bed for connection to the christmas tree.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the invention showing a control module package 10 forming an end termination to an umbilical U4 which is arranged to supply both hydraulic power, and electrical power to the control module and which may also include electrical and/or optical fibre signal conductors for the transmission of control information and data between the control module and the terminal platform.
  • the control module package 10 is mounted on runners 11 for easy travel over the sea bed and it may be deployed manually, remotely or by self-propulusion. Only hydraulic power is required by the christmas tree 3 and this is fed in directly through a termination 12 on the control module 10 which is arranged to mate with a complementary termination 13 on the christmas tree.
  • the termination comprises a plurality of hydraulic connections 14 and the control module is guided into its correct location for accurate aligned connection of the terminations 12,13 by means of guide probes 15 which engage guide sockets 16 to either side of the termination 13 on the christmas tree.
  • Optical and/or acoustic sensors 17 may be provided on the control module 10 initially to assist in carrying out the connecting operation but further to monitor process function status with the aid of local self-contained sensors mounted on the christmas tree. Once the connection has been made it may be secured by means of a clamping device of any suitable kind.
  • the ccnnection 18 made between the umbilical U4 and the control module 10 can be made on the surface before the control module is lowered to the sea bed, the only connection which has to be made on the sea bed is that of the control module 10 to the christmas tree.
  • FIG 3 illustrates one form of hydraulic tree connection which may be used in carrying out the present invention.
  • the connector comprises two complementary generally cylindrical parts 21,22 and an annular clamping member 23.
  • the part 21 is associated with the control module and comprises a body 24 having a recessed end cavity 25 within which are disposed an array of hydraulic connectors 26 about a central axially disposed and axially movable key or plunger 27.
  • the complementary part 22 carried by the christmas tree comprises a body 28 whose forward end 29 is shaped to enter the end cavity 25 in the part 21 and carries complementary hydraulic connectors 30 disposed so as to mate and interconnect with the connectors 26 when the two parts of the coupling are engaged.
  • connectors 30 are disposed about an axial locating bore or passage 31 which can receive the leading end of the key or plunger 27.
  • the open end of the cavity 25 is protected during deployment by a protective shield or plate, indicated in dashed lines at 32, until the connection is to be made.
  • the connector part 21 is aligned in close proximity with the connector part 22 and the key or plunger 27 is moved outwardly under hydraulic or electrical control so as to push off the protective shield 32 which falls away from the connector parts.
  • the part 21 is now moved towards the part 22 so that the end of the plunger or key 27 enters the axial bore 31 and the two complementary portions 26,30 of the hydraulic connectors engage so as to complete the connection.
  • the clamp means 23, which may take any of various known forms, is now positioned around the parts 21 and 22 to hold the hydraulic connection secure.
  • Figure 4a illustrate an arrangement in which up to eight christmas trees C1 to C8 are capable of being mounted on a template T1.
  • Each christmas tree is fed by an umbilical U terminating in a control module CM serving as a process control and monitoring unit and forming the sole power and signal path, connection between each christmas tree and a remote terminal.
  • the process input/output flow line from the arrangement is shown at F and is connected to the manifold piping system carried by the template via a hydraulic connection H.
  • Figure 4b shows a modification of the arrangement according to Figure 4a in which only two umbilicals U5 and U6 extend between the remote terminal and up to eight christmas trees C1 to C8 contained on the template T1.
  • Each umbilical terminates in a control module CM1 or CM2.
  • the control module CM1 serves as a process control and monitoring unit for the christmas trees C1 to C4 and the control unit CM2 serves as process control and monitoring unit for the christmas trees C5 to C8.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates diagrammatically an oil or gas distribution arrarngement according to the invention in which control modules CM3 and CM4 are respectively connected to product distribution control valves V1 and V2 located in product pipelines P1, P2 extending between a remote terminal 40 and a further distribution or processing site, for example on shore.
  • Control module CM3 which monitors and controls the distribution control valve V1 forms the end termination of umbilical U7 connected to the remote terminal 40, whilst control module CM4 forms the end termination of umbilical U8 which is connected to a second remote terminal (not shown).
  • Each control module is supplied with power over its umbilical for the operation of the associated valve.
  • the umbilical also supplies electrical power to the control module package and serves as a two way signal transmission path between the module and the remote terminal connected at the other end of the umbilical.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)

Claims (17)

1. Unterwasser-Speisekabel für die Verwendung in Unterwasser-Operationen und eine Steuerungs- und Monitor-Verbindung zu einer Prozeßsteuerung auf dem Meeresgrund über eine Steuermodul-Baugruppe ausbildet, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) ein Endterminal des Unterwasser-Speisekabels (U4) bildet, die auf dem Meeresgrund für den horizontalen Einschub und zur Herstellung der Verbindung zur Prozeßsteuerung (3) eingesetzt ist.
2. Unterwasser-Speisekabel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Speisekabel (U 4) die einzige Steuerungs- und Überwachungsverbindung zwischen einem entfernten Terminal und der Prozeßsteuerung (3) bildet. wenn das Unterwasser-Endterminal mit der Prozeßsteuerung (3) unter Wasser physikalisch verbunden ist.
3. Unterwassersystem zur Steuerung der Untewasser-Förderung oder Verteilung eines flüssigen oder gasförmigen Produkts von unterhalb des Meeresbodens, wobei das Produkt unter der Kontrolle einer auf dem Meeresgrund plazierten Prozeßsteuerung abgeleitet oder gefördert und einem entfernt vorgesehenen Terminal zugeführt wird, und die eine Steuermodul-Baugruppe aufweist, die mit Prozeßsteuerung auf dem Meeresgrund physikalisch verbindbar ist, wobei die Steuermodul-Baugruppe von dem abgesetzt vorgesehemen Terminal versorgt und gesteuert wird und der Steuerung und Überwachung der Funktionen der Prozeßsteuerung dient, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) das Terminal eines Endes des Speisekabels (U4) bildet, das sich zwischen dem entfernt vorgesehenen Terminal (7) und der Prozeßsteuerung (3) erstreckt, wobei das Speisekabel der Energieversorgung als auch der Übertragung von Informationen und Steuersignalen dient, und die Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) das einzige Energie- und Signalübertragungs-Bauteil ist, der unter Wasser physikalisch mit der Prozeßsteuerung (3) verbunden ist.
4. Vorrichtung oder System nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prozeßsteuerung ein Prozeßteuerungssystem in Form eines Christmas Trees (Steigrohrkopf) (3) ist.
5. Vorrichtung oder System nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Prozeßsteuerung ein Produktverteilungs-Steuerventil (V1,V2) ist.
6. Untewassersystem nach Anspruch 1, anbei ein flüssiges oder gasförmiges Kohlenwasserstoff-Produkt gewonnen wird von einem Bohrlochkopf auf dem Meeresboden unter der Kontrolle von Ventilsystemen, die in einem über und am Bohrlochkopf festgelegten Christmas Tree aufgenommen sind und über eine zu einem entfernten Terminal (7) führende Rohrleitung gespeist werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Christmas Tree durch die Steuemodul-Baugruppe (10) gesteuert und überwacht wird, die mit dem Christmas Tree unter Wasser physikalisch verbunden ist und die einzige Energie- und Signalpfad-Verbindung zwischen dem Christmas Tree und dem entfernten Terminal bildet.
7. Vorrichtung oder System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die End-Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) einen ölgefüllten druckkompensierten Behälter umfaßt, in welchem die hydraulischen Steuerventile als auch die elektrischen und/oder elektronischen Einrichtungen und Steuerungssysteme für die Steuerung und Überwachung der Funktionen der hydraulischen Anlagnen der Unterwasser-Prozeßsteuerung (3) untergebracht sind.
8. Vorrichtung oder System nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Behälter auf Kufen (11) oder auf einem Schlittengerät montiert ist, um so seine Bewegung über den Meeresgrund erleichtern.
9. Vorrichtung oder System nach Anspruch 7, oder 8 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Behälter selbstangetrieben und/oder ferngesteuert ist.
10. Vorrichtung oder System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Führungselemente (15) für die Einfluchtung des Aufbaus der Unterwasser-Endterminals (12,13) der Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) in Bezug zur Unterwasser-Prozeßsteuerung (3) zur Erleichterung des passgenauen Anschliessens an dieser vorgesehen sind.
11. Vorrichtung oder System nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß optische oder akustische Mittel (17) zur Unterstützung der Ausrichtung der Endterminals vorgesehen sind.
12. Vorrichtung oder System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Mittel (21,22) für die Klemmfestsetzung des Endterminals der Steuemodul-Baugruppe mit dem der Unterwasser-Prozeßsteuerung eingeschlossen sind, wenn diese einmal in die korrekte Position eingeführt und fixiert sind.
13. Vorrichtung oder System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Leitung oder das Kabel (U4) aus einer gemischten Speiseleitung besteht, die Hydraulikleitungen als auch elecktrische Leiter und/oder Lichwellenleiter enthält.
14. Vorrichtung oder System nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die einzige Verbindung, die unter Wasser zwischen den Endterminals der Steuermodul-Baugruppe (10) und der Prozeßsteuerung, zum Beispiel einem Christmas Tree (3), hergestellt werden muß, eine hydraulische Verbindung ist.
15. Unterwassersystem nach Anspruch 4 oder 6, oder einem der nachfolgenden von den Ansprüchen 4 oder 6 abhängigen Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine Vielzahl in einer Gruppe angeordneter Christmas Trees (C1 bis C8), wobei jeder dieser Christmas Trees durch eine Leitung oder Speisekabel (U) versorgt wird, endend in der Steuermodul-Baugruppe (CM), die die einzige Energie- und Signalpfad-Verbindung zwischen diesem Christmas Tree und einem entfernt vorgesehenen Terminal bildet.
16. Unterwassersystem nach Anspruch 4 oder 6, oder einem der nachfolgenden von den Ansprüchen 4 oder 6 abhängigen Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine Vielzahl Gruppen Christmas Trees (C1 bis C8), wobei jede Gruppe Christmas Trees von einer einzelnen Steuermodul-Baugruppe (CM1,CM2) gesteuert wird, die das Endterminal einer Leitung oder eines Speisekabels (U5,U6) bildet, welche bzw. welches die einzige Energie- und Signalpfad-Verbindung zwischen dieser Gruppe Christmas Trees und einem entfernt vorgesehenen Terminal ist.
17. Unterwassersystem nach Anspruch 5 oder einem der nachfolgenden vom Anspruch 5 abhängigen Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine Öl- oder Gasverteilungs-Anordnung einschließend eine Vielzahl Produktverteilungs-Steuerventile (V1,V2) zur Steuerung der Gas- oder Ölverteilung, wobei eine Steuermodul-Baugruppe (CM3, CM4) mit jedem der Verteiler-Steuerventile zur Überwachung und Steuerung der Ventile verbunden ist, und die mit jeder Steuermodul-Baugruppe verbundene Leitung bzw. Speisekabel (U7, U8) mit einem entfernt vorgesehenen Terminal verbunden ist.
EP87907125A 1986-11-11 1987-11-05 Unterwassersysteme und -vorrichtungen Expired - Lifetime EP0332622B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8626884 1986-11-11
GB868626884A GB8626884D0 (en) 1986-11-11 1986-11-11 Subsea systems & devices

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0332622A1 EP0332622A1 (de) 1989-09-20
EP0332622B1 true EP0332622B1 (de) 1992-06-10

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EP (1) EP0332622B1 (de)
AU (1) AU8159287A (de)
BR (1) BR8707873A (de)
DE (1) DE3779763T2 (de)
GB (1) GB8626884D0 (de)
NO (1) NO883057L (de)
WO (1) WO1988003596A1 (de)

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Title
The Oil and Gas Journal, vol.73, no.44, 03.11.1975 (Pennwell Publ., Tulsa, USA); B.C.Andrews et al: "Unit connects subsea line, buoy", pages 88-92 *

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Publication number Publication date
DE3779763T2 (de) 1993-04-22
EP0332622A1 (de) 1989-09-20
DE3779763D1 (de) 1992-07-16
GB8626884D0 (en) 1986-12-10
WO1988003596A1 (en) 1988-05-19
NO883057L (no) 1988-09-12
NO883057D0 (no) 1988-07-08
AU8159287A (en) 1988-06-01
BR8707873A (pt) 1989-10-03

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