EP0276419B1 - Toroidal-core transformer with at least two windings - Google Patents

Toroidal-core transformer with at least two windings Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0276419B1
EP0276419B1 EP87118025A EP87118025A EP0276419B1 EP 0276419 B1 EP0276419 B1 EP 0276419B1 EP 87118025 A EP87118025 A EP 87118025A EP 87118025 A EP87118025 A EP 87118025A EP 0276419 B1 EP0276419 B1 EP 0276419B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
insulating rings
toroidal core
windings
insulating
core transformer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87118025A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0276419A2 (en
EP0276419A3 (en
Inventor
Helmut Gertz
Harald Hundt
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Vacuumschmelze GmbH and Co KG
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Vacuumschmelze GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP0276419A3 publication Critical patent/EP0276419A3/en
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Publication of EP0276419B1 publication Critical patent/EP0276419B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/30—Fastening or clamping coils, windings, or parts thereof together; Fastening or mounting coils or windings on core, casing, or other support
    • H01F27/306—Fastening or mounting coils or windings on core, casing or other support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F30/00—Fixed transformers not covered by group H01F19/00
    • H01F30/06—Fixed transformers not covered by group H01F19/00 characterised by the structure
    • H01F30/16—Toroidal transformers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a toroidal transformer with at least two windings which concentrically surround the cross section of the ring core at a distance from one another and which are supported on the ring core or via insulating rings located between the windings on two opposite sides of the cross section of the ring core.
  • Such a toroidal transformer is described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 082 954.
  • a toroidal transformer is shown here, in which several coils are applied to the annular core at a distance from one another. At the upper and lower ends of the toroidal core, the windings that are not directly wound around the toroidal core are supported against each other and against the toroidal core by insulating spacers (insulating rings).
  • This known arrangement describes a power transformer with an oil filling as an insulating material, in which the outer windings (secondary windings) are composed of individual, flexurally stable and thus self-supporting conductor bars, which are connected to transverse struts running transversely thereto.
  • the distance between the conductor bars located on the inside and outside of the toroidal core is thus determined by the length of the cross struts running perpendicular to it.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a particularly simple and flexibly usable structure for a toroidal transformer, which has high voltages smallest possible dimensions between the individual windings.
  • the new toroidal transformer is particularly suitable if insulation from a casting compound, e.g. B. synthetic resin, should be provided and certain minimum distances between the individual windings must be observed. So far, it has been necessary here to wrap the outer windings around trough-like containers, in the interior of which the toroidal core - possibly already provided with a winding - was located. Here the trough served as a support and as a winding body for the outer winding. When casting such a transformer with an insulating material or when operating this transformer in an oil filling, it is inevitable that the electrical field lines run parallel or almost parallel to a surface of an insulating body between different insulating means at least in some places.
  • a casting compound e.g. B. synthetic resin
  • the insulating rings are made roof-shaped or if there are projections on them which are attached in the vicinity of the inner or outer edge of the insulating rings such that they protrude into the space between two windings.
  • insulating rings as a winding body for an outer winding of a toroidal transformer is that transformers with different core heights can be produced with the same material and the same insulating rings. This provides a particularly flexible adaptation to different core dimensions.
  • the use of the insulating rings as the winding body means that there is a very small surface area in comparison to other winding bodies which are otherwise necessary.
  • the problems with the adhesion of different insulating materials to one another when temperature changes are thereby decisively reduced.
  • Figure 1 shows a cross section through a toroidal transformer, which consists of a housing 1, which is filled with potting compound 2 and contains a cast-in toroidal transformer.
  • the toroidal transformer has an outer winding 3 which is wound around two roof-shaped insulating rings 4 and 5 and is supported on these insulating rings.
  • the insulating rings 4 and 5 are in turn in contact with a central winding 6 which is wound around insulating rings 7 and 8.
  • the insulating rings 7 and 8 are also roof-shaped and provided with the same roof slope as the insulating rings 4 and 5.
  • the inner insulating rings 7 and 8 lie on opposite sides of a ring core 9, which in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 is surrounded by a further winding 10 which is wound directly on the ring core or on an insulating layer surrounding the ring core.
  • FIG. 2 shows an insulating ring with certain features, such as can be used individually or together for the insulating rings 4, 5, 7 and 8 in FIG. 1.
  • the insulating ring according to FIG. 2 is again roof-shaped in cross section, although in principle a flat insulating ring could also be used.
  • the bores 11 are preferably arranged such that they are located between two conductors. In order to increase the creepage distance along the surface of an insulation, it is also possible to To separate different windings wound on the same insulating ring - provide depressions 13 or elevations 14.
  • Figure 3 shows the ring core 9, with the inner winding 10, an insulating ring 7 and the middle winding 6 enlarged in the cutout.
  • the insulating ring 7 which is shaped like a roof in cross section, no surface of the insulating ring 7 runs parallel to the field lines formed between the windings 6 and 10.
  • the bracket is always greater than 1 if w is different from 0 and 90 °.
  • the roof-shaped design of the cross-section of the insulating rings therefore not only has the advantage that the windings center on the core itself, but on the one hand causes the distances between two windings to be lengthened along the surface of the insulating ring and on the other hand prevents insulating surfaces from being parallel to the electrical ones field lines forming between conductors of different windings.
  • the toroidal transformer is particularly suitable as insulation for curable casting compounds, it can also be operated with oil insulation or other liquid or gaseous insulation agents without changing the structure. Because of the open structure of the toroidal transformer according to the invention, the insulating means can directly wash around the windings and the core, so that very good heat dissipation is ensured.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Insulating Of Coils (AREA)
  • Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Ringkerntransformator mit mindestens zwei Wicklungen, die den Querschnitt des Ringkerns mit Abstand voneinander konzentrisch umgeben und sich am Ringkern bzw. über an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Querschnittes des Ringkerns zwischen den Wicklungen befindlichen Isolierringen abstützen.The invention relates to a toroidal transformer with at least two windings which concentrically surround the cross section of the ring core at a distance from one another and which are supported on the ring core or via insulating rings located between the windings on two opposite sides of the cross section of the ring core.

Ein derartiger Ringkerntransformator ist beispielsweise in der europäischen Patentanmeldung EP-A-0 082 954 beschrieben. Hier ist ein Ringkerntransformator dargestellt, bei dem auf den ringförmigen Kern mit Abstand voneinander mehrere Spulen aufgebracht sind. Am oberen und unteren Ende des Ringkerns stützen sich die nicht unmittelbar um den Ringkern gewickelten Wicklungen über isolierende Abstandhalter (Isolierringe) gegeneinander und gegen den Ringkern ab.Such a toroidal transformer is described, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 082 954. A toroidal transformer is shown here, in which several coils are applied to the annular core at a distance from one another. At the upper and lower ends of the toroidal core, the windings that are not directly wound around the toroidal core are supported against each other and against the toroidal core by insulating spacers (insulating rings).

Diese bekannte Anordnung beschreibt einen Leistungstransformator mit einer Ölfüllung als Isoliermaterial, bei dem die äußeren Wicklungen (Sekundärwicklungen) aus einzelnen, biegefesten und damit sich selbst tragenden Leiterstäben, die mit dazu quer verlaufenden Querstreben verbunden sind, zusammengesetzt sind. Der Abstand zwischen den an der Innen- und Außenseite des Ringkerns befindlichen Leiterstäben ist damit durch die Länge der senkrecht dazu verlaufenden Querstreben bestimmt.This known arrangement describes a power transformer with an oil filling as an insulating material, in which the outer windings (secondary windings) are composed of individual, flexurally stable and thus self-supporting conductor bars, which are connected to transverse struts running transversely thereto. The distance between the conductor bars located on the inside and outside of the toroidal core is thus determined by the length of the cross struts running perpendicular to it.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, einen besonders einfachen und flexibel einsetzbaren Aufbau für einen Ringkerntransformator anzugeben, der hohe Spannungen bei kleinstmöglichen Abmessungen zwischen den einzelnen Wicklungen zuläßt.The object of the present invention is to provide a particularly simple and flexibly usable structure for a toroidal transformer, which has high voltages smallest possible dimensions between the individual windings.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem gattungsgemäßen Ringkerntransformator erfindungsgemäß durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved in a generic toroidal transformer according to the invention by the characterizing features of claim 1.

Besonders geeignet ist der neue Ringkerntransformator, wenn eine Isolierung aus einer Vergußmasse, z. B. Kunstharz, vorgesehen werden soll und gewisse Mindestabstände zwischen den einzelnen Wicklungen eingehalten werden müssen. Hier war es bisher erforderlich, die äußeren Wicklungen um trogartige Behälter herumzuwickeln, in derem Inneren sich der Ringbandkern - gegebenenfalls bereits mit einer Wicklung versehen - befand. Hier diente der Trog als Stütze und als Wickelkörper für die äußere Wicklung. Beim Vergießen eines derartigen Transformators mit einer Isolierstoffmasse oder beim Betrieb dieses Transformators in einer Ölfüllung ist es aber unvermeidlich, daß zwischen verschiedenen Isoliermitteln mindestens an einigen Stellen die elektrischen Feldlinien parallel oder nahezu parallel zu einer Oberfläche eines Isolierkörpers verlaufen.The new toroidal transformer is particularly suitable if insulation from a casting compound, e.g. B. synthetic resin, should be provided and certain minimum distances between the individual windings must be observed. So far, it has been necessary here to wrap the outer windings around trough-like containers, in the interior of which the toroidal core - possibly already provided with a winding - was located. Here the trough served as a support and as a winding body for the outer winding. When casting such a transformer with an insulating material or when operating this transformer in an oil filling, it is inevitable that the electrical field lines run parallel or almost parallel to a surface of an insulating body between different insulating means at least in some places.

Dieses wird durch die neue Anordnung weitgehend vermieden. Dies gilt insbesondere, wenn man die Isolierringe dachförmig ausbildet oder wenn man an ihnen Vorsprünge vorsieht, die in der Nähe des inneren oder äußeren Randes der Isolierringe so angebracht sind, daß sie in den Zwischenraum zwischen zwei Wicklungen hineinragen.This is largely avoided by the new arrangement. This is particularly true if the insulating rings are made roof-shaped or if there are projections on them which are attached in the vicinity of the inner or outer edge of the insulating rings such that they protrude into the space between two windings.

Ein weiterer Vorteil, der sich durch die Anwendung von Isolierringen als Wickelkörper für eine äußere Wicklung eines Ringkerntransformators ergibt, liegt darin, daß mit dem gleichen Material und den gleichen Isolierringen Transformatoren mit unterschiedlichen Kernhöhen hergestellt werden können. Hierdurch ist eine besonders flexible Anpassung an unterschiedliche Kernabmessungen gegeben.Another advantage that results from the use of insulating rings as a winding body for an outer winding of a toroidal transformer is that transformers with different core heights can be produced with the same material and the same insulating rings. This provides a particularly flexible adaptation to different core dimensions.

Außerdem wird durch die Verwendung der Isolierringe als Wickelkörper erreicht, daß eine sehr geringe Oberfläche im Vergleich zu anderen, sonst notwendigen Wickelkörpern vorhanden ist. Dadurch werden beispielsweise bei Ringkerntransformatoren mit Vergußmasse die bei Temperaturwechsel auftretenden Probleme mit der Haftung unterschiedlicher Isoliermaterialien aneinander entscheidend verringert.In addition, the use of the insulating rings as the winding body means that there is a very small surface area in comparison to other winding bodies which are otherwise necessary. In the case of toroidal-core transformers with potting compound, for example, the problems with the adhesion of different insulating materials to one another when temperature changes are thereby decisively reduced.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Figuren dargestellt.Embodiments of the invention are shown in the figures.

Figur 1 zeigt einen Querschnitt durch einen Ringkerntransformator, der aus einem Gehäuse 1 besteht, der mit Vergußmasse 2 gefüllt ist und einen eingegossenen Ringkerntransformator enthält. Der Ringkerntransformator besitzt eine äußere Wicklung 3, die um zwei dachförmig ausgebildete Isolierringe 4 und 5 herumgewickelt ist und sich an diesen Isolierringen abstützt. Die Isolierringe 4 und 5 liegen ihrerseits an einer mittleren Wicklung 6 an, die um Isolierringe 7 und 8 herumgewickelt ist. Die Isolierringe 7 und 8 sind ebenfalls dachförmig ausgebildet und mit der gleichen Dachschräge versehen wie die Isolierringe 4 und 5. Sie besitzen jedoch in dem dargestellten Querschnitt eine geringere Breite als die Isolierringe 4 und 5 für die äußere Wicklung 3, so daß die in Figur 1 senkrecht verlaufenden Teile der Windungen der äußeren Wicklung 3 und der mittleren Wicklung 6 einen definierten Abstand voneinander besitzen.Figure 1 shows a cross section through a toroidal transformer, which consists of a housing 1, which is filled with potting compound 2 and contains a cast-in toroidal transformer. The toroidal transformer has an outer winding 3 which is wound around two roof-shaped insulating rings 4 and 5 and is supported on these insulating rings. The insulating rings 4 and 5 are in turn in contact with a central winding 6 which is wound around insulating rings 7 and 8. The insulating rings 7 and 8 are also roof-shaped and provided with the same roof slope as the insulating rings 4 and 5. However, in the cross section shown they have a smaller width than the insulating rings 4 and 5 for the outer winding 3, so that the parts of the windings of the outer winding 3 and the central winding 6 which run vertically in FIG. 1 are at a defined distance from one another.

Die inneren Isolierringe 7 und 8 liegen an gegenüberliegenden Seiten eines Ringkerns 9 an, der im Ausführungsbeispiel nach Figur 1 von einer weiteren Wicklung 10 umgeben ist, die direkt auf den Ringkern bzw. auf eine den Ringkern umgebende Isolierschicht gewickelt ist.The inner insulating rings 7 and 8 lie on opposite sides of a ring core 9, which in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1 is surrounded by a further winding 10 which is wound directly on the ring core or on an insulating layer surrounding the ring core.

Figur 2 zeigt einen Isolierring mit bestimmten Merkmalen, wie sie einzeln oder zusammen für die Isolierringe 4, 5, 7 und 8 in Figur 1 verwendet werden können. Der Isolierring nach Figur 2 ist wiederum im Querschnitt dachförmig ausgebildet, obgleich im Prinzip auch ein ebener Isolierring anwendbar wäre.FIG. 2 shows an insulating ring with certain features, such as can be used individually or together for the insulating rings 4, 5, 7 and 8 in FIG. 1. The insulating ring according to FIG. 2 is again roof-shaped in cross section, although in principle a flat insulating ring could also be used.

Sie besitzt an den höchsten Stellen des Daches Bohrungen 11, die den Durchtritt von Vergußmasse bzw. das Entweichen von Luft beim Vergießen gewährleisten, sowie am inneren und äußeren Umfang Nuten 12, in die die Leiter beim Wickeln eingelegt und fixiert werden können. Vorzugsweise sind die Bohrungen 11 so angeordnet, daß sie sich zwischen zwei Leitern befinden. Um den Kriechweg längs der Oberfläche einer Isolierung zu vergrößern, ist es weiterhin möglich, an bestimmten Stellen des Umfangs - z.B. zum Trennen verschiedener, auf den gleichen Isolierring gewickelter Wicklungen - Vertiefungen 13 oder Erhöhungen 14 vorzusehen.It has holes 11 at the highest points of the roof, which ensure the passage of casting compound or the escape of air during casting, as well as grooves 12 on the inner and outer circumference, into which the conductors can be inserted and fixed during winding. The bores 11 are preferably arranged such that they are located between two conductors. In order to increase the creepage distance along the surface of an insulation, it is also possible to To separate different windings wound on the same insulating ring - provide depressions 13 or elevations 14.

Figur 3 zeigt den Ringkern 9, mit der inneren Wicklung 10, einem isolierring 7 und der mittleren Wicklung 6 vergrößert im Ausschnitt. Hier ist erkennbar, daß bei gleichbleibenden Dicken der im Querschnitt dachförmig geformte Isolierring 7 keine Oberfläche des Isolierrings 7 parallel zu den zwischen den Wicklungen 6 und 10 sich ausbildenden Feldlinien verläuft.Figure 3 shows the ring core 9, with the inner winding 10, an insulating ring 7 and the middle winding 6 enlarged in the cutout. Here you can see that with the same Thickness of the insulating ring 7, which is shaped like a roof in cross section, no surface of the insulating ring 7 runs parallel to the field lines formed between the windings 6 and 10.

Bezeichnet man den Neigungswinkel des Daches für den Isolierring 7 mit w, den waagerechten Abstand der Wicklung mit a und die durch Pfeile gekennzeichneten Oberflächenabschnitte des Isolierrings 7 mit a1 und a2, so gilt für die Summe der Entfernung längs der Oberfläche:

a1 + a2 = a * (sinus w + cos w).

Figure imgb0001

If one designates the angle of inclination of the roof for the insulating ring 7 with w, the horizontal distance of the winding with a and the surface sections of the insulating ring 7 indicated by arrows with a1 and a2, the following applies to the sum of the distance along the surface:

a1 + a2 = a * (sine w + cos w).
Figure imgb0001

Die Klammer ist immer größer als 1, sofern w von 0 und 90° verschieden ist. Die dachförmige Ausbildung des Querschnitts der Isolierringe besitzt also nicht nur den Vorteil, daß sich die Wicklungen auf dem Kern selbst zentrieren, sondern bewirkt einerseits eine Verlängerung der zwischen zwei Wicklungen vorhandenen Abstände längs der Oberfläche des Isolierrings und verhindert andererseits, daß Isolieroberflächen parallel zu den elektrischen, sich zwischen Leitern verschiedener Wicklungen ausbildenden Feldlinien verlaufen.The bracket is always greater than 1 if w is different from 0 and 90 °. The roof-shaped design of the cross-section of the insulating rings therefore not only has the advantage that the windings center on the core itself, but on the one hand causes the distances between two windings to be lengthened along the surface of the insulating ring and on the other hand prevents insulating surfaces from being parallel to the electrical ones field lines forming between conductors of different windings.

Diese Wirkung läßt sich noch vergrößern, wenn man, wie in den Figuren 4 und 5 dargestellt, die Isolierringe 7 mit Vorsprüngen 15 bzw. 16 versieht, die in den Raum zwischen den Wicklungen hineinragen.This effect can be further increased if, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the insulating rings 7 are provided with projections 15 and 16, respectively, which protrude into the space between the windings.

Obgleich in den Figuren nur rechteckförmige Kerne dargestellt sind, lassen sich - ohne Änderung des Prinzips -entsprechende, die Wicklung tragende Isolierringe auch für Stufenkerne oder runde Kernquerschnitte einsetzen.Although only rectangular cores are shown in the figures, corresponding insulation rings that support the winding can also be used for step cores or round core cross sections without changing the principle.

Obgleich der Ringkerntransformator für aushärtbare Vergußmassen als Isolation besonders geeignet ist, kann er ohne Änderung des Aufbaus auch mit Ölisolierung oder anderen flüssigen oder gasförmigen Isolationsmitteln betrieben werden. Wegen des offenen Aufbaus des erfindungsgemäßen Ringkerntransformators kann das Isoliermittel unmittelbar die Wicklungen und den Kern umspülen, so daß eine sehr gute Wärmeabfuhr gewährleistet ist.Although the toroidal transformer is particularly suitable as insulation for curable casting compounds, it can also be operated with oil insulation or other liquid or gaseous insulation agents without changing the structure. Because of the open structure of the toroidal transformer according to the invention, the insulating means can directly wash around the windings and the core, so that very good heat dissipation is ensured.

Claims (6)

  1. A toriodal core transformer comprising at least two windings (6, 10) which concentrically surround the cross-section of the toroidal core (9) at a distance from one another and are supported by the toriodal core (9) and by insulating rings (7, 8) which are arranged on two opposite sides of the cross-section of the toroidal core between the windings (6, 10), characterised in that the cross-section of the insulating rings (4, 5, 7, 8) is designed to be roof-shaped or conical or circular-segment-shaped, so that they are centred on the toroidal core (9) or on the respective inner winding (6, 10) itself, and that the outer windings (3, 6) consist of flexible, non-self-supporting electrical conductors and bear against the insulating rings (4, 5, 7, 8) so that the distance (a) between the windings on the sides of the cross-section of the toroidal core (9) not provided with insulating rings is governed by the selected width of the respective insulating rings (4, 5, 7, 8).
  2. A toroidal core transformer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the insulating rings contain bores (11) for the passage of air.
  3. A toroidal core transformer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that at the inner and/or outer edge of the width of the insulating rings they are provided with projections (15, 16) which project into the interspace between two windings (6, 10).
  4. A toroidal core transformer as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that on the side of the surface facing away from the toroidal core (9), the insulating rings comprise radially directed elevations (14) or recesses (13) to extend the creepage paths of adjacent turns of the winding wound onto the insulating rings.
  5. A toroidal core transformer as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that at the inner and outer edges the insulating rings contain grooves (12) for the retention of the turns of the winding wound onto the insulating rings.
  6. A toroidal core transformer as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the toroidal core transformer is cast in an hardenable, insulating casting compound.
EP87118025A 1987-01-22 1987-12-05 Toroidal-core transformer with at least two windings Expired - Lifetime EP0276419B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3701686 1987-01-22
DE19873701686 DE3701686A1 (en) 1987-01-22 1987-01-22 RING CORE TRANSFORMER WITH AT LEAST TWO WINDINGS

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EP0276419A2 EP0276419A2 (en) 1988-08-03
EP0276419A3 EP0276419A3 (en) 1988-08-17
EP0276419B1 true EP0276419B1 (en) 1992-06-10

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EP87118025A Expired - Lifetime EP0276419B1 (en) 1987-01-22 1987-12-05 Toroidal-core transformer with at least two windings

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DE (2) DE3701686A1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10213593B4 (en) * 2002-03-26 2005-08-25 Tuilaser Ag High-voltage pulse transformer
CN112786293A (en) * 2021-01-07 2021-05-11 海鸿电气有限公司 Waterproof transformer coil structure and manufacturing method thereof

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE483215A (en) *
US2907968A (en) * 1951-04-13 1959-10-06 Siemens Ag Edgewise wound reactor coils and method of making the same
DE2450481B2 (en) * 1974-10-24 1978-11-16 Transformatoren Union Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Winding arrangement for transformers with a rectangular core cross-section
GB2026251B (en) * 1978-07-24 1982-11-17 Connor J Electro-magnetic devices
FR2509904B1 (en) * 1981-07-20 1985-12-27 Legrand Sa WINDING HOLDER
JPS6184011A (en) * 1984-09-29 1986-04-28 Osaka Denki Kk Coil spool for transformer and the like

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DE3779746D1 (en) 1992-07-16
EP0276419A2 (en) 1988-08-03
JP2587017B2 (en) 1997-03-05
JPS63188911A (en) 1988-08-04
EP0276419A3 (en) 1988-08-17
DE3701686A1 (en) 1988-08-04

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