EP0220892A2 - Cold flow improving fuel additive compound and fuel composition containing same - Google Patents
Cold flow improving fuel additive compound and fuel composition containing same Download PDFInfo
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- EP0220892A2 EP0220892A2 EP86308059A EP86308059A EP0220892A2 EP 0220892 A2 EP0220892 A2 EP 0220892A2 EP 86308059 A EP86308059 A EP 86308059A EP 86308059 A EP86308059 A EP 86308059A EP 0220892 A2 EP0220892 A2 EP 0220892A2
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- telomer
- branched chain
- product
- reaction product
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
- C10L1/2225—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates hydroxy containing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/221—Organic compounds containing nitrogen compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to cold flow improving fuel additive compound. More particularly, it is directed to an additive compound consisting of the reaction product of an amide or ester derivative of a branched-chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary-amine group, an epoxide and a carboxylic acid and to said additive compounds. It is further directed to hydrocarbyl fuel compositions containing such cold flow improving fueld additive compounds.
- distillate fuels such as diesel fuels are subject to poor flowability at low temperatures and have relatively high cold filter plugging points.
- Many expedients have been attempted in the prior art to overcome these adverse cold temperature properties.
- U.S. Patent 4,108,613 teaches the use of a mixture of (1) the reaction product of an epoxidized alpha-olefin with a nitrogen-containing compound selected from ammonia, an amine, a polyamine or a hydroxyamine and (2) an ethylene-olefin copolymer as an additive to depress the pour point of hydrocarbonaceous fuels and oils.
- U.S. Patent 3,962,104 discloses lubricating oil compositions containing minor amounts of quaternary ammonium salts useful as oil improving additives.
- the quaternary ammonium salts utilize a cation derived from the reaction product of one molar proportion of a tertiary amine with one or more molar proportions of an olefin oxide and an amount of water in excess of stoichiometric.
- the anion is derived from an organic acid and the tertiary amine has substituents which are alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, aromatic or substituted aromatic groups.
- the present invention provides novel fuel additive compounds useful in improving the low temperature characteristics of distillate fuel compositions comprising the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- This invention also provides liquid hydrocarbyl distillate fuels having improved low temperature characteristics comprising a major proportion of a liquid hydrocarbyl distillate fuel and a minor proportion, effective to improve low temperature characteristics of the fuel, of the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- This invention further provides a method of reducing the pour point and cold flow plugging point of liquid distillate fuels, which method comprises additin to the fuel an effective amount of the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- the low temperature distillate fuel additive product or compound when added to the fuel in cold flowability effective amounts significantly decreases the cold flow plugging point, cloud point, filterability as well as the pour point of the fuel to which it is added.
- Suitable fuels include, but are not limited to, diesel fuel, home heating oil, airplane jet fuel and the like.
- the additive providing these properties is a product of reaction formed by the reaction of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one t -amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- the additional carboxylic acid may be the same branched chain carboxylic acid or a different branched chain acid or a linear carboxylic acid.
- the preferred branched chain carboxylic acids are telomer acids which may be prepared by the free radical addition of one mole of acetic anhydride to at least 3 moles of hexene and/or a higher olefin having up to about 30 or more carbon atoms (C3 ) in the presence of a trivalent manganese compound.
- This invention is not, however, limited to any specific method of preparing the telomer acids. Any method known in the art may be used.
- Preferred telomer acids are those made from C10-C20 alpha olefins and manufactured under the trade name Kortacid through Akzo Chemie, Chicago, Illinois. Specific acids are identified for example as Kortacid T-1801, Kortacid T-1001 and the like.
- the first two digits give the number of carbon atoms in at least one side chain of the acid. More specifically it is noted that the monocarboxylic acid having the below structural formula is known and further identified as a telomer acid and may be formulated in accordance with a procedure provided in U.S. Patent 4,283,314 in which a compound having the same structural formula and meanings is disclosed. U.S. Patent 4,283,314 is incorporated herein by reference.
- the branched chain monocarboxylic acid have the structural formula where Z is -(CH2) n CH3 where n is an integer of from about 3 to about 42; x and y are different and are either 0 or 2; a is 0 or 1, if a is 0, R is hydrogen but if a is 1, R is -CH2; and b is 0 or 1, if b is 0, R1 is hydrogen but if b is 1, R1 is -CH2.
- the amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group has the general formula: R2COXR4N(R5)(R6) where R2 is a branched chain monocarboxylic acid radical having a molecular weight of between 300 and 1,000; X is O or NR3 in which R3 is hydrogen or C1-C25 alkyl; R4 is a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; and R5 and R6 are the same or different and are C1-C25 alkyl.
- the amide derivative reaction product may be classified by the general formula: R2CON(R3)R4N(R5)(R6) wherein R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 have the definitions given above.
- the branched chain monocarboxylic acid having a molecular weight of about 300 to 1,000 may be reacted as disclosed below with a suitable diamine to produce the above described amide derivative.
- the branched chain monocarboxylic acid has a molecular weight of 400 to 900. Still more preferably, the molecular weight of the branched chain monocarboxylic acid is in the range of between 500 and 800.
- the amide derivatives may be formed by a simple reaction between the acid and a suitable diamine such as RCO2H + H2N-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 ⁇ RCO-NH2-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 where R is a telomer acid radical.
- a suitable diamine such as RCO2H + H2N-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 ⁇ RCO-NH2-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 where R is a telomer acid radical.
- Any suitable diamine may be used and any conventional process known to the art may be used to provide the amide derivative.
- the amide derivative is thereafter reacted with an epoxide and additional carboxylic acid and is further defined by the branched chain hydrocarbyl having a molecular weight of between about 300 and 1,000.
- R2 in a preferred embodiment for both amide and ester derivatives, has the structural formula where Z, R, R1, n, a, b, x and
- Some of the useful diamines include but are not limited to N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine, N-(2-aminoethyl) morpholine, N-(2-aminopropyl) morpholine, N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, N,N-diethylethylenediamine, 3-dimethylaminopropylamine, unsymmetrical (unsym.) dimethylethylenediamine, N,N-dimethyl-N′-ethylethylenediamine and the like and mixtures of two or more of these. Especially preferred is 3-dimethylaminopropylamine.
- R groups mentioned are alkyl, nevertheless, others can be alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl. If aryl the group will contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the amines may be obtained as articles of commerce or prepared in any convenient manner.
- the epoxides useful herein generally contain from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms.
- the epoxides may be substituted with an aromatic or a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group.
- preferred epoxides that may be used in the present invention are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutane, decene epoxide, tetradecene epoxide and octadecene epoxide and the like. It is emphasized that the above list is non-limiting. Any other epoxides, within the preferred group of epoxides having 2 to 18 carbon atoms may be advantageously used.
- the ester derivatives may be formed by a simple reaction between the branched chain monocarboxylic acid (preferably telomer) and a suitable hydroxy amine such as RCO2H + HO-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 ⁇ RCO-O-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 where R is a telomer acid radical.
- a suitable hydroxy amine such as RCO2H + HO-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 ⁇ RCO-O-CH2CH2CH2N(CH3)2 where R is a telomer acid radical.
- Any suitable amino alcohol or hydroxy compound may be used and any conventional process known to the art may be used to provide the ester derivative.
- the ester derivative is thereafter reacted with an epoxide and additional carboxylic acid.
- the ester derivative reaction product may be classified by the general formula R2COO(R3)N(R5)(R6) (II) where R2, R3, R5 and R6 have the meanings given above.
- Structural formula II is limited to those derivatives having only one ester group and only one tertiary amine group. However, the invention is also directed to derivatives having more than one (multiple) ester groups and more than one (multiple) tertiary amine groups.
- An example is: with 4 ester groups and 2 tertiary amine groups where at least one R′ is a telomer acid radical and the remaining R′ groups may be the same or different or may be linear or branched and are from C1 to about C25 hydrocarbyl or hydrogen.
- the branched chain monocarboxylic acid having a molecular weight of about 300 to 1,000 may be reacted as disclosed above with a suitable hydroxy amine or amino alcohol to produce the described ester derivative.
- the branched chain monocarboxylic acid has a molecular weight of 400 to 900. Still more preferably, the molecular weight of the branched chain monocarboxylic acid is in the range of between 500 and 800.
- Some of the useful amines include but are not limited to N,N′N′-tris-(2-hydroxypropyl)N-tallowalkyl-1,3- diaminopropane, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxymethyl) ethylenediamine, 3-dimethylaminopropanol, N-methyldiethanolamine and the like and mixtures of two or more of these. Especially preferred is N,N,N′,N′ tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine.
- R groups mentioned are alkyl, nevertheless, other useful groups can be alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl. If aryl, the group will contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
- the amines may be obtained as articles of commerce or prepared in any convenient manner.
- the various reactants are usually reacted in substantially stoichiometric amounts or equimolar amounts, however, a slight molar excess of telomer acid to other reactants may be used if desired at temperatures ranging from about 50-175°C at pressures determined by the specific reaction, i.e., autogenous in 0.5 to about 3 hours or more.
- the additional carboxylic acid may also be a branched chain acid which may be a telomer acid that is different or the same as the acid from which the amide derivative is prepared or a linear monocarboxylic acid.
- the additional carboxylic acid has up to 20 or more carbon atoms, preferably 10-20.
- the improved cold flow effect manifested by the additives of the present invention to distillate fuels is accomplished by providing an effective cold flow improving amount of the additive compound of the present invention to a distillate fuel. More preferably, the amount added to the distillate fuel is in the range of between about 0.01 and 3-5 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. Still more preferably, the concentration of the flow improving product of reaction of the present invention to the distillate fuel is in the range of between 0.02 and 2 percent by weight. In certain cases, depending, inter alia, on the particular fuel and/or weather conditions, up to about 10 wt.% may be used. Up to about 10-20 wt.% of other additives for their known purposes may also be used.
- Kortacid (trademark) T-1801 a branched chain monocarboxylic telomeric acid (obtained from AKZO Chemie) was reacted with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine) as follows to produce the 3-dimethylaminopropylamide of Kortacid T-1801.
- Example 2 30.5g. of the amide derivative formed in Example 1 was charged into a pressure vessel with 2.3g. of propylene oxide and 27.0g of Kortacid T-1801, representing equimolar amounts of the three reactants, and heated at 70-100°C until all the propylene oxide was reacted. Completion of the reaction was evidenced by loss of pressure.
- the pressure is autogenous, from unreacted propylene oxide, and depends on the temperature, amounts of materials present and vessel size.
- the Rx reaction
- pressure drops to 0 if all the propylene oxide is consumed (actually, the Rx is run under N2 for safety, 2-5 psi of N2 is left in the vessel at all times).
- Example 3 23.9g of the compound of Example 1 was reacted with 4.9g of 1,2-epoxydecane and 21.3g of Kortacid T-1801.
- Example 4 24.4g of the compound of Example 1, 3.8g of styrene oxide and 21.7g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted in a pressure vessel at a temperature of 90-100°C.
- Example 5 25.2g of the compound of Example 1, 2.4g of 1,2-epoxybutane and 22.4g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 6 23.1g of the compound of Example 1, 6.4g of commercial grade tetradecene epoxide and 20.5g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 7 22.3g of the compound of Example 1, 7.8g of commercial grade octadecene epoxide and 19.9g of Kortacid T-1801, were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 5 was otherwise run as Ex. 2. All the rest (Examples 3, 4, 6 and 7) have boiling points of about 125°C and were run in an open flask at 125°C until the reaction was complete (disappearance of epoxide band in infrared). This usually took from about 0.5-1.5 hours, depending on the reactivity of the epoxide.
- the fuel sample is cooled under prescribed conditions and, at intervals of 1°C, a vacuum of 200 mm water gauge is applied to draw the fuel through a fine wire mesh filter. As the fuel cools below its cloud point, increasing amounts of wax crystals will be formed. These will cause the flow rate to decrease and eventually complete plugging of the filter will occur.
- the Cold Filter Plugging Point is defined as the highest temperature (expressed as a multiple of 1°C) at which the fuel, when cooled under the prescribed conditions, either will not flow through the filter or requires more than 60 seconds for 20 ml to pass through.
- compositions (additives) in accordance with the invention is readily apparent from Table 2.
- telomer acids A tetraester of telomer acids was prepared from 66g Kortacid (Trade name) T-1801 (Akzo Chemie, Chicago, Illinois, and 5.7g Quadrol (BASF Wyandotte: N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis [2-hydroxypropyl] ethylenediamine) at 175°C with azeotropic removal of water. The material had an acid value of 10.1.
- a triester of telomer acids and Propoduomeen T/13 (Armak: N,N′,N′-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3- diaminopropane) was prepared in a similar manner from 168.2g Kortacid T-1801 and 36.3g of the aminoalcohol.
- a monoester of the telomer acids was prepared from 174.5g Kortacid T-1801 and 37.6g DMAMP (Angus Chemical: an 80% aqueous solution of 3-dimethylaminopropanol) using toluene for azeotropic removal of water at 150°C.
- DMAMP Angus Chemical: an 80% aqueous solution of 3-dimethylaminopropanol
- a diester was prepared from 188.5g Kortacid T-1801 and 16.5 N-methyldiethanolamine under similar conditions.
- Texaco M-302 A diester of Kortacid T-1801 and Texaco M-302 was prepared in a similar manner. Texaco M-302 is described as having the approximate composition:
- Example 8 to 12 were blended percent by weight) into a typical diesel fuel (Table 1) and tested for pour point (ASTM D-97), cloud point (ASTM D-2500) and filterability by the LTFT procedure described below with the results shown in Table 3.
- the mole ratio of tertiary amine/epoxide/acid is 1/1/1 except as otherwise noted.
- LTFT testing starts at -21°C (-6°F). A failure at this point indicates essentially no significant reduction from the control base oil test at 1°.
- LTFT Low Temperature Flow Test for Diesel Fuels, a filtration test under consideration by CRC (Coordination Research Council).
- LTFT Procedure The test sample (200 ml) is gradually lowered to the desired testing temperature at a controlled cooling rate. After reaching that temperature the sample is removed from its cold box and filtered under vacuum through a 17 micrometer screen. If the entire sample can be filtered in less than 60 seconds it shall be considered as having passed the test. An F in this test indicates failure at the maximum acceptable temperature -21°C (-6°F). All test results are shown in Table 3.
- distillate fuel oil or diesel fuel oil may be used in accordance herewith.
- fuels having an initial boiling point of about 350°F and an end point of about 675°F are preferred.
- the base diesel fuel used in these tests was a blend of 15% kerosene with 85% of a straight distillate having the following characteristics shown in Table 1.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention is directed to cold flow improving fuel additive compound. More particularly, it is directed to an additive compound consisting of the reaction product of an amide or ester derivative of a branched-chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary-amine group, an epoxide and a carboxylic acid and to said additive compounds. It is further directed to hydrocarbyl fuel compositions containing such cold flow improving fueld additive compounds.
- It is well known that distillate fuels such as diesel fuels are subject to poor flowability at low temperatures and have relatively high cold filter plugging points. Many expedients have been attempted in the prior art to overcome these adverse cold temperature properties.
- U.S. Patent 4,108,613 teaches the use of a mixture of (1) the reaction product of an epoxidized alpha-olefin with a nitrogen-containing compound selected from ammonia, an amine, a polyamine or a hydroxyamine and (2) an ethylene-olefin copolymer as an additive to depress the pour point of hydrocarbonaceous fuels and oils.
- U.S. Patent 3,962,104 discloses lubricating oil compositions containing minor amounts of quaternary ammonium salts useful as oil improving additives. The quaternary ammonium salts utilize a cation derived from the reaction product of one molar proportion of a tertiary amine with one or more molar proportions of an olefin oxide and an amount of water in excess of stoichiometric. The anion is derived from an organic acid and the tertiary amine has substituents which are alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, aromatic or substituted aromatic groups.
- None of these prior art materials utilize the specific branched chain acid reaction products as described below or provide a breakthrough in cold flow plugging point (CFPP) and pour point depression of distillate fuels to ensure the desired performance at low temperatures. Additionally, the materials in accordance with the invention are applicable to a wide variety of distillate (diesel) fuels whereas presently commercially available additive materials are more specific and generally work for only one or two particular fuels, not over a broad range of available fuels.
- The present invention provides novel fuel additive compounds useful in improving the low temperature characteristics of distillate fuel compositions comprising the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- This invention also provides liquid hydrocarbyl distillate fuels having improved low temperature characteristics comprising a major proportion of a liquid hydrocarbyl distillate fuel and a minor proportion, effective to improve low temperature characteristics of the fuel, of the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- This invention further provides a method of reducing the pour point and cold flow plugging point of liquid distillate fuels, which method comprises additin to the fuel an effective amount of the reaction product of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid.
- According to the present invention, the low temperature distillate fuel additive product or compound when added to the fuel in cold flowability effective amounts, significantly decreases the cold flow plugging point, cloud point, filterability as well as the pour point of the fuel to which it is added. Suitable fuels include, but are not limited to, diesel fuel, home heating oil, airplane jet fuel and the like.
- The additive providing these properties is a product of reaction formed by the reaction of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one t-amine group, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid. The additional carboxylic acid may be the same branched chain carboxylic acid or a different branched chain acid or a linear carboxylic acid. When added to a hydrocarbyl distillate fuel, these additive products significantly decrease the fuel's pour point as well as its cold flow plugging point below the temperatures obtained by additives utilized in the prior art.
- The preferred branched chain carboxylic acids are telomer acids which may be prepared by the free radical addition of one mole of acetic anhydride to at least 3 moles of hexene and/or a higher olefin having up to about 30 or more carbon atoms (C₃) in the presence of a trivalent manganese compound. This invention is not, however, limited to any specific method of preparing the telomer acids. Any method known in the art may be used. Preferred telomer acids are those made from C₁₀-C₂₀ alpha olefins and manufactured under the trade name Kortacid through Akzo Chemie, Chicago, Illinois. Specific acids are identified for example as Kortacid T-1801, Kortacid T-1001 and the like. The first two digits give the number of carbon atoms in at least one side chain of the acid. More specifically it is noted that the monocarboxylic acid having the below structural formula is known and further identified as a telomer acid and may be formulated in accordance with a procedure provided in U.S. Patent 4,283,314 in which a compound having the same structural formula and meanings is disclosed. U.S. Patent 4,283,314 is incorporated herein by reference.
- Independent of the molecular weight, it is particularly preferred that the branched chain monocarboxylic acid have the structural formula
- The amide or ester derivative of a branched chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one tertiary amine group has the general formula:
R²COXR⁴N(R⁵)(R⁶)
where R² is a branched chain monocarboxylic acid radical having a molecular weight of between 300 and 1,000; X is O or NR³ in which R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₂₅ alkyl; R⁴ is a hydrocarbyl group of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; and R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and are C₁-C₂₅ alkyl. - The amide derivative reaction product may be classified by the general formula:
R²CON(R³)R⁴N(R⁵)(R⁶)
wherein R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ have the definitions given above. - Generally speaking, the branched chain monocarboxylic acid having a molecular weight of about 300 to 1,000 may be reacted as disclosed below with a suitable diamine to produce the above described amide derivative. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the branched chain monocarboxylic acid has a molecular weight of 400 to 900. Still more preferably, the molecular weight of the branched chain monocarboxylic acid is in the range of between 500 and 800.
- The amide derivatives may be formed by a simple reaction between the acid and a suitable diamine such as
RCO₂H + H₂N-CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂ →
RCO-NH₂-CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂
where R is a telomer acid radical. Any suitable diamine may be used and any conventional process known to the art may be used to provide the amide derivative. The amide derivative is thereafter reacted with an epoxide and additional carboxylic acid and is further defined by the branched chain hydrocarbyl having a molecular weight of between about 300 and 1,000. R², in a preferred embodiment for both amide and ester derivatives, has the structural formula - Some of the useful diamines include but are not limited to N-(3-aminopropyl) morpholine, N-(2-aminoethyl) morpholine, N-(2-aminopropyl) morpholine, N,N′-bis(3-aminopropyl) piperazine, N,N-diethylethylenediamine, 3-dimethylaminopropylamine, unsymmetrical (unsym.) dimethylethylenediamine, N,N-dimethyl-N′-ethylethylenediamine and the like and mixtures of two or more of these. Especially preferred is 3-dimethylaminopropylamine. All the R groups mentioned are alkyl, nevertheless, others can be alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl. If aryl the group will contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The amines may be obtained as articles of commerce or prepared in any convenient manner.
- The epoxides useful herein generally contain from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms. The epoxides may be substituted with an aromatic or a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic group. Among the preferred epoxides that may be used in the present invention are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, styrene oxide, 1,2-epoxybutane, decene epoxide, tetradecene epoxide and octadecene epoxide and the like. It is emphasized that the above list is non-limiting. Any other epoxides, within the preferred group of epoxides having 2 to 18 carbon atoms may be advantageously used.
- The ester derivatives may be formed by a simple reaction between the branched chain monocarboxylic acid (preferably telomer) and a suitable hydroxy amine such as
RCO₂H + HO-CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂ →
RCO-O-CH₂CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂
where R is a telomer acid radical. Any suitable amino alcohol or hydroxy compound may be used and any conventional process known to the art may be used to provide the ester derivative. The ester derivative is thereafter reacted with an epoxide and additional carboxylic acid. - The ester derivative reaction product may be classified by the general formula
R²COO(R³)N(R⁵)(R⁶) (II)
where R², R³, R⁵ and R⁶ have the meanings given above. - Structural formula II is limited to those derivatives having only one ester group and only one tertiary amine group. However, the invention is also directed to derivatives having more than one (multiple) ester groups and more than one (multiple) tertiary amine groups. An example is:
- Generally speaking, the branched chain monocarboxylic acid having a molecular weight of about 300 to 1,000 may be reacted as disclosed above with a suitable hydroxy amine or amino alcohol to produce the described ester derivative. In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the branched chain monocarboxylic acid has a molecular weight of 400 to 900. Still more preferably, the molecular weight of the branched chain monocarboxylic acid is in the range of between 500 and 800.
- Some of the useful amines include but are not limited to N,N′N′-tris-(2-hydroxypropyl)N-tallowalkyl-1,3- diaminopropane, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxymethyl) ethylenediamine, 3-dimethylaminopropanol, N-methyldiethanolamine and the like and mixtures of two or more of these. Especially preferred is N,N,N′,N′ tetrakis (2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine. All the R groups mentioned are alkyl, nevertheless, other useful groups can be alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl or cycloalkyl. If aryl, the group will contain 6 to 14 carbon atoms. The amines may be obtained as articles of commerce or prepared in any convenient manner.
- The product of reaction of (1) an amide or ester derivative of a telomer acid, (2) an epoxide and (3) additional carboxylic acid has been surprisingly found to improve the cold temperature performance of distillate fuels such as diesel fuels, residential fuel oils, aviation jet fuels and the like. This improved performance is manifested by significantly decreased pour point and cold filter plugging point temperatures for fuels to which additives/compounds of the present invention are added.
- The various reactants are usually reacted in substantially stoichiometric amounts or equimolar amounts, however, a slight molar excess of telomer acid to other reactants may be used if desired at temperatures ranging from about 50-175°C at pressures determined by the specific reaction, i.e., autogenous in 0.5 to about 3 hours or more. It is to be understood that when the amide derivative is reacted with the epoxide and additional carboxylic acid, the additional carboxylic acid may also be a branched chain acid which may be a telomer acid that is different or the same as the acid from which the amide derivative is prepared or a linear monocarboxylic acid. The additional carboxylic acid has up to 20 or more carbon atoms, preferably 10-20.
- The improved cold flow effect manifested by the additives of the present invention to distillate fuels is accomplished by providing an effective cold flow improving amount of the additive compound of the present invention to a distillate fuel. More preferably, the amount added to the distillate fuel is in the range of between about 0.01 and 3-5 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the fuel composition. Still more preferably, the concentration of the flow improving product of reaction of the present invention to the distillate fuel is in the range of between 0.02 and 2 percent by weight. In certain cases, depending, inter alia, on the particular fuel and/or weather conditions, up to about 10 wt.% may be used. Up to about 10-20 wt.% of other additives for their known purposes may also be used.
- The following examples are given to illustrate the present invention. Since these examples are given for illustrative purposes only, the invention embodied therein should not be limited thereto.
- Kortacid (trademark) T-1801, a branched chain monocarboxylic telomeric acid (obtained from AKZO Chemie) was reacted with 3-dimethylaminopropylamine) as follows to produce the 3-dimethylaminopropylamide of Kortacid T-1801.
- Equimolar amounts of Kortacid T-1801 (111.3g, 0.164 moles) and 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (16.7g, 0.164 moles) were heated in a stirred flask at 110-115°C in the presence of benzene solvent to azeotropically remove the water formed. After about two-thirds of the calculated amount of water was collected the solvent was distilled from the flask and the temperature was slowly raised to 150°C and held for one hour. The reaction was stripped of volatile materials at 150°C for one hour under full pump vacuum. The product was filtered through a bed of diatomite and solidified to a soft brown material on cooling.
- Example 2: 30.5g. of the amide derivative formed in Example 1 was charged into a pressure vessel with 2.3g. of propylene oxide and 27.0g of Kortacid T-1801, representing equimolar amounts of the three reactants, and heated at 70-100°C until all the propylene oxide was reacted. Completion of the reaction was evidenced by loss of pressure. The pressure is autogenous, from unreacted propylene oxide, and depends on the temperature, amounts of materials present and vessel size. When the Rx (reaction) is done, pressure drops to 0 if all the propylene oxide is consumed (actually, the Rx is run under N₂ for safety, 2-5 psi of N₂ is left in the vessel at all times).
- Example 3: 23.9g of the compound of Example 1 was reacted with 4.9g of 1,2-epoxydecane and 21.3g of Kortacid T-1801.
- Example 4: 24.4g of the compound of Example 1, 3.8g of styrene oxide and 21.7g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted in a pressure vessel at a temperature of 90-100°C.
- Example 5: 25.2g of the compound of Example 1, 2.4g of 1,2-epoxybutane and 22.4g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 6: 23.1g of the compound of Example 1, 6.4g of commercial grade tetradecene epoxide and 20.5g of Kortacid T-1801 were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 7: 22.3g of the compound of Example 1, 7.8g of commercial grade octadecene epoxide and 19.9g of Kortacid T-1801, were reacted at a temperature of 70-100°C.
- Example 5 was otherwise run as Ex. 2. All the rest (Examples 3, 4, 6 and 7) have boiling points of about 125°C and were run in an open flask at 125°C until the reaction was complete (disappearance of epoxide band in infrared). This usually took from about 0.5-1.5 hours, depending on the reactivity of the epoxide.
- The products made in accordance with Examples 2-7 were each blended in a typical Diesel fuel (described in Table 1) in a concentration of 0.05% by weight, based on the total weight of the Diesel fuel composition. Each of the thus modified fuel compositions were tested to determine their pour point, in accordance with ASTM Test Procedure D-99, and filterability, in accordance with the Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP) test, IP 309/76.
- In determining the Cold Filter Plugging Point of a distillate fuel, the fuel sample is cooled under prescribed conditions and, at intervals of 1°C, a vacuum of 200 mm water gauge is applied to draw the fuel through a fine wire mesh filter. As the fuel cools below its cloud point, increasing amounts of wax crystals will be formed. These will cause the flow rate to decrease and eventually complete plugging of the filter will occur. The Cold Filter Plugging Point is defined as the highest temperature (expressed as a multiple of 1°C) at which the fuel, when cooled under the prescribed conditions, either will not flow through the filter or requires more than 60 seconds for 20 ml to pass through.
- The Diesel fuel with which the additive compounds of Examples 2-7 were blended was tested to determine its pour point and CFPP. The CE1 was tested in the absence of the additives of the present invention. The test was conducted in accordance with the procedures described above. The results of these tests are included in Table 2.
-
- The improved low temperature characteristics of compositions (additives) in accordance with the invention is readily apparent from Table 2.
- A tetraester of telomer acids was prepared from 66g Kortacid (Trade name) T-1801 (Akzo Chemie, Chicago, Illinois, and 5.7g Quadrol (BASF Wyandotte: N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis [2-hydroxypropyl] ethylenediamine) at 175°C with azeotropic removal of water. The material had an acid value of 10.1.
- A triester of telomer acids and Propoduomeen T/13 (Armak: N,N′,N′-(2-hydroxypropyl)-N-tallowalkyl-1,3- diaminopropane) was prepared in a similar manner from 168.2g Kortacid T-1801 and 36.3g of the aminoalcohol.
- A monoester of the telomer acids was prepared from 174.5g Kortacid T-1801 and 37.6g DMAMP (Angus Chemical: an 80% aqueous solution of 3-dimethylaminopropanol) using toluene for azeotropic removal of water at 150°C.
- A diester was prepared from 188.5g Kortacid T-1801 and 16.5 N-methyldiethanolamine under similar conditions.
-
- Preparation of the epoxidized additives was as follows:
- Equimolar amounts of the base (A through E), an epoxide as indicated in Table 3, and Kortacid (Tradename) T-1801 were heated at 80-125°C until no free epoxide was noted by infrared analysis. For volatile epoxides, a sealed pressure vessel was used but in other cases simple stirring in an open flask was sufficient. The reaction was usually complete within two hours at 125°C; but it was often convenient to keep the propylene oxide pressure bottle reactions on a steam bath overnight. Where more than one tertiary amine group was present (Examples 8 and 9) equivalent amounts of epoxide and acid could be used for each amine. The additives were used as recovered from the reaction flask without further purification or workup.
- The materials described in Examples 8 to 12 were blended percent by weight) into a typical diesel fuel (Table 1) and tested for pour point (ASTM D-97), cloud point (ASTM D-2500) and filterability by the LTFT procedure described below with the results shown in Table 3. The mole ratio of tertiary amine/epoxide/acid is 1/1/1 except as otherwise noted. LTFT testing starts at -21°C (-6°F). A failure at this point indicates essentially no significant reduction from the control base oil test at 1°.
- LTFT, Low Temperature Flow Test for Diesel Fuels, a filtration test under consideration by CRC (Coordination Research Council). LTFT Procedure: The test sample (200 ml) is gradually lowered to the desired testing temperature at a controlled cooling rate. After reaching that temperature the sample is removed from its cold box and filtered under vacuum through a 17 micrometer screen. If the entire sample can be filtered in less than 60 seconds it shall be considered as having passed the test. An F in this test indicates failure at the maximum acceptable temperature -21°C (-6°F). All test results are shown in Table 3.
- Any suitable distillate fuel oil or diesel fuel oil may be used in accordance herewith. However, as mentioned hereinabove, fuels having an initial boiling point of about 350°F and an end point of about 675°F are preferred. The base diesel fuel used in these tests was a blend of 15% kerosene with 85% of a straight distillate having the following characteristics shown in Table 1.
- The data of Table 3 clearly show the improved results obtained over the unmodified when additive compositions in accordance with the invention are used.
- The important data is that with respect to the Low Temperature Flow Test. It is noted that the additives of the invention dramatically improved the low temperature characteristics of the base fuel oil.
Claims (45)
R²CON(R³)R⁴N(R⁵)(R⁶)
where R² is a branched chain monocarboxylic acid radical having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 1,000, R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, R⁴ is C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and are C₁-C₂₅ alkyl.
R²CON(R³)R⁴N(R⁵)(R⁶)
where R² is a branched chain monocarboxylic telomer acid radical having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 1,000, R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, R⁴ is C₁-C₂₅ hydrocarbyl and R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and are C₁-C₂₅ alkyl; (2) an epoxide having 2 to about 18 carbon atoms with (3) a carboxylic acid selected from branched chain monocarboxylic and linear monocarboxylic acids and wherein at least a portion of said telomer acid has the following generalized structure.
R²COO(R³)N(R⁵)(R⁶)
where R² is a branched chain monocarboxylic acid radical having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 1,000, R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and are C₁ to C₂₅ alkyl or substituted alkyl and said branched chain monocarboxylic acid radical R₂ is a telomer acid radical.
R²COO(R³)N(R⁵)(R⁶)
where R² is a branched chain monocarboxylic telomer acid radical having a molecular weight of from about 300 to about 1,000, R³ is hydrogen or C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, R⁵ and R⁶ are the same or different and are C₁-C₂₅ alkyl or substituted alkyl; (2) an epoxide containing 2 to 18 carbon atoms with (3) a carboxylic acid and wherein at least a portion of said branched chain acid has the following generalized structure:
N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl) ethylenediamine,
N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine,
3-dimethylaminopropanol, N-methyldiethanolamine and the like and mixtures of two or more of these.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US789815 | 1985-10-21 | ||
US06/789,815 US4657562A (en) | 1985-10-21 | 1985-10-21 | Cold flow improving fuel additive compound and fuel composition containing same |
US810115 | 1985-12-18 | ||
US06/810,115 US4631071A (en) | 1985-12-18 | 1985-12-18 | Cold flow improving fuel additive compound and fuel composition containing same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0220892A2 true EP0220892A2 (en) | 1987-05-06 |
EP0220892A3 EP0220892A3 (en) | 1989-04-26 |
Family
ID=27120959
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP86308059A Withdrawn EP0220892A3 (en) | 1985-10-21 | 1986-10-17 | Cold flow improving fuel additive compound and fuel composition containing same |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0220892A3 (en) |
AU (1) | AU6387986A (en) |
DK (1) | DK500886A (en) |
FI (1) | FI864242A (en) |
NO (1) | NO864181L (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ217912A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0391735A1 (en) * | 1989-04-06 | 1990-10-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Fuel oil compositions |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3962104A (en) * | 1973-06-27 | 1976-06-08 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Lubricating oil compositions |
US4039565A (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1977-08-02 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Quaternized amidoamines |
-
1986
- 1986-10-14 NZ NZ217912A patent/NZ217912A/en unknown
- 1986-10-14 AU AU63879/86A patent/AU6387986A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1986-10-17 EP EP86308059A patent/EP0220892A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1986-10-20 FI FI864242A patent/FI864242A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-10-20 DK DK500886A patent/DK500886A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-10-20 NO NO864181A patent/NO864181L/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3962104A (en) * | 1973-06-27 | 1976-06-08 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Lubricating oil compositions |
US4039565A (en) * | 1975-06-26 | 1977-08-02 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Quaternized amidoamines |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0391735A1 (en) * | 1989-04-06 | 1990-10-10 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Fuel oil compositions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU6387986A (en) | 1987-04-30 |
DK500886D0 (en) | 1986-10-20 |
NO864181D0 (en) | 1986-10-20 |
NZ217912A (en) | 1988-11-29 |
NO864181L (en) | 1987-04-22 |
EP0220892A3 (en) | 1989-04-26 |
FI864242A (en) | 1987-04-22 |
DK500886A (en) | 1987-04-22 |
FI864242A0 (en) | 1986-10-20 |
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