EP0233353A1 - Combustion method and power plant - Google Patents
Combustion method and power plant Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0233353A1 EP0233353A1 EP86117528A EP86117528A EP0233353A1 EP 0233353 A1 EP0233353 A1 EP 0233353A1 EP 86117528 A EP86117528 A EP 86117528A EP 86117528 A EP86117528 A EP 86117528A EP 0233353 A1 EP0233353 A1 EP 0233353A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bed
- nozzles
- combustion
- power plant
- grinding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
- F23C10/16—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus specially adapted for operation at superatmospheric pressures, e.g. by the arrangement of the combustion chamber and its auxiliary systems inside a pressure vessel
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of improving the utilization of a'sulphur absorbing material in a power plant according to the precharacterising part of claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a power plant for carrying out the method.
- the invention is primarily intended for such a plant where the combustion takes place at a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure, that is, a so-called PFBC plant.
- the fluidized bed consists of a particulate material, which at least partly consists of a sulphur absorbent. Provisions are made for removing consumed sulphur absorbent from the bed.
- the object of the invention is to develop a method and a power plant for carrying out the method of the above-mentioned kind with a considerably increased utilization of the sulphur absorbing material.
- a power plant for carrying out the method according to the invention is characterized by the features of Claim 5.
- the particles in the bed material which may have a size of between about 0.5 and 6 mm, are disintegrated by blowing a gas at a high velocity into the bed through special grinding nozzles.
- This blowing in of gas will cause the bed particles to collide with each other at a great velocity and to be disintegrated to a certain extent, so that unconsumed sulphur absorbent present in the interior part of the particles is exposed and, upon contact with combustion gases, absorbs sulphur.
- Ground-down bed material leaving the bed together with the combustion gases are separated in gas cleaners and removed.
- the grinding is suitably regulated so that the same amount of bed material is ground down as is supplied to the bed.
- the grinding nozzles should be located in the lower part of the combustion chamber, below the region containing cooling tubes. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, to eliminate erosion on the cooling tubes and, on the other hand, to extend the dwell time of the small particles formed in the bed as long as possible before they leave the combustion chamber carried away by the combustion gases.
- Gas jets from two or more nozzles may suitably be directed such that they intersect or converge with each other, resulting in particles colliding with each other at a high velocity.
- the grinding capacity is thereby strengthened.
- the gas may consist of compressed air which is utilized for the combustion of the fuel, or of oxygen-poor gas which completely or partially consists of combustion gases. Combustion air or combustion gases leaving the gas turbine or the waste heat boiler can be utilized. In those cases where the use of air tends to give too high a local bed temperature with an ensuing harmful formation of slag, oxygen-poor gas is used.
- the gas is compressed to such a pressure that a gas velocity which is necessary for the grinding is obtained at the nozzle orifice.
- the combustion chamber comprises at least one but suitably a plurality of grinding nozzles for disintegrating absorbent material particles.
- the nozzles may be located such that the gas jets intersect each other or converge with each other.
- the gas may consist of air or oxygen-poor combustion gas.
- part of this combustion air may be further compressed in a booster compressor and be supplied to the grinding nozzles.
- 11 designates a pressure vessel, 12 a combustion chamber and 13 a cleaner of cyclone type enclosed within the pressure vessel 11. Only one cyclone is shown, but in reality there is a cleaning plant with a plurality of parallel-connected groups each group consisting of a number of series-connected cyclones.
- Fuel is burnt in a fluidized bed 14 in the combustion chamber 12.
- the bed 14 consists of a particulate sulphur absorbing material, such as limestone or dolomite.
- the main part of this material usually has a grain size of between 0.5 and 5.0 mm.
- the combustion gases are collected in the freeboard 15 and flow through the conduit 16 to the cleaner 13, where dust is separated, and from the cleaner 13 via the conduit 17 to a turbine 18 and from there, for example, to a waste gas boiler (not shown). Separated dust is fed out from the cleaner 13 through the conduit 20 and the pressure reducing feeding-out device and cooler 21 to a receiving container (not shown).
- the turbine 18 drives a compressor 22 and a generator 23 via a coupling 24, the generator 23 feeding out energy onto an electricity supply network.
- the generator 23 can also be utilized as a starter motor.
- the combustion chamber 12 is provided with a bottom 27 consisting of elongated air distribution chambers 28 with air nozzles 30. Through these the bed 14 is supplied with air for fluidization and for combustion of supplied fuel. Fuel is supplied to the bed 14 through a conduit 31 from a fuel storage (not shown).
- the combustion chamber 12 accommodates fuel nozzles (not shown), which are evenly distributed, suitably one nozzle per m 2 of bottom area. Fresh bed material is supplied to the bed 14 through the conduit 32 from a bed material storage (not shown).
- At least one grinding nozzle 41 is provided in the combustion chamber 12, opening out into the bed 14 of the combustion chamber 12 below the tube bundle 40. Through this nozzle 41, gas with a considerably higher pressure than in the bed 14 is blown into the bed 14. The gas velocity at the orifice of the one nozzle or more nozzles 41 is high, the gas jet accelerating bed particles to a high velocity. These bed particles on collision with other bed particles are fractured to smaller particles, thus bringing about a grinding effect. This causes unconsumed sulphur absorbent to become exposed, and on its way up through the bed 14 this absorbent will absorb sulphur upon contact with the combustion gases. Bed material which is disintegrated to a small dimension, below about 0.5 mm, will leave the bed together with the flue gases.
- Grain size and dwell time in the bed 14 are important parameters for the absorption of sulphur.
- For utilizing the bed material it is important that crushed and exposed unused absorbing material has such a small size that a rapid and complete reaction is obtained between absorbent and sulphur during the time during which the material is present in the bed 14. It is, therefore, desirable for absorbent particles to be ground down to the greatest possible fineness so as to obtain a large contact surface in relation to the volume. Grinding to about 50 micrometers is desirable for obtaining an approximately complete utilization.
- gas for the grinding nozzles 41 may be provided from the pressurized air in space 26 of the pressure vessel 11 which air is compressed to a higher pressure in a booster compressor 42, which is located outside the pressure vessel 11 and is connected to the inner space 26 of the pressure vessel by means of a conduit 43 and to the one or more nozzles 41. It may be suitable to place a plurality of nozzles 41 in a combustion chamber 12 so that the gas jets from the grinding nozzles 41 converge with each other, causing particles to collide with great force thus bringing about a powerful grinding effect.
- four nozzles 41 may be placed in one horizontal plane so that the air jets from the nozzles 41 intersect each other and, within a limited volume, rotate and grind down bed particles to a small size, thus obtaining a large absorption surface of unconsumed absorbent.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
Method of improving the utilization of a sulphur absorbing material in a power plant for the combustion of a sulphur- containing fuel in a fluidized bed (14) of particulate material containing sulphur absorbent. According to the invention unconsumed absorbent in the interior part of the particles of the bed material is exposed by blowing gas into the bed (14) through special grinding nozzles (41) at a higher velocity than combustion air through the fluidizing nozzles (30). The gas pressure shall be so high that powerful gas jets are produced so that bed material particles are accelerated to a high velocity and, upon collision with other particles, are disintegrated. In a power plant for carrying out the method the grinding nozzles (41) are located at the lower part of the combustion chamber (12), preferably between its bottom (27) and a tube bundle (40) in the combustion chamber (12).
Description
- The invention relates to a method of improving the utilization of a'sulphur absorbing material in a power plant according to the precharacterising part of claim 1. The invention also relates to a power plant for carrying out the method.
- The invention is primarily intended for such a plant where the combustion takes place at a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure, that is, a so-called PFBC plant. The fluidized bed consists of a particulate material, which at least partly consists of a sulphur absorbent. Provisions are made for removing consumed sulphur absorbent from the bed.
- In prior art power plants with combustion of sulphur-containing coal in a combustion chamber with a fluidized bed, lime or dolomite is used as bed material and sulphur absorbent. During combustion of the fuel in the bed, combustion gases will make intimate contact with the bed material and react with the sulphur in the fuel while forming gypsum, CaSO4. The reaction takes place on the surface of the particles and in pores emanating from this surface. Gradually, a shell of gypsum is formed around_a core of unconsumed absorbent material, which renders the contact between combustion gases and absorbent difficult or impossible. This means that not all the absorbent will be utilized and that bed material containing non-utilized absorbent will be left, which must be removed from the combustion chamber. This means that the absorbent consumption considerably exceeds the amount which is theoretically needed to remove the sulphur from the fuel. This also involves increased costs for procuring and depositing consumed bed material. This prior art is disclosed in more detail in US-A-4 421 036.
- The object of the invention is to develop a method and a power plant for carrying out the method of the above-mentioned kind with a considerably increased utilization of the sulphur absorbing material.
- To achieve this aim the invention suggests a method according to the introductory part of Claim 1, which is characterized by the features of the characterizing part of Claim 1.
- Further developments of the method are characterized by the features of the Claims 2 to 4.
- A power plant for carrying out the method according to the invention is characterized by the features of Claim 5.
- Further developments of this power plant are characterized by the features of the Claims 6 to 9.
- According to the invention, the particles in the bed material, which may have a size of between about 0.5 and 6 mm, are disintegrated by blowing a gas at a high velocity into the bed through special grinding nozzles. This blowing in of gas will cause the bed particles to collide with each other at a great velocity and to be disintegrated to a certain extent, so that unconsumed sulphur absorbent present in the interior part of the particles is exposed and, upon contact with combustion gases, absorbs sulphur. Ground-down bed material leaving the bed together with the combustion gases, are separated in gas cleaners and removed. The grinding is suitably regulated so that the same amount of bed material is ground down as is supplied to the bed. In this way, the bed depth can be kept at the desired level in the case of constant power output from the plant. The grinding nozzles should be located in the lower part of the combustion chamber, below the region containing cooling tubes. The reasons for this are, on the one hand, to eliminate erosion on the cooling tubes and, on the other hand, to extend the dwell time of the small particles formed in the bed as long as possible before they leave the combustion chamber carried away by the combustion gases.
- Gas jets from two or more nozzles may suitably be directed such that they intersect or converge with each other, resulting in particles colliding with each other at a high velocity. The grinding capacity is thereby strengthened. The gas may consist of compressed air which is utilized for the combustion of the fuel, or of oxygen-poor gas which completely or partially consists of combustion gases. Combustion air or combustion gases leaving the gas turbine or the waste heat boiler can be utilized. In those cases where the use of air tends to give too high a local bed temperature with an ensuing harmful formation of slag, oxygen-poor gas is used. The gas is compressed to such a pressure that a gas velocity which is necessary for the grinding is obtained at the nozzle orifice.
- In a plant, the combustion chamber comprises at least one but suitably a plurality of grinding nozzles for disintegrating absorbent material particles. The nozzles may be located such that the gas jets intersect each other or converge with each other. The gas may consist of air or oxygen-poor combustion gas. In a PFBC plant with a combustion chamber which is enclosed within a pressure vessel and surrounded by compressed combustion air, part of this combustion air may be further compressed in a booster compressor and be supplied to the grinding nozzles.
- The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings showing - by way of example - in
- Figure 1 schematically a PFBC power plant according to the invention,
- Figure 2 a horizontal section of a combustion chamber exhibiting a possible location of grinding nozzles.
- In the figures, 11 designates a pressure vessel, 12 a combustion chamber and 13 a cleaner of cyclone type enclosed within the
pressure vessel 11. Only one cyclone is shown, but in reality there is a cleaning plant with a plurality of parallel-connected groups each group consisting of a number of series-connected cyclones. Fuel is burnt in a fluidizedbed 14 in thecombustion chamber 12. Thebed 14 consists of a particulate sulphur absorbing material, such as limestone or dolomite. The main part of this material usually has a grain size of between 0.5 and 5.0 mm. The combustion gases are collected in thefreeboard 15 and flow through theconduit 16 to thecleaner 13, where dust is separated, and from thecleaner 13 via the conduit 17 to aturbine 18 and from there, for example, to a waste gas boiler (not shown). Separated dust is fed out from thecleaner 13 through theconduit 20 and the pressure reducing feeding-out device andcooler 21 to a receiving container (not shown). Theturbine 18 drives acompressor 22 and agenerator 23 via acoupling 24, thegenerator 23 feeding out energy onto an electricity supply network. Thegenerator 23 can also be utilized as a starter motor. - Through the
conduit 25 theinner space 26 of thepressure vessel 11 surrounding thecombustion chamber 12 and thecleaner 13 is supplied with compressed air. The pressure may amount to 2 MPa or more. Thecombustion chamber 12 is provided with abottom 27 consisting of elongatedair distribution chambers 28 withair nozzles 30. Through these thebed 14 is supplied with air for fluidization and for combustion of supplied fuel. Fuel is supplied to thebed 14 through aconduit 31 from a fuel storage (not shown). Thecombustion chamber 12 accommodates fuel nozzles (not shown), which are evenly distributed, suitably one nozzle per m2 of bottom area. Fresh bed material is supplied to thebed 14 through theconduit 32 from a bed material storage (not shown). Between theair distribution chambers 28 there aregaps 33, through which bed material from the bed may fall down into thespace 34 in thedischarge cone 35 for bed material at the lower part of thecombustion chamber 12. Thisspace 34 accommodatescooling tubes 36 for cooling the bed material before it is fed out through theconduit 37 and the feeding-outdevice 38. In thecombustion chamber 12 there is atube bundle 40, in which water is heated or steam is generated. - At least one
grinding nozzle 41 is provided in thecombustion chamber 12, opening out into thebed 14 of thecombustion chamber 12 below thetube bundle 40. Through thisnozzle 41, gas with a considerably higher pressure than in thebed 14 is blown into thebed 14. The gas velocity at the orifice of the one nozzle ormore nozzles 41 is high, the gas jet accelerating bed particles to a high velocity. These bed particles on collision with other bed particles are fractured to smaller particles, thus bringing about a grinding effect. This causes unconsumed sulphur absorbent to become exposed, and on its way up through thebed 14 this absorbent will absorb sulphur upon contact with the combustion gases. Bed material which is disintegrated to a small dimension, below about 0.5 mm, will leave the bed together with the flue gases. - Grain size and dwell time in the
bed 14 are important parameters for the absorption of sulphur. For utilizing the bed material it is important that crushed and exposed unused absorbing material has such a small size that a rapid and complete reaction is obtained between absorbent and sulphur during the time during which the material is present in thebed 14. It is, therefore, desirable for absorbent particles to be ground down to the greatest possible fineness so as to obtain a large contact surface in relation to the volume. Grinding to about 50 micrometers is desirable for obtaining an approximately complete utilization. - In a PFBC plant with a
combustion chamber 12 operating at a high pressure and being placed within a pressure vessel, gas for the grindingnozzles 41 may be provided from the pressurized air inspace 26 of thepressure vessel 11 which air is compressed to a higher pressure in abooster compressor 42, which is located outside thepressure vessel 11 and is connected to theinner space 26 of the pressure vessel by means of aconduit 43 and to the one ormore nozzles 41. It may be suitable to place a plurality ofnozzles 41 in acombustion chamber 12 so that the gas jets from the grindingnozzles 41 converge with each other, causing particles to collide with great force thus bringing about a powerful grinding effect. As is shown in Figure 2, fournozzles 41, for example, may be placed in one horizontal plane so that the air jets from thenozzles 41 intersect each other and, within a limited volume, rotate and grind down bed particles to a small size, thus obtaining a large absorption surface of unconsumed absorbent.
Claims (9)
1. Method of improving the utilization of a sulphur absorbing material in a power plant for the combustion of a sulphur-containing fuel in a fluidized bed (14) of particulate material containing sulphur absorbent by exposing unconsumed absorbent in the interior part of the absorbent particles, characterized in that grinding of absorbent particles is accomplished in the bed (14) by blowing gas into the bed (14) through special grinding nozzles (41) at a higher velocity than combustion air through fluidization nozzles (30).
2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the grinding of the absorbent particles takes place by blowing in the grinding gas through nozzles (41) in an area in the bed (14) which is not provided with cooling tubes (40).
3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that gas jets from two or more nozzles (41) are directed so as to intersect each other or converge with each other.
4. Method according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that gas jets are directed so as to obtain a controlled circulation of bed material within the bed (14).
5. Power plant for carrying out the method according to any of the preceding claims comprising a combustion chamber (12) formed with a bottom (27) with nozzles (30) for the supply of air to a fluidizable bed (14) consisting at least partly of particulate sulphur-absorbing material for the combustion of fuel supplied to the bed (14), comprising supply conduits (31, 32) for the supply of fuel and bed material to the bed (14), and comprising a compressor (22) for supplying the combustion chamber (12) with air for fluidization of the bed (14) and combustion of the fuel, characterized in that the combustion chamber (12) comprises at least one separate grinding nozzle (41), opening out into the the bed (14), for disintegrating bed material particles.
6. Power plant according to claim 5, characterized in that at least two grinding nozzles (41) are located such that gas jets from these nozzles (41) intersect each other or converge with each other.
7. Power plant according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that it comprises a compressor (42) which supplies the grinding nozzles (41) with compressed, oxygen-poor gas or air with a higher pressure than the air for fluidization of the bed (14) and combustion of the fuel.
8. Power plant according to any of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the combustion chamber (12) is enclosed within a pressure vessel (11) and the combustion takes place at a pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure.
9. Power plant according to claim 8, characterized in that the pressure exceeds twice the atmospheric pressure.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE8506059A SE451158B (en) | 1985-12-20 | 1985-12-20 | SET TO IMPROVE THE USE OF A SULFUR ABSORBENT IN A POWER PLANT WITH FLUIDIZED BED AND POWER PLANT FOR USING THE SET |
SE8506059 | 1985-12-20 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0233353A1 true EP0233353A1 (en) | 1987-08-26 |
Family
ID=20362550
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86117528A Withdrawn EP0233353A1 (en) | 1985-12-20 | 1986-12-17 | Combustion method and power plant |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0233353A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS62178808A (en) |
DK (1) | DK614686A (en) |
FI (1) | FI865216A (en) |
SE (1) | SE451158B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2758167B2 (en) * | 1988-03-17 | 1998-05-28 | バブコツク日立株式会社 | Fluidized bed boiler |
FI81503C (en) * | 1988-10-14 | 1990-11-12 | Finnpulva Ab Oy | Process for bonding sulfur compounds formed in a coal powder boiler |
FI89508C (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1993-10-11 | Ahlstroem Oy | FOERFARANDE FOER ROSTNING AV SULFIDISKA MALMER |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4060041A (en) * | 1975-06-30 | 1977-11-29 | Energy Products Of Idaho | Low pollution incineration of solid waste |
US4159000A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1979-06-26 | Hokkaido Sugar Co., Ltd. | Method for sootless combustion and furnace for said combustion |
US4279207A (en) * | 1979-04-20 | 1981-07-21 | Wormser Engineering, Inc. | Fluid bed combustion |
SE434087B (en) * | 1981-02-19 | 1984-07-02 | Stal Laval Turbin Ab | INSTALLATION FOR COMBUSTION OF PURE SOLID FUEL IN A FIREBOARD WITH A FLUIDIZED BED |
-
1985
- 1985-12-20 SE SE8506059A patent/SE451158B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1986
- 1986-12-17 EP EP86117528A patent/EP0233353A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1986-12-18 DK DK614686A patent/DK614686A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-12-18 JP JP30271486A patent/JPS62178808A/en active Pending
- 1986-12-19 FI FI865216A patent/FI865216A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4060041A (en) * | 1975-06-30 | 1977-11-29 | Energy Products Of Idaho | Low pollution incineration of solid waste |
US4159000A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1979-06-26 | Hokkaido Sugar Co., Ltd. | Method for sootless combustion and furnace for said combustion |
US4279207A (en) * | 1979-04-20 | 1981-07-21 | Wormser Engineering, Inc. | Fluid bed combustion |
SE434087B (en) * | 1981-02-19 | 1984-07-02 | Stal Laval Turbin Ab | INSTALLATION FOR COMBUSTION OF PURE SOLID FUEL IN A FIREBOARD WITH A FLUIDIZED BED |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK614686D0 (en) | 1986-12-18 |
FI865216A0 (en) | 1986-12-19 |
FI865216A (en) | 1987-06-21 |
SE451158B (en) | 1987-09-07 |
DK614686A (en) | 1987-06-21 |
SE8506059L (en) | 1987-06-21 |
JPS62178808A (en) | 1987-08-05 |
SE8506059D0 (en) | 1985-12-20 |
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18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19880229 |
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RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: JANSSON, SVEN A., DIPL.-ING. |