EP0317864B1 - Use of a chromium-containing alloy - Google Patents
Use of a chromium-containing alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0317864B1 EP0317864B1 EP88118958A EP88118958A EP0317864B1 EP 0317864 B1 EP0317864 B1 EP 0317864B1 EP 88118958 A EP88118958 A EP 88118958A EP 88118958 A EP88118958 A EP 88118958A EP 0317864 B1 EP0317864 B1 EP 0317864B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nitric acid
- chromium
- alloys
- austenitic
- molybdenum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of alloys with the mass fractions 35.5-69% iron, 27 -32% chrome, 10 -25% nickel, 0 - 4.5% molybdenum, ⁇ 1.05% silicon, ⁇ 10% manganese and ⁇ 0.5% nitrogen, as well as the usual accompanying elements, such as carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, cobalt, aluminum, vanadium, titanium, tantalum and / or niobium, which have an austenitic-ferritic structure with a ferrite surface fraction above 10%, as a material for objects that are resistant to nitric acid are stable up to a concentration of about 75% by weight in the temperature range from the melting point of the nitric acid to 150 ° C.
- the alloy mentioned is particularly characterized by its high chromium content, which is 27-32%.
- the nickel content is 10-25%, preferably 10-20%.
- the Alloy can also have molybdenum contents of up to 4.5%, preferably up to 3%.
- the alloys which can be used according to the invention can also be used with manganese up to 10%, preferably up to 6%, nitrogen up to 0.5%, preferably up to 0.2%, and / or silicon up to 1.05 % be alloyed.
- the alloy element manganese if present, does not have a negative effect on the resistance to nitric acid in the alloys to be used according to the invention.
- the nitrogen solubility increases within the specified range with increasing chromium content.
- the alloys have an austenitic-ferritic structure, the proportion of ferrite surface area is above 10%.
- the alloys mentioned can be used as a material for objects which are resistant to nitric acid.
- objects are devices of various types, reactors, pipelines, pumps, pump parts, stirrers, fittings, flanges, filter baskets and welding filler material for welded connections of such devices or device parts.
- the alloys mentioned can preferably be used as a filler metal and as cast steel for cast apparatus or apparatus parts, such as pumps.
- the resistance of the alloys which can be used according to the invention ranges up to nitric acid concentrations of 75%. In the same way, there is a high resistance to mixed acid from sulfuric acid and nitric acid, as used, for example, for nitrating aromatic compounds.
- the durability is also given for the temperature range from the melting point of nitric acid up to about 150 ° C, preferably up to 130 ° C. This means that there is resistance both for the nitric acid in the liquid phase and for nitric acid vapors, for example in the gas space above a mixture containing nitric acid heated to appropriate temperatures,
- EP 0 200 862 A1 discloses the use of an Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn alloy as a material for objects which are resistant to sulfuric acid at a concentration above 96%. This alloy is characterized by a low price and simple handling out. However, it is known from the monograph Frank F. Berg, Korrosionschaulogical, 2nd edition, 1969, VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, that corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid cannot be transferred to nitric acid or vice versa.
- Austenitic chromium-nickel (molybdenum, copper) materials for example materials with the numbers 1.4306, 1.4335 or 2.4858, have mainly been used to handle up to approximately 75% nitric acids. To weld these materials together, either similarly composed or alloyed ones were used Welding consumables. The filler materials generally lead to a fully austenitic weld metal, for example with the standard composition 25% chromium, 22% nickel, 2.2% molybdenum, 5% manganese and 0.15% nitrogen. If a delta ferrite-containing weld metal had to be used for reasons of safety against hot cracking, the formation of a coherent ferrite network had to be avoided. Such a network formation is to be expected from about 10% ferrite surface area.
- welded weld metal of the composition (mass fractions in%) 0.022 C. 1.05 Si 1.01 Mn 0.019 P 0.012 S 29.25 Cr 12.05 Ni 0.135 N rest Fe produced with a delta ferrite content of 24 to 26% and claimed in the melted state and after additional solution treatment (1060 ° C / 15 min / water) in boiling azeotropic nitric acid, as described in Example 1.
- the weld metal was produced by melting a coated stick electrode, core wire diameter 3.25 mm.
- connection welds were produced from 4 mm thick metal sheets made of the stainless austenitic steels X 1 CrNi 25 21 and X 1 NiCr 31 27 with the help of the coated stick electrode used in Example 2, core wire diameter 3.25 mm. These joint welds were stressed in boiling azeotropic nitric acid for 100 days without intermediate weighing. The removal rates are 0.07 mm / a (X 1 CrNi 25 21) and 0.05 mm / a (X 1 NiCr 31 27). The grain boundaries of the base material and weld metal were only etched.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft die Verwendung von Legierungen mit den Massenanteilen
35,5-69 % Eisen,
27 -32 % Chrom,
10 -25 % Nickel,
0 - 4,5 % Molybdän,
≦ 1,05% Silicium,
≦ 10% Mangan und
≦ 0,5% Stickstoff,
sowie den üblichen Begleitelementen, wie Kohlenstoff, Phosphor, Schwefel, Kupfer, Kobalt, Aluminium, Vanadin, Titan, Tantal und/oder Niob, die ein austenitischferritisches Gefüge mit einem Ferritflächenanteil oberhalb von 10% aufweisen, als Werkstoff für Gegenstände, die gegen Salpetersäure bis zu einer Konzentration von etwa 75 Gew.-% im Temperaturbereich vom Schmelzpunkt der Salpetersäure bis zu 150°C beständig sind.The present invention relates to the use of alloys with the mass fractions
35.5-69% iron,
27 -32% chrome,
10 -25% nickel,
0 - 4.5% molybdenum,
≦ 1.05% silicon,
≦ 10% manganese and
≦ 0.5% nitrogen,
as well as the usual accompanying elements, such as carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, cobalt, aluminum, vanadium, titanium, tantalum and / or niobium, which have an austenitic-ferritic structure with a ferrite surface fraction above 10%, as a material for objects that are resistant to nitric acid are stable up to a concentration of about 75% by weight in the temperature range from the melting point of the nitric acid to 150 ° C.
Die genannte Legierung ist vor allem durch ihren hohen Gehalt an Chrom ausgezeichnet, der 27-32 % beträgt. Der Gehalt an Nickel betragt 10-25 %, bevorzugt 10-20 %. Die Legierung kann weiterhin Molybdängehalte bis zu 4,5 %, bevorzugt bis zu 3 % aufweisen. Neben den oben bereits genannten Begleitelementen können die erfindungsgemäß einsetzbaren Legierungen auch mit Mangan bis zu 10 %, bevorzugt bis zu 6 %, Stickstoff bis zu 0,5 %, bevorzugt bis zu 0,2 %, und/oder Silicium bis zu 1,05% legiert sein. Das gegebenenfalls vorliegende Legierungselement Mangan wirkt sich in den erfindungsgemäß einzusetzenden Legierungen nicht negativ auf die Salpetersäurebeständigkeit aus. Die Stickstofflöslichkeit steigt im angegebenen Rahmen mit steigendem Chromgehalt.The alloy mentioned is particularly characterized by its high chromium content, which is 27-32%. The nickel content is 10-25%, preferably 10-20%. The Alloy can also have molybdenum contents of up to 4.5%, preferably up to 3%. In addition to the accompanying elements already mentioned above, the alloys which can be used according to the invention can also be used with manganese up to 10%, preferably up to 6%, nitrogen up to 0.5%, preferably up to 0.2%, and / or silicon up to 1.05 % be alloyed. The alloy element manganese, if present, does not have a negative effect on the resistance to nitric acid in the alloys to be used according to the invention. The nitrogen solubility increases within the specified range with increasing chromium content.
Die Legierungen besitzen ein austenitisch-ferritisches Gefüge, dessen Ferritflächenanteil oberhalb von 10 % liegt.The alloys have an austenitic-ferritic structure, the proportion of ferrite surface area is above 10%.
Die genannten Legierungen können erfindungsgemäß als Werkstoff für Gegenstände, die gegen Salpetersäure beständig sind, eingesetzt werden. Solche Gegenstände sind Apparate der verschiedensten Art, Reaktoren, Rohrleitungen, Pumpen, Pumpenteile, Rührer, Armaturen, Flansche, Filterkörbe sowie Schweißzusatzwerkstoff für Schweißverbindungen solcher Apparate oder Apparateteile. In bevorzugter Weise sind die genannten Legierungen einsetzbar als Schweißzusatzwerkstoff und als Stahlguß für gegossene Apparate oder Apparateteile, wie Pumpen.According to the invention, the alloys mentioned can be used as a material for objects which are resistant to nitric acid. Such objects are devices of various types, reactors, pipelines, pumps, pump parts, stirrers, fittings, flanges, filter baskets and welding filler material for welded connections of such devices or device parts. The alloys mentioned can preferably be used as a filler metal and as cast steel for cast apparatus or apparatus parts, such as pumps.
Die Beständigkeit der erfindungsgemäß einsetzbaren Legierungen reicht bis zu Salpetersäurekonzentrationen von 75 %. In gleicher Weise ist eine hohe Beständigkeit gegen Mischsäure aus Schwefelsäure und Salpetersäure gegeben, wie sie beispielsweise zum Nitrieren aromatischer Verbindungen eingesetzt wird. Die Beständigkeit ist weiterhin gegeben für den Temperaturbereich vom Schmelzpunkt der Salpetersäure bis zu etwa 150°C, bevorzugt bis zu 130°C. Das heißt, daß eine Beständigkeit gegeben ist sowohl für die Salpetersäure in flüssiger Phase als auch für Salpetersäuredämpfe, etwa im Gasraum oberhalb eines auf entsprechende Temperaturen erhitzten salpetersäurehaltigen Gemisches,The resistance of the alloys which can be used according to the invention ranges up to nitric acid concentrations of 75%. In the same way, there is a high resistance to mixed acid from sulfuric acid and nitric acid, as used, for example, for nitrating aromatic compounds. The durability is also given for the temperature range from the melting point of nitric acid up to about 150 ° C, preferably up to 130 ° C. This means that there is resistance both for the nitric acid in the liquid phase and for nitric acid vapors, for example in the gas space above a mixture containing nitric acid heated to appropriate temperatures,
Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Verwendung der oben genannten Legierungen als Schweißzusatzwerkstoff kann dieser für alle bekannten Verbindungs- und Auftragsschweißverfahren eingesetzt werden.
aus EP 0 200 862 A1 ist die Verwendung einer Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Legierung als Werkstoff für Gegenstände, die gegen Schwefelsäure einer Konzentration oberhalb von 96% beständig sind, bekannt, Diese Legierung zeichnet sich durch einen niedrigen Preis und durch einfache Handhabung aus. Es ist jedoch aus der Monographie Frank F. Berg, Korrosionsschaubilder, 2. Aufl, 1969, VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf, bekannt, daß Korrosionsfestigkeiten gegenüber Schwefelsäure nicht auf Salpetersäure und auch nicht umgekehrt übertragen werden können.When the above-mentioned alloys are used as welding filler material according to the invention, this can be used for all known joining and surfacing processes.
Zur Handhabung von bis zu etwa 75 %igen Salpetersäuren wurden bisher vorwiegend austenitische Chrom-Nickel-(Molybdän, Kupfer)-Werkstoffe verwendet, beispielsweise Werkstoffe mit den Nummern 1.4306, 1.4335 oder 2,4858. Zum Verbindungsschweißen dieser Werkstoffe verwendete man entweder ähnlich zusammengesetzte oder überlegierte Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe. Die Zusatzwerkstoffe führen im allgemeinen zu einem vollaustenitischen Schweißgut, beispielsweise mit der Richtzusammensetzung 25 % Chrom, 22 % Nickel, 2,2 % Molybdän, 5 % Mangan und 0,15 % Stickstoff. Mußte aus Gründen der Heißrißsicherheit auf ein deltaferrithaltiges Schweißgut zurückgegriffen werden, war die Ausbildung eines zusammenhängenden Ferritnetzwerkes zu vermeiden. Mit einer solchen Netzbildung ist ab etwa 10 % Ferritflächenanteil zu rechnen.Austenitic chromium-nickel (molybdenum, copper) materials, for example materials with the numbers 1.4306, 1.4335 or 2.4858, have mainly been used to handle up to approximately 75% nitric acids. To weld these materials together, either similarly composed or alloyed ones were used Welding consumables. The filler materials generally lead to a fully austenitic weld metal, for example with the standard composition 25% chromium, 22% nickel, 2.2% molybdenum, 5% manganese and 0.15% nitrogen. If a delta ferrite-containing weld metal had to be used for reasons of safety against hot cracking, the formation of a coherent ferrite network had to be avoided. Such a network formation is to be expected from about 10% ferrite surface area.
Überraschend wurde nun gefunden, daß auch bei größeren Ferritflächenanteilen eine hohe Salpetersäurebeständigkeit dann erzielt werden kann, wenn Legierungen der hier beschriebenen Art verwendet werden.Surprisingly, it has now been found that a high nitric acid resistance can also be achieved with larger ferrite surface fractions if alloys of the type described here are used.
Abgeschmolzenes Schweißgut der Zusammensetzung (Massenanteile in %)
mit einem Deltaferritgehalt um 13,5 % wurde in siedender azeotroper Salpetersäure beansprucht. Die Prüfdauer betrug 50 Prüfabschnitte zu je 48 h. Es stellten sich flächenbezogene Massenverluste von im Mittel 0,19 g/(m².h) bei einer Tiefe des interkristallinen Angriffs von max. 40 µm ein. Durch Lösungsglühen (1050°C/20 min/Wasser) ließen sich die Massenverlustraten auf 0,08 bis 0,10 g/(m².h) reduzieren; die Tiefe des Korngrenzenangriffs lag nun bei lediglich max. 5 µm. Durch das Lösungsglühen wurde der Deltaferritanteil nicht meßbar verändert.Melted weld metal of the composition (mass fractions in%)
with a delta ferrite content of around 13.5% was used in boiling azeotropic nitric acid. The test duration was 50 test sections of 48 hours each. There were area-related mass losses of on average 0.19 g / (m².h) with a depth of the intergranular attack of max. 40 µm. Solution annealing (1050 ° C / 20 min / water) reduced the mass loss rates to 0.08 to 0.10 g / (m².h); the depth of the grain boundary attack was now only max. 5 µm. The delta ferrite content was not measurably changed by the solution annealing.
Analog Beispiel 1 wurde abgeschmolzenes Schweißgut der Zusammensetzung (Massenanteile in %)
mit einem Deltaferritanteil von 24 bis 26 % hergestellt und im abgeschmolzenen Zustand sowie nach zusätzlichem Lösungsglühen (1060°C/15 min/Wasser) in siedender azeotroper Salpetersäure, wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, beansprucht. Es ergaben sich flachenbezogene Massenverlustraten von im Mittel 0,10 g/(m².h), die über die Prüfdauer hinweg praktisch konstant waren. Dieser Befund gilt sowohl für den geschweißten als auch für den lösungsgeglühten Zustand. In beiden Fällen war metallographisch kein interkristalliner Angriff zu erkennen; die Werkstoffproben hatten sich lediglich, der Abtragungsrate entsprechend, angerauht. Das Schweißgut wurde durch Abschmelzen einer umhüllten Stabelektrode, Kerndrahtdurchmesser 3,25 mm, hergestellt.Analogous to example 1, welded weld metal of the composition (mass fractions in%)
produced with a delta ferrite content of 24 to 26% and claimed in the melted state and after additional solution treatment (1060 ° C / 15 min / water) in boiling azeotropic nitric acid, as described in Example 1. There were flat mass loss rates of 0.10 g / (m².h) on average, which were practically constant over the test period. This finding applies to both the welded and solution annealed condition. In both cases, no intercrystalline attack was detectable metallographically; the material samples had only roughened according to the removal rate. The weld metal was produced by melting a coated stick electrode, core wire diameter 3.25 mm.
Aus 4 mm dicken Blechen aus den nichtrostenden austenischen Stählen X 1 CrNi 25 21 und X 1 NiCr 31 27 wurden mit Hilfe der im Beispiel 2 verwendeten umhüllten Stabelektrode, Kerndrahtdurchmesser 3,25 mm, Verbindungsschweißungen hergestellt. Diese Verbindungsschweißungen wurden 100 Tage lang ohne Zwischenwägungen in siedender azeotroper Salpetersäure beansprucht. Die Abtragungsraten belaufen sich auf 0,07 mm/a (X 1 CrNi 25 21) bzw. 0,05 mm/a (X 1 NiCr 31 27). Die Korngrenzen von Grundwerkstoff und Schweißgut waren lediglich angeätzt.Connection welds were produced from 4 mm thick metal sheets made of the stainless austenitic steels X 1 CrNi 25 21 and X 1 NiCr 31 27 with the help of the coated stick electrode used in Example 2, core wire diameter 3.25 mm. These joint welds were stressed in boiling azeotropic nitric acid for 100 days without intermediate weighing. The removal rates are 0.07 mm / a (X 1 CrNi 25 21) and 0.05 mm / a (X 1 NiCr 31 27). The grain boundaries of the base material and weld metal were only etched.
Claims (2)
- Use of alloys containing the following proportions by mass:
35.5 - 69% of iron,
27 - 32% of chromium,
10 - 25% of nickel,
0 - 4.5% of molybdenum,
≦ 1.05% of silicon,
≦ 10% of manganese and
≦ 0.5% of nitrogen,
and the customary accompanying elements, such as carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, copper, cobalt, aluminium, vanadium, titanium, tantalum and/or niobium, which have an austenitic/ferritic structure, ferrite making up more than 10% of the surface area, as a material for articles which are stable to nitric acid up to a concentration of about 75% by weight in the temperature range from the melting point of nitric acid up to 150°C. - Use of an alloy according to Claim 1 as welding filler and as cast steel for components.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19873739903 DE3739903A1 (en) | 1987-11-25 | 1987-11-25 | USE OF A CHROMIUM ALLOY |
| DE3739903 | 1987-11-25 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0317864A1 EP0317864A1 (en) | 1989-05-31 |
| EP0317864B1 true EP0317864B1 (en) | 1992-03-04 |
Family
ID=6341215
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88118958A Expired - Lifetime EP0317864B1 (en) | 1987-11-25 | 1988-11-14 | Use of a chromium-containing alloy |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0317864B1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3739903A1 (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0135321A1 (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1985-03-27 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Austenitic stainless steel with improved resistance to corrosion by nitric acid |
| EP0200862A1 (en) * | 1985-03-09 | 1986-11-12 | Bayer Ag | Use of an iron-chromium-nickel alloy resistant to highly concentrated sulfonic acid and to oleum |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US28772A (en) * | 1860-06-19 | Frederic plant | ||
| US3171738A (en) * | 1960-06-29 | 1965-03-02 | Allegheny Ludlum Steel | Austenitic stainless steel |
| US3129120A (en) * | 1962-02-05 | 1964-04-14 | United States Steel Corp | Stainless steel resistant to nitric acid corrosion |
| US3537846A (en) * | 1966-10-21 | 1970-11-03 | Sandvikens Jernverks Ab | Welding wire and welding strip for cladding stainless layers on unalloyed and low-alloyed structural steels and for other purposes where a stainless filler material with high chromium and nickel contents is required |
| US3486885A (en) * | 1967-04-03 | 1969-12-30 | Atomic Energy Commission | Stainless steel alloy with low phosphorus content |
| US3645725A (en) * | 1969-05-02 | 1972-02-29 | Armco Steel Corp | Austenitic steel combining strength and resistance to intergranular corrosion |
| US4405389A (en) * | 1982-10-21 | 1983-09-20 | Ingersoll-Rand Company | Austenitic stainless steel casting alloy for corrosive applications |
| CA1214667A (en) * | 1983-01-05 | 1986-12-02 | Terry A. Debold | Duplex alloy |
| JPS59150692A (en) * | 1983-02-17 | 1984-08-28 | Nippon Stainless Steel Co Ltd | Welding material of ferrite-austenite two-phase stainless steel |
| JPS6033342A (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1985-02-20 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Nitric acid resistant two-phase stainless steel |
-
1987
- 1987-11-25 DE DE19873739903 patent/DE3739903A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-11-14 EP EP88118958A patent/EP0317864B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-11-14 DE DE8888118958T patent/DE3868869D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0135321A1 (en) * | 1983-08-05 | 1985-03-27 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | Austenitic stainless steel with improved resistance to corrosion by nitric acid |
| EP0200862A1 (en) * | 1985-03-09 | 1986-11-12 | Bayer Ag | Use of an iron-chromium-nickel alloy resistant to highly concentrated sulfonic acid and to oleum |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Handbook of Stainless Steels, Pecker & Bernstein, 1977, McGraw Hill; * |
| Lexikon Der Begriffe und Bezeichnungen in der Eisen und Stahlindustrie mit Definitionen und Erklärungen, 1974 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3868869D1 (en) | 1992-04-09 |
| DE3739903A1 (en) | 1989-06-08 |
| EP0317864A1 (en) | 1989-05-31 |
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