EP0246943B1 - Process and installation to cause circulation of fluids by pumping - Google Patents

Process and installation to cause circulation of fluids by pumping Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0246943B1
EP0246943B1 EP87401004A EP87401004A EP0246943B1 EP 0246943 B1 EP0246943 B1 EP 0246943B1 EP 87401004 A EP87401004 A EP 87401004A EP 87401004 A EP87401004 A EP 87401004A EP 0246943 B1 EP0246943 B1 EP 0246943B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pump
turbine
fluid
outlet
intake
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87401004A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0246943A1 (en
Inventor
Claude Lepert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ets Pompes Guinard Dite Ste
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Ets Pompes Guinard Dite Ste
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Application filed by Ets Pompes Guinard Dite Ste filed Critical Ets Pompes Guinard Dite Ste
Priority to AT87401004T priority Critical patent/ATE54718T1/en
Publication of EP0246943A1 publication Critical patent/EP0246943A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0246943B1 publication Critical patent/EP0246943B1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
    • E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids
    • E21B43/129—Adaptations of down-hole pump systems powered by fluid supplied from outside the borehole
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/34—Arrangements for separating materials produced by the well
    • E21B43/40—Separation associated with re-injection of separated materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D13/00—Pumping installations or systems
    • F04D13/02—Units comprising pumps and their driving means
    • F04D13/04—Units comprising pumps and their driving means the pump being fluid driven

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods and installations for circulating fluids by pumping. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and installations for pumping fluids of high viscosity, for example heavy crude oils which are viscous and the pumping of which is very difficult with centrifugal hydraulics.
  • the liquid thus serves as the supply fluid for the turbine of the turbomachine providing the energy necessary for the operation of the pump.
  • the liquid also serves to reduce the viscosity of the fluid and thus make it acceptable so that the mixture of fluid and liquid can be pumped by centrifugal hydraulics.
  • the method is particularly useful in the case of a borehole, where the liquid must be sent anyway to the bottom of the borehole where the turbomachine is located, it is immediately accessible there, without the need for a pipe. special to bring him there.
  • the volume flow rate of the liquid sent to the inlet of the turbine represents from 0.5 to 3 times the volume flow rate of the fluid to be pumped. It is advantageous that the volume flow rate of the liquid mixed with the fluid to be pumped represents from 0.1 to 0.5 times the volume flow rate of the fluid to be pumped.
  • the liquid should have a low viscosity, be miscible with the fluid by reducing the viscosity of the mixture, contain little gas and preferably do not react on the fluid.
  • a liquid having a viscosity of 1 to 10 centistokes is used, having a mixture whose viscosity is less than 30 centistokes.
  • the method consists in separating the fluid which leaves the pump, in a first liquid stream and in the second stream, in compressing the first stream, in compressing the part of the expanded liquid which leaves the turbine and which does not is not mixed with the fluid and combine it with the first compressed current to send everything to the turbine inlet.
  • the invention also relates to a pumping installation, comprising a liquid source and a turbomachine comprising a pump having an inlet and an outlet, and a turbine which is stalled on the same shaft as the pump and which has an inlet and an outlet, characterized in that the outlet of the turbine opens into a conduit putting the source in communication with the pump and the installation comprises apparatus for separating a fluid into a first less viscous stream and into a second more viscous stream, the switchgear being provided with an inlet which communicates with the outlet of the pump, and two outlets one of which for the first current communicates with the inlet of the turbine and there is provided a conduit putting in communication the outlet of the turbine and the outlet of the apparatus intended for the first current, a compression pump being mounted on this conduit.
  • Fluid of high viscosity leaves a source 1 through a conduit 2.
  • a conduit 2 opens a conduit 3 coming from the outlet 4 of a turbine 5 of a turbomachine
  • This machine essentially comprises the turbine having the outlet 4 and a inlet 6 and a pump 7 having an inlet 8 and an outlet 9 and wedged on the same shaft 10 as the turbine 5.
  • a detailed description of this turbomachine can be found in patent FR-A 2 433 117.
  • the mixture of viscous fluid and less viscous liquid is sent under a pressure of between 10 and 150 bar, via a conduit 11 at the inlet of the pump 7.
  • the latter discharges it through the outlet 9 and through a conduit 12 into a separation apparatus 13 where the mixture, optionally after settling or centrifugation of the solid materials, is separated into a first stream going through the conduit 14, with compression in a pump 16 at a pressure between 20 and 300 bar, at the inlet 6 of the turbine 5 and in a second stream discharged through a pipe 15.
  • the additional liquid which leaves the turbine and which is not sent to the inlet of the pump is returned by a pipe 17, passing through a pump 18 which puts it under a pressure of between 20 and 300 bar, to a conduit 19 which joins the conduit leaving the pump 16 and going to the inlet of the turbine.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

This pumping installation comprises a source (1) of liquid and a turbo-machine comprising a pump (7) having an intake (8) and an outlet (9) and a turbine (5) which is fixed on the same shaft as the pump (7) and which has an intake (6) and an outlet (4). The outlet (4) of the turbine (5) opens into a conduit communicating the source (1) with the pump (7).

Description

La présente invention se rapporte aux procédés et aux installations pour faire circuler des fluides par pompage. Plus particulièrement, l'invention vise des procédés et installations pour pomper des fluides de forte viscosité, par exemple des bruts pétroliers lourds qui sont visqueux et dont le pompage est très difficile avec des hydrauliques centrifuges.The present invention relates to methods and installations for circulating fluids by pumping. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and installations for pumping fluids of high viscosity, for example heavy crude oils which are viscous and the pumping of which is very difficult with centrifugal hydraulics.

Si, dans le document US-A 4 035 023, on considère la boue (mélange du minerai et de l'eau) comme un fluide de forte viscosité et l'eau comme un liquide de moindre viscosité, ce document fait connaître un procédé consistant à envoyer du liquide de moindre viscosité (l'eau) que le fluide (la boue) et miscible à celui-ci, sous pression, à l'entrée de la turbine d'une turbomachine comprenant une pompe, ayant une entrée et une sortie, et une turbine qui a une entrée et une sortie distinctes de celles de la pompe et qui est calée sur le même arbre que la pompe.If, in document US-A 4,035,023, mud is considered (mixture of ore and water) as a high viscosity fluid and water as a liquid of lower viscosity, this document discloses a consistent process to send liquid of lower viscosity (water) than the fluid (mud) and miscible with it, under pressure, at the inlet of the turbine of a turbomachine comprising a pump, having an inlet and an outlet , and a turbine which has an inlet and an outlet separate from those of the pump and which is stalled on the same shaft as the pump.

Le procédé suivant l'invention est défini à la première revendication.The method according to the invention is defined in the first claim.

Le liquide sert ainsi de fluide d'alimentation de la turbine de la turbomachine fournissant l'énergie nécessaire au fonctionnement de la pompe. Le liquide sert aussi à diminuer la viscosité du fluide et à la rendre ainsi acceptable pour que le mélange de fluide et de liquide puisse être pompé par une hydraulique centrifuge.The liquid thus serves as the supply fluid for the turbine of the turbomachine providing the energy necessary for the operation of the pump. The liquid also serves to reduce the viscosity of the fluid and thus make it acceptable so that the mixture of fluid and liquid can be pumped by centrifugal hydraulics.

Le procédé est particulièrement utile dans le cas d'un forage,où le liquide devant être envoyé de toute façon au fond du forage où se trouve le turbomachine, il est immédiatement accessible en cet endroit, sans qu'il soit besoin d'une canalisation spéciale pour l'y amener.The method is particularly useful in the case of a borehole, where the liquid must be sent anyway to the bottom of the borehole where the turbomachine is located, it is immediately accessible there, without the need for a pipe. special to bring him there.

De préférence, le débit en volume du liquide envoyé à l'entrée de la turbine représente de 0,5 à 3 fois le débit en volume du fluide à pomper. Il est avantageux que le débit en volume du liquide mélangé au fluide à pomper représente de 0,1 à 0,5 fois le débit en volume du fluide à pomper.Preferably, the volume flow rate of the liquid sent to the inlet of the turbine represents from 0.5 to 3 times the volume flow rate of the fluid to be pumped. It is advantageous that the volume flow rate of the liquid mixed with the fluid to be pumped represents from 0.1 to 0.5 times the volume flow rate of the fluid to be pumped.

Il convient que le liquide ait une faible viscosité, soit miscible avec le fluide en diminuant la viscosité du mélange,contienne peu de gaz et de préférence ne réagisse pas sur le fluide. A titre d'exemple, pour pomper un fluide ayant une viscosité de 100 à 1000 centistokes on utilise un liquide ayant une viscosité de 1 à 10 centistokes, en ayant un mélange dont la viscosité est inférieure à 30 centistokes.The liquid should have a low viscosity, be miscible with the fluid by reducing the viscosity of the mixture, contain little gas and preferably do not react on the fluid. By way of example, to pump a fluid having a viscosity of 100 to 1000 centistokes, a liquid having a viscosity of 1 to 10 centistokes is used, having a mixture whose viscosity is less than 30 centistokes.

Suivant un perfectionnement avantageux, le procédé consiste à séparer le fluide qui sort de la pompe, en un premier courant liquide et en second courant,à comprimer le premier courant, à comprimer la partie du liquide détendu qui sort de la turbine et qui n'est pas mélangée au fluide et à la réunir au premier courant comprimé pour envoyer le tout à l'entrée de la turbine.According to an advantageous improvement, the method consists in separating the fluid which leaves the pump, in a first liquid stream and in the second stream, in compressing the first stream, in compressing the part of the expanded liquid which leaves the turbine and which does not is not mixed with the fluid and combine it with the first compressed current to send everything to the turbine inlet.

L'invention vise également une installation de pompage, comprenant une source de liquide et une turbomachine comprenant une pompe ayant une entrée et une sortie, et une turbine qui est calée sur le même arbre que la pompe et qui a une entrée et une sortie, caractérisée en ce que la sortie de la turbine débouche dans un conduit mettant la source en communication avec la pompe et l'installation comprend un appareillage de séparation d'un fluide en un premier courant moins visqueux et en un second courant plus visqueux, l'appareillage étant muni d'une entrée qui communique avec la sortie de la pompe, et de deux sorties dont l'une pour le premier courant communique avec l'entrée de la turbine et il est prévu un conduit mettant en communication la sortie de la turbine et la sortie de l'appareillage destinée au premier courant,une pompe de compression étant montée sur ce conduit.The invention also relates to a pumping installation, comprising a liquid source and a turbomachine comprising a pump having an inlet and an outlet, and a turbine which is stalled on the same shaft as the pump and which has an inlet and an outlet, characterized in that the outlet of the turbine opens into a conduit putting the source in communication with the pump and the installation comprises apparatus for separating a fluid into a first less viscous stream and into a second more viscous stream, the switchgear being provided with an inlet which communicates with the outlet of the pump, and two outlets one of which for the first current communicates with the inlet of the turbine and there is provided a conduit putting in communication the outlet of the turbine and the outlet of the apparatus intended for the first current, a compression pump being mounted on this conduit.

La figure unique du dessin annexé est une vue schématique en coupe et avec arrachement partiel qui illustre l'invention.The single figure of the accompanying drawing is a schematic sectional view with partial cutaway which illustrates the invention.

Du fluide de forte viscosité sort d'une source 1 par une conduit 2. Dans le conduit 2 débouche un conduit 3 provenant de la sortie 4 d'une turbine 5 d'une turbomachine Cette machine comporte essentiellement la turbine ayant la sortie 4 et une entrée 6 et une pompe 7 ayant une entrée 8 et une sortie 9 et calée sur le même arbre 10 que la turbine 5. On trouvera une description détaillée de cette turbomachine au brevet FR-A 2 433 117.Fluid of high viscosity leaves a source 1 through a conduit 2. In the conduit 2 opens a conduit 3 coming from the outlet 4 of a turbine 5 of a turbomachine This machine essentially comprises the turbine having the outlet 4 and a inlet 6 and a pump 7 having an inlet 8 and an outlet 9 and wedged on the same shaft 10 as the turbine 5. A detailed description of this turbomachine can be found in patent FR-A 2 433 117.

Le mélange de fluide visqueux et de liquide moins visqueux est envoyé sous une pression comprise entre 10 et 150 bar, par un conduit 11 à l'entrée de la pompe 7. Celle-ci le refoule par la sortie 9 et par un conduit 12 dans un appareillage de séparation 13 où le mélange, éventuellement après décantation ou centrifugation des matières solides, est séparé en un premier courant allant par le conduit 14, avec compression dans une pompe 16 sous une pression comprise entre 20 et 300 bar, à l'entrée 6 de la turbine 5 et en un second courant évacué par un conduit 15.Le complément de liquide qui sort de la turbine et qui n'est pas envoyé à l'entrée de la pompe, est retourné par un conduit 17, en passant par une pompe 18 qui le met sous une pression comprise entre 20 et 300 bar, à un conduit 19 qui rejoint le conduit sortant de la pompe 16 et allant à l'entrée de la turbine.The mixture of viscous fluid and less viscous liquid is sent under a pressure of between 10 and 150 bar, via a conduit 11 at the inlet of the pump 7. The latter discharges it through the outlet 9 and through a conduit 12 into a separation apparatus 13 where the mixture, optionally after settling or centrifugation of the solid materials, is separated into a first stream going through the conduit 14, with compression in a pump 16 at a pressure between 20 and 300 bar, at the inlet 6 of the turbine 5 and in a second stream discharged through a pipe 15. The additional liquid which leaves the turbine and which is not sent to the inlet of the pump, is returned by a pipe 17, passing through a pump 18 which puts it under a pressure of between 20 and 300 bar, to a conduit 19 which joins the conduit leaving the pump 16 and going to the inlet of the turbine.

L'exemple suivant illustre l'invention.The following example illustrates the invention.

On envoit dans la turbine 55 m3/h d'un liquide pétrolier léger peu visqueux (5 centistokes), sous une pression de 150 bar. La turbomachine tourne à 7500 t/min. La hauteur manométrique de détente dans la turbine est de 1200 mètres.55 m 3 / h are sent in a light, low-viscosity petroleum liquid (5 centistokes), at a pressure of 150 bar. The turbomachine rotates at 7,500 rpm. The pressure relief height in the turbine is 1200 meters.

On mélange de 10 à 20 parties en volume du liquide détendu sortant de la turbine à 35 m3/h d'un brut ayant une forte viscosité (700 centistokes). La hauteur manométrique de la pompe est de 600 mètres.10 to 20 parts by volume of the expanded liquid leaving the turbine are mixed at 35 m 3 / h of crude oil having a high viscosity (700 centistokes). The head of the pump is 600 meters.

Grâce au mélange et à la diminution de la viscosité, on peut ainsi pomper le brut sans difficulté.Thanks to the mixing and the reduction in viscosity, it is thus possible to pump the crude oil without difficulty.

Claims (5)

1. A process for pumping fluid of high viscosity, in particular heavy crude oils, which comprises:
- passing liquid of lower viscosity than the fluid and miscible therewith, under pressure, to the intake (6) of a turbine (5) of a turbomachine comprising a pump (7) having an intake (8) and an outlet (9) and a turbine which has an intake (6) and an outlet (4) separate from those of the pump and which is fixed on a same shaft (10) as the pump characterized in that it comprises
- mixing to the fluid a part of the expanded liquid which issues from the turbine, and
- drawing in the mixture of the expanded liquid and the fluid by way of the intake of the pump.
2. The process of claim 1 characterized in that the flow rate by volume of the liquid passed into the turbine represents from 0.5 to 3 times the flow rate by volume of the fluid to be pumped.
3. The process of claim 1 characterized in that the flow rate by volume of the liquid mixed with the fluid represents from 0.1 to 0.5 times the flow rate by volume of the fluid.
4. The process of the preceeding claims characterized in that it comprises separating the fluid which issues from the pump into a first liquid stream (14) and a second stream (15), compressing the first stream, compressing the part of the expanded liquid which issues from the turbine and which is not mixed with the fluid, and combining it with the first compressed stream to pass the whole to the intake of the turbine.
5. A pumping installation comprising a source (1) of liquid and a turbo-machine comprising a pump (7) having an intake (8) and an outlet (9) and a turbine (5) which is fixed on a same shaft (10) as the pump (7) and which has an intake (6) and an outlet (4), characterized in that the outlet (4) of the turbine (5) opens into a conduit (11) communicating the source (1) with the pump (7) and the installation comprises a separation apparatus (13) for separating a fluid into a first less viscous stream (14) and a second more viscous stream (15), the apparatus (13) being provided with an intake (12) in communication with the outlet of the pump (7) and two outlets of which one for the first stream communicates with the intake (6) of the turbine, and there is provided a conduit (17) communicating the outlet (4) of the turbine and the outlet of the apparatus (13) which is intended for the first stream, a compression pump (18) being mounted on said conduit (17).
EP87401004A 1986-05-21 1987-04-30 Process and installation to cause circulation of fluids by pumping Expired - Lifetime EP0246943B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87401004T ATE54718T1 (en) 1986-05-21 1987-04-30 METHOD AND EQUIPMENT TO ENCOURAGE THE CIRCULATION OF LIQUIDS BY PUMPS.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8607204A FR2599091B1 (en) 1986-05-21 1986-05-21 METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR CIRCULATING FLUIDS BY PUMPING
FR8607204 1986-05-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0246943A1 EP0246943A1 (en) 1987-11-25
EP0246943B1 true EP0246943B1 (en) 1990-07-18

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87401004A Expired - Lifetime EP0246943B1 (en) 1986-05-21 1987-04-30 Process and installation to cause circulation of fluids by pumping

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US4721436A (en)
EP (1) EP0246943B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS62279296A (en)
AT (1) ATE54718T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1274418A (en)
DE (1) DE3763746D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2016372B3 (en)
FR (1) FR2599091B1 (en)
GR (1) GR3000651T3 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2680983A1 (en) * 1991-09-10 1993-03-12 Inst Francais Du Petrole CONTINUOUS MIXER DEVICE, METHOD AND USE IN A PUMPING PLANT OF A HIGH VISCOSITY FLUID.
WO1994015065A1 (en) * 1992-12-19 1994-07-07 Ksb Aktiengesellschaft Turbo-pump for conveying highly viscous substances
US5582505A (en) * 1992-11-03 1996-12-10 Ksb Aktiengesellschaft Bore-hole pump

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US5417281A (en) * 1994-02-14 1995-05-23 Steven M. Wood Reverse Moineau motor and pump assembly for producing fluids from a well
US5611397A (en) * 1994-02-14 1997-03-18 Wood; Steven M. Reverse Moineau motor and centrifugal pump assembly for producing fluids from a well
JPH0674707B2 (en) * 1988-09-09 1994-09-21 インテベップ，エス．エイ． Oil removing device and method
FR2656035B1 (en) * 1989-12-15 1996-01-12 Inst Francais Du Petrole DEVICE FOR PUMPING A LIQUID AND IN PARTICULAR A HIGH VISCOSITY LIQUID.
US5558502A (en) * 1993-12-24 1996-09-24 Pacific Machinery & Engineering Co., Ltd. Turbo pump and supply system with the pump
GB0128262D0 (en) * 2001-11-24 2002-01-16 Rotech Holdings Ltd Artificial lift pump
US6854517B2 (en) 2002-02-20 2005-02-15 Baker Hughes Incorporated Electric submersible pump with specialized geometry for pumping viscous crude oil
ITCO20120015A1 (en) * 2012-04-12 2013-10-13 Nuovo Pignone Srl METHOD FOR THE PREVENTION OF CORROSION AND COMPONENT OBTAINED THROUGH THIS METHOD
CN104989616A (en) * 2015-05-28 2015-10-21 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 Turbocharger of oil well pump

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US3194026A (en) * 1963-10-24 1965-07-13 Fleur Corp Power-refrigeration system
US3420434A (en) * 1966-12-30 1969-01-07 Judson S Swearingen Rotary compressors and systems employing same using compressor gas as seal gas
FR2285532A1 (en) * 1974-09-20 1976-04-16 Kobe Inc Oil well turbine pump - with bottom pump inlet and axial thrust balancing piston between pump and turbine
US4003678A (en) * 1975-02-10 1977-01-18 E M C Energies, Inc. Fluid operated well turbopump
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US4233154A (en) * 1978-12-29 1980-11-11 Kobe, Inc. Method for treating petroleum well pumping power fluid
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2680983A1 (en) * 1991-09-10 1993-03-12 Inst Francais Du Petrole CONTINUOUS MIXER DEVICE, METHOD AND USE IN A PUMPING PLANT OF A HIGH VISCOSITY FLUID.
EP0532397A1 (en) * 1991-09-10 1993-03-17 Institut Francais Du Petrole Continuous mixing device, process and use in a pumping plant for high viscosity fluid
US5582505A (en) * 1992-11-03 1996-12-10 Ksb Aktiengesellschaft Bore-hole pump
WO1994015065A1 (en) * 1992-12-19 1994-07-07 Ksb Aktiengesellschaft Turbo-pump for conveying highly viscous substances
DE4243132C1 (en) * 1992-12-19 1994-07-07 Klein Schanzlin & Becker Ag Turbo pump for conveying highly viscous substances
US5655895A (en) * 1992-12-19 1997-08-12 Ksb Aktiengesellschaft Turbopump for conveying highly viscous substances

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE54718T1 (en) 1990-08-15
JPS62279296A (en) 1987-12-04
EP0246943A1 (en) 1987-11-25
ES2016372B3 (en) 1990-11-01
DE3763746D1 (en) 1990-08-23
FR2599091B1 (en) 1990-10-26
GR3000651T3 (en) 1991-09-27
FR2599091A1 (en) 1987-11-27
CA1274418A (en) 1990-09-25
US4721436A (en) 1988-01-26

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