EP0302040B1 - Improvement for ladles to cast metal - Google Patents

Improvement for ladles to cast metal Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0302040B1
EP0302040B1 EP88870124A EP88870124A EP0302040B1 EP 0302040 B1 EP0302040 B1 EP 0302040B1 EP 88870124 A EP88870124 A EP 88870124A EP 88870124 A EP88870124 A EP 88870124A EP 0302040 B1 EP0302040 B1 EP 0302040B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ladle
annular chamber
fixed plate
inner nozzle
annular
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88870124A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0302040A2 (en
EP0302040A3 (en
Inventor
René Desaar
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Recherches Et Developpements Desaar SA
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Recherches Et Developpements Desaar SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Recherches Et Developpements Desaar SA filed Critical Recherches Et Developpements Desaar SA
Priority to AT88870124T priority Critical patent/ATE80570T1/en
Publication of EP0302040A2 publication Critical patent/EP0302040A2/en
Publication of EP0302040A3 publication Critical patent/EP0302040A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0302040B1 publication Critical patent/EP0302040B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles
    • B22D41/60—Pouring-nozzles with heating or cooling means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to ladles for molten metal and it relates more particularly to an improvement to these ladles for vigorously cooling from the inside the refractory elements which are inside the metal casings or cassettes of the closure closure device. these pockets during use and maintenance.
  • the bottom of the ladles has an internal nozzle forming a pouring channel for the molten metal and a closure device with an external nozzle to prevent or allow the molten metal to flow out of the ladle.
  • the jet of liquid metal flows through the pouring channel of the internal nozzle of refractory material and then passes through a tap hole in the elements of refractory material of the closure device.
  • the molten metal regularly erodes the wall of the pouring channel of the internal nozzle and produces a fairly significant wear of the wall of the tap hole in the refractory elements of the closure device under the effect of the high temperature of the liquid metal, and in particular the fixed plate and the movable plate which are located between the internal nozzle and the external nozzle.
  • This has the effect of bringing the fixed refractory plate of the closure device to a high temperature and of impeding the sliding of the mobile refractory plate on the fixed refractory plate to allow it to flow or stop. the jet of liquid metal at each pour.
  • the high temperature of the fixed plate causes detrimental decarburization of the refractory of this fixed plate.
  • this metal and slag core is burned using a lance with oxygen so as to clean the wall of the internal nozzle.
  • the burner dart then causes at the point of contact, a very significant rise in temperature and a deterioration of the surface of the pouring channel.
  • the object of the invention is precisely an improvement aiming also at ensuring effective continuous cooling of the aforementioned refractory elements so as to avoid the drawbacks mentioned above.
  • a ladle in which the internal nozzle is surrounded by an annular chamber over a part of its length, this annular chamber containing a hollow element whose internal volume is in communication with a pipe.
  • supply line for a cooling fluid said hollow element extending in the annular chamber so as to at least partially surround the internal nozzle, the wall of the hollow element being pierced with several orifices distributed along its length so as to direct cooling jets directly towards the fixed plate of the pocket closure device around the tap hole in this plate.
  • Means are also provided for evacuating the coolant from the annular chamber to the outside atmosphere.
  • the refractory elements of the closure device have a considerably longer lifespan than that of the known devices for closing the ladles.
  • the internal nozzle 12 of refractory material is housed in an opening in the seat brick 11 of refractory material which lines the bottom of the pocket.
  • the closing device 20 comprises a fixed element 22 integral with the bottom of the pocket and a mobile element 23 actuated by a drive device (not shown) in order to bring the external nozzle 21 into alignment with the pouring channel to let a jet of liquid metal flow or to close off the pouring channel.
  • the fixed element 22 comprises a refractory plate, called a fixed plate, housed in a metal case and pierced with a tap hole;
  • the movable element 23 comprises a refractory plate housed in a metal case and pierced with one or more tap holes communicating each with an external nozzle.
  • the entire casting device is shown on a larger scale in FIG. 2.
  • the internal nozzle is here made of two parts: the nozzle body 12A and a wear part 12B adjoining the fixed plate 22 of the closing device at which it is joined by a bead 2.
  • the internal nozzle 12 could of course be in one piece.
  • the wear part 12B of the internal nozzle 12, or the equivalent end part of a nozzle is surrounded by an annular chamber 3 externally limited by a metallic ferrule 4 and in the annular chamber 3 is disposed a hollow element 5 which extends transversely to the axis I of the pouring channel 1 so as to at least partially surround the nozzle 12.
  • the hollow element 5 has a curved shape which extends along a major part of the perimeter of the shell 4 but it can also form a ring.
  • the hollow element 5 is welded inside the shell 4 in several places distributed around its periphery or continuously over the entire length of said element.
  • the interior of the hollow element 5 is in communication with a pipe 6 for the supply of a coolant, and the wall of the hollow element 5 is pierced with several orifices 7 distributed over its entire length so as to direct jets of coolant towards the bottom of the annular chamber and therefore towards the fixed plate 22 all around the taphole in this refractory plate.
  • the wear part 12B of the internal nozzle 12 is formed with a peripheral housing for receiving the cooling element 5 and the fixed plate 22 is profiled so that its part 22A which is located around the tap hole is partially surrounded by the lower part of the annular chamber 3 which receives the cooling jets distributed by the distributor ring 5, which further promotes the cooling efficiency of the fixed plate 22.
  • the coolant is evacuated by channels 9 which extend radially along the surface of the fixed plate 22 between the lower part of the annular chamber 3 and the external atmosphere through orifices 8 formed near the lower edge of the ferrule 4.
  • the jets of coolant directed directly towards the plate 22 energetically and uniformly cool this fixed plate and avoid the too rapid wear of the refractory wall of the taphole in this plate.
  • the coolant is preferably neutral gas, for example argon or dried air, so as to avoid decarburization of the refractory constituting the fixed plate.

Abstract

A ladle for casting molten metal comprising an inner nozzle forming a casting channel and a ladle closing device comprising a fixed element and a moving element, the inner nozzle being surrounded by an annular cooling chamber along part of its length. The annular chamber (3) contains an annular ring (5), the interior of which communicates with a duct (6) supplying a cooling fluid, the hollow ring (5) extending into the annular chamber so as to surround the inner nozzle (12), and the wall of the ring (5) being formed with a number of orifices (7) distributed all along the ring so as to direct jets of cooling fluid on to the fixed plate (12) of the ladle cooling device around the casting hole in the plate (22).

Description

La présente invention concerne les poches de coulée pour métal en fusion et elle concerne plus particulièrement un perfectionnement à ces poches pour refroidir énergiquement de l'intérieur les éléments en réfractaire qui se trouvent à l'intérieur des boîtiers ou cassettes métalliques du dispositif de fermeture de ces poches pendant leur utilisation et leur entretien.The present invention relates to ladles for molten metal and it relates more particularly to an improvement to these ladles for vigorously cooling from the inside the refractory elements which are inside the metal casings or cassettes of the closure closure device. these pockets during use and maintenance.

Le fond des poches de coulée comporte une busette interne formant un canal de coulée pour le métal liquide et un dispositif de fermeture avec busette externe pour empêcher ou permettre la coulée du métal liquide hors de la poche. Pendant la coulée, le jet de métal liquide s'écoule par le canal de coulée de la busette interne en matériau réfractaire et traverse ensuite un trou de coulée dans les éléments en matériau réfractaire du dispositif de fermeture.The bottom of the ladles has an internal nozzle forming a pouring channel for the molten metal and a closure device with an external nozzle to prevent or allow the molten metal to flow out of the ladle. During casting, the jet of liquid metal flows through the pouring channel of the internal nozzle of refractory material and then passes through a tap hole in the elements of refractory material of the closure device.

Durant la coulée, le métal en fusion érode régulièrement la paroi du canal de coulée de la busette interne et produit une usure assez sensible de la paroi du trou de coulée dans les éléments réfractaires du dispositif de fermeture sous l'effet de la température élevée du métal liquide, et notamment la plaque fixe et la plaque mobile qui sont situées entre la busette interne et la busette externe. Cela a pour effet de porter la plaque réfractaire fixe du dispositif de fermeture à une température élevée et d'entraver le glissement de la plaque réfractaire mobile sur la plaque réfractaire fixe pour laisser s'écouler ou arrêter le jet de métal liquide à chaque coulée. De plus, la température élevée de la plaque fixe provoque une décarburation préjudiciable du réfractaire de cette plaque fixe.During casting, the molten metal regularly erodes the wall of the pouring channel of the internal nozzle and produces a fairly significant wear of the wall of the tap hole in the refractory elements of the closure device under the effect of the high temperature of the liquid metal, and in particular the fixed plate and the movable plate which are located between the internal nozzle and the external nozzle. This has the effect of bringing the fixed refractory plate of the closure device to a high temperature and of impeding the sliding of the mobile refractory plate on the fixed refractory plate to allow it to flow or stop. the jet of liquid metal at each pour. In addition, the high temperature of the fixed plate causes detrimental decarburization of the refractory of this fixed plate.

Pendant les opérations d'entretien des poches de coulée, alors que le canal de coulée est encore rempli de métal et de laitier qui se trouvent en grande partie solidifiés, cette carotte de métal et de laitier est brûlée à l'aide d'une lance à oxygène de manière à nettoyer la paroi de la busette interne. Le dard du brûleur provoque alors au point de contact, une élévation très importante de la température et une détérioration de la surface du canal de coulée.During the ladle maintenance operations, while the pouring channel is still filled with metal and slag which are largely solidified, this metal and slag core is burned using a lance with oxygen so as to clean the wall of the internal nozzle. The burner dart then causes at the point of contact, a very significant rise in temperature and a deterioration of the surface of the pouring channel.

Par WO-A-8603147 il est déjà connu d'entourer la busette interne d'une poche de coulée d'une chambre de refroidissement annulaire s'étendant sur une partie de la longueur de la busette. Cette disposition n'assure toutefois pas un refroidissement efficace des éléments réfractaires du dispositif de fermeture de poche.By WO-A-8603147 it is already known to surround the internal nozzle with a tundish of an annular cooling chamber extending over part of the length of the nozzle. This arrangement does not however ensure effective cooling of the refractory elements of the pocket closure device.

L'invention a précisément pour objet un perfectionnement visant à assurer également un refroidissement continu efficace des éléments réfractaires précités de manière à éviter les inconvénients mentionnés ci-dessus.The object of the invention is precisely an improvement aiming also at ensuring effective continuous cooling of the aforementioned refractory elements so as to avoid the drawbacks mentioned above.

Cet objectif est atteint grâce à l'invention par une poche de coulée dans laquelle la busette interne est entourée d'une chambre annulaire sur une partie de sa longueur, cette chambre annulaire contenant un élément creux dont le volume intérieur est en communication avec une conduite d'amenée pour un fluide de refroidissement, ledit élément creux s'étendant dans la chambre annulaire de manière à entourer au moins partiellement la busette interne, la paroi de l'élément creux étant percée de plusieurs orifices répartis sur sa longueur de manière à diriger des jets de refroidissement directement vers la plaque fixe du dispositif de fermeture de poche autour du trou de coulée dans cette plaque. Des moyens sont également prévus pour évacuer le fluide de refroidissement de la chambre annulaire vers l'atmosphère extérieure.This objective is achieved thanks to the invention by a ladle in which the internal nozzle is surrounded by an annular chamber over a part of its length, this annular chamber containing a hollow element whose internal volume is in communication with a pipe. supply line for a cooling fluid, said hollow element extending in the annular chamber so as to at least partially surround the internal nozzle, the wall of the hollow element being pierced with several orifices distributed along its length so as to direct cooling jets directly towards the fixed plate of the pocket closure device around the tap hole in this plate. Means are also provided for evacuating the coolant from the annular chamber to the outside atmosphere.

Grâce à l'invention, les éléments réfractaires du dispositif de fermeture ont une durée de vie considérablement plus longue que celle des dispositifs de fermeture des poches de coulée connues.Thanks to the invention, the refractory elements of the closure device have a considerably longer lifespan than that of the known devices for closing the ladles.

L'invention est exposée dans ce qui suit à l'aide des dessins ci-annexés dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue partielle en perspective du fond d'une poche de coulée,
  • la figure 2 est une coupe axiale du système de coulée avec le dispositif de refroidissement selon l'invention;
  • la figure 3 est une coupe suivant la ligne III-III de la figure 2.
The invention is set out in the following with the aid of the appended drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of the bottom of a ladle,
  • Figure 2 is an axial section of the casting system with the cooling device according to the invention;
  • Figure 3 is a section along line III-III of Figure 2.

Se référant à la figure 1, on voit le fond d'une poche de coulée 10 avec une busette interne 12 formant le canal de coulée 1 et le dispositif de fermeture de poche 20 avec une busette collectrice ou externe 21 disposée dans l'axe du canal de coulée 1. La busette interne 12 en matériau réfractaire est logée dans une ouverture ménagée dans la brique de siège 11 en matériau réfractaire qui garnit le fond de la poche. Le dispositif de fermeture 20 comprend un élément fixe 22 solidaire du fond de la poche et un élément mobile 23 actionné par un dispositif d'entraînement (non représenté) afin d'amener la busette externe 21 dans l'alignement du canal de coulée pour laisser s'écouler un jet de métal liquide ou d'obturer le canal de coulée. L'élément fixe 22 comprend une plaque en réfractaire, appelée plaque fixe, logée dans un boîtier métallique et percée d'un trou de coulée; l'élément mobile 23 comprend une plaque en réfractaire logée dans un boîtier métallique et percée d'un ou plusieurs trous de coulée communiquant chacun avec une busette externe.Referring to Figure 1, we see the bottom of a ladle 10 with an internal nozzle 12 forming the pouring channel 1 and the bag closure device 20 with a collecting or external nozzle 21 arranged in the axis of the pouring channel 1. The internal nozzle 12 of refractory material is housed in an opening in the seat brick 11 of refractory material which lines the bottom of the pocket. The closing device 20 comprises a fixed element 22 integral with the bottom of the pocket and a mobile element 23 actuated by a drive device (not shown) in order to bring the external nozzle 21 into alignment with the pouring channel to let a jet of liquid metal flow or to close off the pouring channel. The fixed element 22 comprises a refractory plate, called a fixed plate, housed in a metal case and pierced with a tap hole; the movable element 23 comprises a refractory plate housed in a metal case and pierced with one or more tap holes communicating each with an external nozzle.

L'ensemble du dispositif de coulée est représenté à plus grande échelle dans la figure 2. La busette interne est ici faite de deux parties : le corps de busette 12A et une partie d'usure 12B jouxtant la plaque fixe 22 du dispositif de fermeture à laquelle elle est jointe par un bourrelet 2. La busette interne 12 pourrait bien entendu être d'une seule pièce.The entire casting device is shown on a larger scale in FIG. 2. The internal nozzle is here made of two parts: the nozzle body 12A and a wear part 12B adjoining the fixed plate 22 of the closing device at which it is joined by a bead 2. The internal nozzle 12 could of course be in one piece.

Suivant l'invention la partie d'usure 12B de la busette interne 12, ou la partie d'extrémité équivalente d'une busette, est entourée d'une chambre annulaire 3 limitée extérieurement par une virole métallique 4 et dans la chambre annulaire 3 est disposé un élément creux 5 qui s'étend transversalement à l'axe I du canal de coulée 1 de manière à entourer au moins partiellement la busette 12. L'élément creux 5 a une forme incurvée qui s'étend le long d'une majeure partie du périmètre de la virole 4 mais il peut aussi former un anneau. L'élément creux 5 est soudé à l'intérieur de la virole 4 en plusieurs endroits répartis sur son pourtour ou de façon continue sur toute la longueur dudit élément. L'intérieur de l'élément creux 5 est en communication avec une conduite 6 pour l'amenée d'un fluide de refroidissement, et la paroi de l'élément creux 5 est percée de plusieurs orifices 7 répartis sur toute sa longueur de manière à diriger des jets de fluide de refroidissement vers le bas de la chambre annulaire et donc vers la plaque fixe 22 tout autour du trou de coulée dans cette plaque réfractaire.According to the invention, the wear part 12B of the internal nozzle 12, or the equivalent end part of a nozzle, is surrounded by an annular chamber 3 externally limited by a metallic ferrule 4 and in the annular chamber 3 is disposed a hollow element 5 which extends transversely to the axis I of the pouring channel 1 so as to at least partially surround the nozzle 12. The hollow element 5 has a curved shape which extends along a major part of the perimeter of the shell 4 but it can also form a ring. The hollow element 5 is welded inside the shell 4 in several places distributed around its periphery or continuously over the entire length of said element. The interior of the hollow element 5 is in communication with a pipe 6 for the supply of a coolant, and the wall of the hollow element 5 is pierced with several orifices 7 distributed over its entire length so as to direct jets of coolant towards the bottom of the annular chamber and therefore towards the fixed plate 22 all around the taphole in this refractory plate.

Dans le mode d'exécution exemplaire illustré à la figure 2, la partie d'usure 12B de la busette interne 12 est formée avec un logement périphérique pour recevoir l'élément de refroidissement 5 et la plaque fixe 22 est profilée de manière que sa partie 22A qui est située autour du trou de coulée soit entourée partiellement par la partie inférieure de la chambre annulaire 3 qui reçoit les jets de refroidissement distribués par l'anneau distributeur 5, ce qui favorise encore l'efficacité du refroidissement de la plaque fixe 22. L'évacuation du fluide de refroidissement se fait par des canaux 9 qui s'étendent radialement le long de la surface de la plaque fixe 22 entre la partie inférieure de la chambre annulaire 3 et l'atmosphère extérieure à travers des orifices 8 ménagés près du bord inférieur de la virole 4.In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the wear part 12B of the internal nozzle 12 is formed with a peripheral housing for receiving the cooling element 5 and the fixed plate 22 is profiled so that its part 22A which is located around the tap hole is partially surrounded by the lower part of the annular chamber 3 which receives the cooling jets distributed by the distributor ring 5, which further promotes the cooling efficiency of the fixed plate 22. The coolant is evacuated by channels 9 which extend radially along the surface of the fixed plate 22 between the lower part of the annular chamber 3 and the external atmosphere through orifices 8 formed near the lower edge of the ferrule 4.

Lorsqu'un fluide de refroidissement se trouve ainsi distribué dans la chambre annulaire 3 entourant la partie inférieure de la busette interne 12, les jets de fluide de refroidissement dirigés directement vers la plaque 22 refroidissent énergiquement et de façon uniforme cette plaque fixe et évitent l'usure trop rapide de la paroi réfractaire du trou de coulée dans cette plaque. Le fluide de refroidissement est de préférence en gaz neutre, par exemple de l'argon ou de l'air desseché, de manière à éviter une décarburation du réfractaire constituant la plaque fixe. Des essais ont montré que, grâce au dispositif de refroidissement selon l'invention, le nombre de coulées qu'il est possible d'effectuer sans remplacer des éléments réfractaires du système de coulée est double du nombre de coulées qu'il est possible de réaliser avec les poches de coulée antérieures.When a coolant is thus distributed in the annular chamber 3 surrounding the lower part of the internal nozzle 12, the jets of coolant directed directly towards the plate 22 energetically and uniformly cool this fixed plate and avoid the too rapid wear of the refractory wall of the taphole in this plate. The coolant is preferably neutral gas, for example argon or dried air, so as to avoid decarburization of the refractory constituting the fixed plate. Tests have shown that, thanks to the cooling device according to the invention, the number of castings which can be carried out without replacing refractory elements of the casting system is twice the number of castings which it is possible to carry out. with the front ladles.

Claims (5)

  1. A ladle for casting molten metal comprising an inner nozzle forming a casting channel and a ladle closure device comprising a fixed plate (22) and a moving plate (23), the inner nozzle being surrounded by an annular cooling chamber (3) along part of its length, characterised in that the annular chamber (3) contains a hollow element (5), the interior volume of which communicates with a duct (6) supplying a cooling fluid, the hollow element (5) extending into the annular chamber so as to surround at least partially the inner nozzle (12), the wall of said hollow element (5) being formed with a number of orifices (7) distributed all along the length thereof so as to direct jets of cooling fluid on to the fixed plate (22) of the ladle closure device around the casting hole in said plate (22).
  2. A ladle according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises means whereby the cooling fluid distributed in the annular chamber (3) is discharged to the external atmosphere, said means comprising channels (9) extending radially along the surface of the fixed plate (22) from the periphery of the annular chamber (3).
  3. A ladle according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the annular chamber (3) is externally bounded by a metal collar (4).
  4. A ladle according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that the part of the fixed plate (22) surrounding the casting hole is given a cross-section so as to be partly surrounded by the bottom part of the annular chamber (3).
  5. A ladle according to any of the preceeding claims, characterised in that the end of the inner nozzle (12) adjacent the fixed plate (22) of the closure device is formed with a peripheral recess for receiving the hollow element (5).
EP88870124A 1987-07-31 1988-07-15 Improvement for ladles to cast metal Expired - Lifetime EP0302040B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88870124T ATE80570T1 (en) 1987-07-31 1988-07-15 IMPROVEMENTS TO PANS FOR METAL CASTING.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BE8700855A BE1000777A7 (en) 1987-07-31 1987-07-31 IMPROVEMENT IN METAL CASTING POCKETS.
BE8700855 1987-07-31

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0302040A2 EP0302040A2 (en) 1989-02-01
EP0302040A3 EP0302040A3 (en) 1990-03-07
EP0302040B1 true EP0302040B1 (en) 1992-09-16

Family

ID=3882798

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88870124A Expired - Lifetime EP0302040B1 (en) 1987-07-31 1988-07-15 Improvement for ladles to cast metal

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4844303A (en)
EP (1) EP0302040B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH01104462A (en)
AT (1) ATE80570T1 (en)
BE (1) BE1000777A7 (en)
DE (1) DE3874648D1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3927468A1 (en) * 1989-08-19 1991-03-21 Cerafer Sarl Tapping hole in metallurgical vessel - with channel brick and counter plate having gas ring between them to enable flushing of melt during tapping and to prevent oxide build-up
CH684937A5 (en) * 1991-11-19 1995-02-15 Stopinc Ag Plate for a sliding closure of a molten metal container containing.
JP4885061B2 (en) * 2007-05-28 2012-02-29 東京窯業株式会社 Ladle
CN101462154B (en) * 2008-11-28 2011-05-18 苏州明志科技有限公司 Water-cooling injection nozzle structure for plug-in hot box

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2517931A (en) * 1947-05-15 1950-08-08 Rossi Irving Apparatus for the continuous casting of metal
BE667322A (en) * 1964-07-23
US3596804A (en) * 1969-03-07 1971-08-03 Westinghouse Electric Corp Pouring spout for continuous casting of molten metals
DE2548854A1 (en) * 1975-10-31 1977-05-05 Metacon Ag Refractory brick with a passage opening for liquid metal and the process for its production
GB2093169B (en) * 1981-02-12 1984-11-21 Flogates Ltd Metal pouring apparatus and method
EP0203979B1 (en) * 1984-11-23 1988-05-11 René Desaar Improvements to molten metal ladles
JPS6243656Y2 (en) * 1985-04-01 1987-11-13

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE1000777A7 (en) 1989-04-04
EP0302040A2 (en) 1989-02-01
JPH01104462A (en) 1989-04-21
ATE80570T1 (en) 1992-10-15
US4844303A (en) 1989-07-04
DE3874648D1 (en) 1992-10-22
EP0302040A3 (en) 1990-03-07

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FR2557482A1 (en) DEVICE FOR PROTECTING A METALLIC CASTING JET

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