EP0286267A2 - Machine à courant alternatif sans enroulement d'amortissement alimentée pour convertisseur - Google Patents

Machine à courant alternatif sans enroulement d'amortissement alimentée pour convertisseur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0286267A2
EP0286267A2 EP88302528A EP88302528A EP0286267A2 EP 0286267 A2 EP0286267 A2 EP 0286267A2 EP 88302528 A EP88302528 A EP 88302528A EP 88302528 A EP88302528 A EP 88302528A EP 0286267 A2 EP0286267 A2 EP 0286267A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
capacitors
windings
commutation
rectifier
commutated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP88302528A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0286267A3 (fr
Inventor
Gabor Kalman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Honeywell International Inc
Original Assignee
AlliedSignal Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AlliedSignal Inc filed Critical AlliedSignal Inc
Publication of EP0286267A2 publication Critical patent/EP0286267A2/fr
Publication of EP0286267A3 publication Critical patent/EP0286267A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/145—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M7/155—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/162—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only in a bridge configuration

Definitions

  • This invention relates to AC machines with rectified output voltage and, more particularly, to rectifying circuitry incorporating capacitor-assisted line commutation to improve the rectified output voltage, and the machine current waveform characteristics, while eliminating the need for damper windings within the AC machines.
  • Converter-fed AC machines operating in conjunction with line-commutated rectifiers or inverters generally require tertiary or damper windings in their rotating member to reduce the commutation reactance of the AC machine.
  • the cost of such a damper winding ranges from 5 to 25% of the rotor fabrication expenses, depending upon the size and type of the machine.
  • damper windings In conventional converter-fed AC machines, damper windings have two main functions: (a) reduction of the commutation overlap (i.e., the time interval during which current transfers from one phase to the next) by decreasing the stored magnetic energy associated with the leakage flux of the machine, (b) adsorption of the power associated with certain undesirable current harmonics which would otherwise be present in the main winding. In view of the added cost and complexity resulting from the use of damper windings, it would be preferable to perform the above functions by an alternative means.
  • the generator may, by way of example, include a rotatively driven rotor assembly, and three sets of stator phase windings spaced around the rotor. As the rotor is rotatively driven, a sinusoidally varying voltage, and corresponding current, is induced within each stator phase winding. Since the phase windings are spaced about the rotating assembly, these sinusoidally varying voltages are 120° out of phase with one another for a three-phase arrangement. Similar symmetry conditions apply to an M-phase arrangement.
  • the rectifier assembly with its six solid-state switches for a three-phase full-wave bridge connected arrangement, functions to switch, in turn, each of the stator phase windings into electrical connection with the load.
  • the conducting paths which embrace the AC sources, the loads, the interfaces, and the solid-state switches and their interconnections, invariably possess inductance.
  • a potential of appropriate polarity must force the to zero current in the path existing before commutation, and build the current in the incoming path to the appropriate level.
  • the AC machine is exposed to a momentary line-to-line short circuit, which reduces its rectified output capability. This period is referred to as the commutation overlap.
  • the commutations are driven by the defined voltage source potentials of the AC generator, and occur when the next switch in sequence is closed without the help of external circuitry and requiring no additional solid state devices. These commutations are often called line commutations, natural commutations or load commutations.
  • line commutation will be used herein for these commutations. Similar terms will be used for the converters, e.g. we shall refer to line-commutated converters.
  • static capacitors are connected to the AC terminals of the generator (built with or without damper windings) provide an alternate current path, thereby allowing current transfer from one phase to the next in sequence to be achieved instantaneously, and thus substantially eliminating the commutation overlap and regaining the 30% drop in the output voltage.
  • This force commutating capacitor, dual thyristor forms the switching circuit which acts to force commutate the bridge inverter.
  • This invention provides a solution to the problem of providing instantaneous commutation in a line-commutated AC/DC converter, while avoiding the use of damper windings in the AC machine.
  • One embodiment of this invention provides an electrical apparatus for AC/DC conversion, comprising AC apparatus including a salient pole rotor having no damper windings, and a stator having a plurality of phase windings with a rectifier circuit comprising a plurality of line commutating rectifier pairs coupled to said phase windings and to a DC link or load.
  • said rectifier circuit comprises a plurality of capacitors each being connected to the junction of a respective phase winding and associated commutating rectifier pair to absorb non-commutated voltages.
  • Another embodiment of this invention provides a method of generating and converting electrical power comprising driving a salient pole rotor of a polyphase AC generator having no damper windings to induce a sinusoidally varying voltage within a plurality of phase windings of said polyphase AC generator, and commutating successive phase windings into electrical connection with a DC load through a plurality of line commutating rectifier pairs.
  • Commutation overlap between successive phase windings is eliminated during commutation, by providing an alternative current path through a plurality of capacitors each connected to the junction of a respective phase winding and associated commutated rectifier pair during the respective intervals between the times when the output voltage of each phase winding begins to be positive and the time when the same phase winding is commutated into electrical connection with said DC load, and during the respective intervals between the time when each phase winding is commutated out of electrical connection with the DC load and the time when the voltage produced by the same phase winding reaches zero.
  • arrangements in accordance with the present invention provide a plurality of converters typically using diodes or thyristors as solid-state switches coupled to the output of a polyphase AC machine to provide line-commutation, and a plurality of capacitors coupled to the circuit connections between the converter and the AC machine output to provide an alternate current flow path, and allow instantaneous commutation, whereby to eliminate the necessity for a damper winding in the AC machine and to permit the use of a less costly, more efficient machine. Elimination of the commutation overlap raises the average output voltage and power of the circuit.
  • the AC machine may be either a motor or a generator of the synchronous type.
  • capacitor-assisted line commutated rotating machinery systems have been known heretofore.
  • the present invention resides in the fact that the use of line capacitors in association with line commutated control rectifiers provides a control of the line commutation process which improves the applicable electrical output waveform to the extent that the damper winding of prior art synchronous machines may be eliminated, while improving the efficiency of the system.
  • a conventional converter-fed AC machine operating in conjunction with line-commutated rectifiers is shown in the schematic diagram of Fig. 1.
  • a three phase synchronous AC machine 10 acting as a generator, is shown coupled in conventional fashion to a rectifier 11, including a plurality of diodes or thyristors, 12a, b, c, and 14a, b, c, to generate a DC voltage between terminals 16 and 18.
  • a smoothing inductance 20 is shown in series on one side of the line.
  • the outline box 22 containing the terminals 16, 18 may be a DC link feeding other circuitry such as an inverter, for example, or it may represent a DC load, including a DC motor, for example.
  • the AC machine 10 is of conventional design and includes at least one damper winding in its rotating member.
  • the use of a damper winding in the AC machine 10 is represented in the salient pole portion depicted in Fig. 2, which shows part of the rotating member 25 of the AC machine 10, having a main excitation or field winding 24 and a plurality of slots 26 situated along the face of the pole 28 to contain the damper windings 29.
  • each individual thyristor has a control electrode 15 which receives control signals from auxiliary control circuitry (not shown) to determine the timing of the conduction states of the thyristors 12a, b, c, and 14a, b, c, in order to accomplish the desired line commutation.
  • auxiliary control circuitry is illustrated in the aforementioned US-A-4476424, for example.
  • the damper windings 29 serve to counteract the effect of leakage flux which would exist were it not for the damper winding 29 (leakage flux results in sloped transition of waveform).
  • the damper winding is active only during the starting period and is designed to give the required starting and pull-in torque.
  • the damper winding helps to stabilize the field flux against the distorting effects of sudden load fluctuations.
  • damper windings 29 are effective in reducing the extent of commutation overlap, and in damping undesirable current harmonics which otherwise would be circulating in the main field winding 24.
  • the circuit of Fig. 3 is the same as the circuit of Fig. 1 with two exceptions: (1) the synchronous AC machine 30 has only a single winding 32, which is the main excitation or field winding, and no damper winding on its rotating member, as illustrated in Fig. 4, and (2) the line commutating assist capacitors 36 are added across the output phase lines from the AC machine 30. These capacitors 36 are not provided for power factor correction, or for filtering or for force commutation switching, as in similar systems of the prior art, such as those of US-A-4445081 or -4039926, for example.
  • capacitors 36 are provided in conjunction with the single winding rotor AC machine 30 to assist in the line commutation within a capacitor-assisted rectifier circuit 41 in order that the need for a synchronous machine having a damper winding in the circuit of Fig. 3 is eliminated.
  • the AC machine 30 of Fig. 3 includes a rotor 34 (partially shown in Fig. 4), which may produce the magnetic flux either electromagnetically or with a permanent magnet, and a stator.
  • the stator is made up of a plurality of output phase windings 33; in this instance three phase windings 33a, b, c, are shown.
  • the phase windings 33 are formed from a conductor or stranded conductor, which is disposed within the stator forming a coiled winding. One end of the conductor forming each of the phase windings 33 is connected at a common point, while the opposite output end is connected to the rectifier circuit 41.
  • phase winding 33a is connected to the anode of a diode or thyristor 12a, the cathode of diode or thyristor 14a, as well as to a first input to capacitor 36a.
  • the output end of winding 33b is connected to the anode of diode or thyristor 12b, the cathode of diode or thyristor 4b, and to a first input to capacitor 36b.
  • the output end of winding 33c is connected to the anode of diode or thyristor 12c, the cathode of diode or thyristor 14c, as well as a first input to capacitor 36c.
  • the second inputs to all of the capacitors 36a, b, c are connected to one another in a wye-connected mode. Equivalent delta connections of the generator and/or capacitors may also be employed. Additionally, all of the cathodes for diodes or thyristors 12a, b, c, are attached to a single wire 37 which goes to a first pole 16 of the DC link 22. An inductor 20 may be included within the single lead 37. Also, all the anodes of diodes or thyristors 14a, b, c, are connected to a second wire 38 and to a second pole 18 of the DC link 22, thus completing the electrical circuit when the DC link 22 is installed. It should be understood that a thyristor such as 12 or 14 is one type of controlled rectifier, and other types of controlled rectifiers may also be employed in this circuit.
  • the capacitors 36 of the circuit arrangement of Fig. 3 constitute the means by which the DC link or DC load 22 may be effectively driven from a synchronous generator devoid of damper windings.
  • these capacitors 36 further constitute the means by which the AC machine voltage and current waveforms at the output of the AC machine 30, are forced closely to approximate a true sine/cosine wave.
  • the capacitors are effective in eliminating the commutation overlap problem of conventional circuits, such as that shown in Fig. 1, and discussed with respect to the waveforms of Fig. 6. Since the inherent inductance within the phase winding 33a (for example) will not allow the AC current to rise or fall instantaneously, the capacitors 36 provide a current flow path for the current from phase winding 33a when the rectifier is commutated from diode or thyristor 12a to 12b. Similarly, the positive voltage, produced within phase winding 33b before commutation to thyristor 12b, also flows into the capacitors.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the state of the art before the use of damper windings within the AC machine, illustrating the equivalent circuit of a synchronous AC machine 30 ⁇ , which is similar to the AC machine 30 of Fig. 3 in that it does not include a damper winding on the rotating member.
  • This AC machine 30 ⁇ is connected to phase rectifiers 40, 42 which provide line commutation.
  • the three-phase AC machine 30 ⁇ is shown having three individual alternators 31, one for each phase, as voltage sources in series with phase windings 33 for the respective phases.
  • the alternators 31 may typically comprise permanent magnets mounted on the rotating member of the AC machine 30 ⁇ .
  • the individual rectifiers 40, 42 may be simple diode rectifiers as shown, or they may be understood to represent controlled rectifiers such as the thyristors 12, 14 of the circuit of Fig. 1.
  • the remainder of the circuit is as previously shown, comprising a series inductance 20 and terminals 16, 18 within a DC link 22.
  • Fig. 6 shows the nature of the overlap problem within the circuitry of Fig. 5 resulting from the line commutating rectifiers 40, 42.
  • the voltage waveform A represents the positive half-wave output of one of the individual phase windings in Fig. 5.
  • the voltage waveform B represents the positive half-wave output of the next phase winding, differing in phase from the waveform A by 120°.
  • an overlap condition develops from the fact that diodes or thyristors 40a and 40b attached to two of the generator phases are conducting simultaneously, thereby developing a partial short circuit.
  • Fig. 7 shows the result of the overlap effect on rectifier output current as contributed by one winding 33 for the circuit of Fig. 5, and assuming an ideally large inductance for the DC load 22. Although it is preferably for the thyristors to turn on and off substantially instantaneously and cleanly, as in Fig. 8, it is clear from Fig. 7 that the transition between on and off conditions for the thyristors of the circuit of Fig. 5, takes a significant period of time, relative to the period for a full cycle.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates the current output through switches 12 or 14 for a circuit including an ideally large inductance for the DC load 22 in accordance with the invention as shown in Fig. 3, for example.
  • the transition intervals E and F in the waveform of Fig. 8 representing the turn-on and turn-off times, are substantially instantaneous in comparison to transition intervals C and D in Fig. 7.
  • the reduction in transition intervals accounts for a 25-30% increase in the DC output of the system.
  • Figs. 9 and 10 provide further evidence of the beneficial results which follow from the use of the capacitors 36 in conjunction with line commutating thyristors 12, 14 in the circuit of Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 9 shows the two voltage waveforms, line-to-line, for two separate systems.
  • Waveform G represents the line-to-line voltage between winding terminals 33a-33b for the capacitor-assisted line-commutation circuit of Fig. 3; and waveform H represents the corresponding voltage waveform for the circuit of Fig. 5.
  • the difference between the two waveforms is dramatic.
  • Waveform G is very close to a pure sine/cosine waveform, without the substantial harmonic content caused by commutation overlap short circuiting which is clearly present in waveform H.
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a similar improvement in the phase currents of the AC machine.
  • Waveform I represents the phase current at point X in the circuit of Fig. 3
  • waveform J represents the phase current at point Y in the circuit of Fig. 5.
  • the current waveform I for the circuit in accordance with the invention closely approximates a pure sine/cosine waveform, whereas the current waveform J of the circuit of Fig. 5 exhibits substantial harmonic content.
  • the plot of Fig. 11 also demonstrates the improvements in output voltage to be realized from the practice of the present invention.
  • the plots of Fig. 11 show the results of tests conducted with a 100 KVA synchronous machine generating 115 volts, line-to-neutral, and operating at 1500 Hz, with and without capacitors for providing line commutation assistance.
  • the results plotted in Fig. 11 have been normalized so that the DC link voltage and current are expressed in per unit values.
  • the line K being the plot of DC voltage versus current without use of capacitors in the line commutation circuit (Fig. 5) shows a substantial drooping characteristic for the DC output voltage as current is increased.
  • the waveforms L, M, N and O are plots of DC voltage versus current for the system of Fig.
  • capacitors 36 (see Fig. 3) having a value of 48 microfarads appear, to be optimum, producing an essentially flat characteristic of voltage versus current, as shown by Line L. Lesser values of capacitance result in a drooping characteristic, although in all of the cases depicted, utilizing capacitor-assisted line commutation, the results was better than could be obtained when no capacitors were used.
  • the practice of the present invention in circuits of the type disclosed and described herein achieves the benefits of increased generator specific power output (kilowatts per unit weight), reduced generator losses, and reduced generator harmonic content, and also present the capability of matching short-term overload capability of the generator to the solid-state converter.
  • the electrical power converter apparatus of the present invention can also be operated in reverse, i.e. with a DC generator, applying power to the terminals 16 and 18, driving a polyphase AC motor.
  • the rectifier assembly acts to rectify and commutate DC voltage, and thereby selectively energize the phase windings of the AC motor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
EP88302528A 1987-04-02 1988-03-23 Machine à courant alternatif sans enroulement d'amortissement alimentée pour convertisseur Withdrawn EP0286267A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US34260 1987-04-02
US07/034,260 US4723202A (en) 1987-04-02 1987-04-02 Converter-fed AC machine without damper winding

Publications (2)

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EP0286267A2 true EP0286267A2 (fr) 1988-10-12
EP0286267A3 EP0286267A3 (fr) 1989-07-05

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10136649B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2018-11-27 North Carolina State University Methods for screening bacteria, archaea, algae, and yeast using CRISPR nucleic acids
US10450584B2 (en) 2014-08-28 2019-10-22 North Carolina State University Cas9 proteins and guiding features for DNA targeting and genome editing
US10584358B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2020-03-10 North Carolina State University Compositions and methods related to a type-II CRISPR-Cas system in Lactobacillus buchneri
US11155823B2 (en) 2015-06-15 2021-10-26 North Carolina State University Methods and compositions for efficient delivery of nucleic acids and RNA-based antimicrobials
US11542466B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2023-01-03 North Carolina State University Methods and compositions for delivery of CRISPR based antimicrobials

Families Citing this family (4)

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US5083077A (en) * 1990-07-31 1992-01-21 The State Of Oregon Acting By And Through The State Board Of Higher Education On Behalf Of Oregon State University Brushless doubly-fed generation system for vehicles
JP3267790B2 (ja) * 1994-02-15 2002-03-25 関西電力株式会社 高調波吸収同期機
JP2865194B2 (ja) * 1994-07-29 1999-03-08 株式会社アイ・ヒッツ研究所 単相入力３相全波整流回路及び単相入力疑似４相全波整流回路
US5773903A (en) * 1996-12-20 1998-06-30 Sundstrand Corporation Rotating rectifier assembly

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US4636932A (en) * 1984-03-14 1987-01-13 Hitachi, Ltd. dv/dt Protection circuit device for an AC-DC converter apparatus

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10584358B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2020-03-10 North Carolina State University Compositions and methods related to a type-II CRISPR-Cas system in Lactobacillus buchneri
US11499169B2 (en) 2013-10-30 2022-11-15 North Carolina State University Compositions and methods related to a type-II CRISPR-Cas system in Lactobacillus buchneri
US10450584B2 (en) 2014-08-28 2019-10-22 North Carolina State University Cas9 proteins and guiding features for DNA targeting and genome editing
US10136649B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2018-11-27 North Carolina State University Methods for screening bacteria, archaea, algae, and yeast using CRISPR nucleic acids
US11261451B2 (en) 2015-05-29 2022-03-01 North Carolina State University Methods for screening bacteria, archaea, algae, and yeast using CRISPR nucleic acids
US11155823B2 (en) 2015-06-15 2021-10-26 North Carolina State University Methods and compositions for efficient delivery of nucleic acids and RNA-based antimicrobials
US11542466B2 (en) 2015-12-22 2023-01-03 North Carolina State University Methods and compositions for delivery of CRISPR based antimicrobials

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US4723202A (en) 1988-02-02
EP0286267A3 (fr) 1989-07-05

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