EP0213964A2

EP0213964A2 - Silver halide photographic emulsions with novel grain faces (3)

Info

Publication number: EP0213964A2
Application number: EP86306830A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Joe Edward Maskasky; Ralph Walter Jones
Original assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Current assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Priority date: 1985-09-03
Filing date: 1986-09-03
Publication date: 1987-03-11
Also published as: DE3680609D1; EP0213964B1; EP0213964A3; CA1281224C

Abstract

Silver halide photographic emulsions are disclosed having radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces.

Description

This invention relates to photography. More specifically, this invention is directed to photographic emulsions containing silver halide grains and to photographic elements containing these emulsions.
Silver halide photography has been practiced for more than a century. The radiation sensitive silver halide compositions initially employed for imaging were termed emulsions, since it was not originally appreciated that a solid phase was present. The term "photographic emulsion" has remained in use, although it has long been known that the radiation sensitive component is present in the form of dispersed microcrystals, typically referred to as grains.
Over the years silver halide grains have been the subject of intense investigation. Although high iodide silver halide grains, those containing at least 90 mole percent iodide, based on silver, are known and have been suggested for photographic applications, in practice photographic emulsions almost always contain silver halide grains comprised of bromide, chloride, or mixtures of chloride and bromide optionally containing minor amounts of iodide. Up to about 40 mole percent iodide, based on silver, can be accommodated in a silver bromide crystal structure without observation of a separate silver iodide phase. However, in practice silver halide emulsions rarely contain more than about 15 mole percent iodide, with iodide well below 10 mole percent being most common.
All silver halide grains, except high iodide silver halide grains, exhibit cubic crystal lattice structures. However, grains of cubic crystal lattice structures can differ markedly in appearance.
In one form silver halide grains when microscopically observed are cubic in appearance. A cubic grain 1 is shown in Figure 1. The cubic grain is bounded by six identical crystal faces. In the photographic literature these crystal faces are usually referred to as (100) crystal faces, referring to the Miller index employed for designating crystal faces. While the (100) crystal face designation is most commonly employed in connection with silver halide grains, these same crystal faces are sometimes also referred to as (200) crystal faces, the difference in designation resulting from a difference in the definition of the basic unit of the crystal structure. Although the cubic crystal shape is readily visually identified in regular grains, in irregular grains cubic crystal faces are not always square. In grains of more complex shapes the presence of cubic crystal faces can be verified by a combination of visual inspection and the 90° angle of intersection formed by adjacent cubic crystal faces.
The practical importance of the (100) crystal faces is that they present a unique surface arrangement of silver and halide ions, which in turn influences the grain surface reactions and adsorptions typically encountered in photographic applications. This unique surface arrangement of ions as theoretically hypothesized is schematically illustrated by Figure 2, wherein the smaller spheres 2 represent silver ions while the larger spheres 3 designate bromine ions. Although on an enlarged scale, the relative size and position of the silver and bromide ions is accurately represented. When chloride ions are substituted for bromide ions, the relative arrangement would remain the same, although the chloride ions are smaller than the bromide ions. It can be seen that a plurality of parallel rows, indicated by lines 4, are present, each formed by alternating silver and bromine ions. In Figure 2 a portion of the next tier of ions lying below the surface tier is shown to illustrate their relationship to the surface tier of ions.
In another form silver halide grains when microscopically observed are octahedral in appearance. An octahedral grain 5 is shown in Figure 3. The octahedral grain is bounded by eight identical crystal faces. These crystal faces are referred to as (ill) crystal faces. Although the octahedral crystal shape is readily visually identified in regular grains, in irregular grains octahedral crystal faces are not always triangular. In grains of more complex shapes the presence of octahedral crystal faces can be verified by a combination of visual inspection and the 109.5° angle of intersection formed by adjacent octahedral crystal faces.
Ignoring possible ion adsorptions, octahedral crystal faces differ from cubic crystal faces in that the surface tier of ions can be theoretically hypothesized to consist entirely of silver ions or halide ions. Figure 4 is a schematic illustration of a (111) crystal face, analogous to Figure 2, wherein the smaller spheres 2 represent silver ions while the larger spheres 3 designate bromine ions. Although silver ions are shown at the surface in every available lattice position, it has been suggested that having silver ions in only every other available lattice position in the surface tier of atoms would be more compatible with surface charge neutrality. Instead of a surface tier of silver ions, the surface tier of ions could alternatively be bromide ions. The tier of ions immediately below the surface silver ions consists of bromide ions.
In comparing Figures 1 and 2 with Figures 3 and 4 it is important to bear in mind that both the cubic and octahedral grains have exactly the same cubic crystal lattice structure and thus exactly the same internal relationship of silver and halide ions. The two grains differ only in their surface crystal faces. Note that in the cubic crystal face of Figure 2 each surface silver ion lies immediately adjacent five halide ions, whereas in Figure 4 the silver ions at the octahedral crystal faces each lie immediately adjacent only three halide ions.
Much less common than either cubic or octahedral silver halide grains are rhombic dodecahedral silver halide grains. A rhombic dodecahedral grain 7 is shown in Figure 5. The rhombic dodecahedral grain is bounded by twelve identical crystal faces. These crystal faces are referred to as (110) (or, less commonly in reference to silver halide grains, (220) crystal faces. Although the rhombic dodecahedral crystal shape is readily visually identified in regular grains, in irregular grains rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces can vary in shape. In grains of more complex shapes the presence of rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces can be verified by a combination of visual inspection and measurement of the angle of intersection formed by adjacent crystal faces.
Rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces can be theoretically hypothesized to consist of alternate rows of silver ions and halide ions. Figure 6 is a schematic illustration analogous to Figures 2 and 4, wherein it can be seen that the surface tier of ions is formed by repeating pairs of silver and bromide ion parallel rows, indicated by lines 8a and 8b, respectively. In Figure 6 a portion of the next tier of ions lying below the surface tier is shown to illustrate their relationship to the surface tier of ions. Note that each surface silver ion lies immediately adjacent four halide ions.
Although photographic silver halide emulsions containing cubic crystal lattice structure grains are known which contain only regular cubic grains, such as the grain shown in Figure 1, regular octahedral grains, such as the grain shown in Figure 3, or, in rare instances, regular rhombic dodecahedral grains, such as the grain shown in Figure 5, in practice many other varied grain shapes are also observed. For example, silver halide grains can be cubo-octahedral-that is, formed of a combination of cubic and octahedral crystal faces. This is illustrated in Figure 7, wherein cubo-octahedral grains 9 and 10 are shown along with cubic grain 1 and octahedral grain 5. The cubo-octahedral grains have fourteen crystal faces, six cubic crystal faces and eight octahedral crystal faces. Analogous combinations of cubic and/or octahedral crystal faces and rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces are possible, though rarely encountered. Other grain shapes, such as tabular grains and rods, can be attributed to internal crystal irregularities, such as twin planes and screw dislocations. In most instances some corner or edge rounding due to solvent action is observed, and in some instances rounding is so pronounced that the grains are described as spherical.
It is known that for cubic crystal lattice structures crystal faces can take any one of seven possible distinct crystallographic forms. However, for cubic crystal lattice structure silver halides only grains having (100) (cubic), (111) (octahedral), or, rarely, (110) (rhombic dodecahedral) crystal faces, individually or in combination, have been identified.
It is thus apparent that the photographic art has been limited in the crystal faces presented by silver halide grains of cubic crystal lattice structure. As a result the art has been limited in modifying photographic properties to the choice of surface sensitizers and adsorbed addenda that are workable with available crystal faces, in most instances cubic and octahedral crystal faces. This has placed restrictions on the combinations of materials that can be employed for optimum photographic performance or dictated accepting less than optimum performance.
F. C. Phillips, An Introduction to Crystallography, 4th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1971, is relied upon as authority for the basic precepts and terminology of crystallography herein presented.
James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, 4th Ed., Macmillan, New York, 1977, pp. 98 through 100, is corroborative of the background of the invention described above. In addition, James at page 98 in reference to silver halide grains states that high Miller index faces are not found.
Berry, "Surface Structure and Reactivity of AgBr Dodecahedra", Photographic Science and Engineering, Vol. 19, No. 3, May/June 1975, pp. 171 and 172, illustrates silver bromide emulsions containing (110) crystal faces.
Klein et al, "Formation of Twins of AgBr and AgCl Crystals in Photographic Emulsions", Photo- graphische Korres^pondenz, Vol. 99, No. 7, pp. 99-102 (1963) describes a variety of singly and doubly twinned silver halide crystals having (100) (cubic) and {111} (octahedral) crystal faces. Klein et al is of interest in illustrating the variety of shapes which twinned silver halide grains can assume while still exhibiting only (111) or (100) crystal faces.
A. P. H. Trivelli and S. E. Sheppard, The Silver Bromide Grain of Photographic Emulsions, Van Nostrand, Chapters VI and VIII, 1921, is cited for historical interest. Magnifications of 2500X and lower temper the value of these observations. Much higher resolutions of grain features are obtainable with modern electron microscopy.
W. Reinders, "Studies of Photohalide Crystals", Kolloid-Zeitschrift, Vol. 9, pp. 10-14 (1911); W. Reinders, "Study of Photohalides III Absorption of Dyes, Proteins and Other Organic Compounds in Crystalline Silver Chloride", Zeitschrift fur Ph^ysikalische Chemie, Vol. 77, pp. 677-699 (1911); Hirata et al, "Crystal Habit of Photographic Emulsion Grains", J. Photon. Soc. of Japan, Vol. 36, pp. 359-363 (1973); Locker U.S. Patent 4,183,756; and Locker et al U.S. Patent 4,225,666 illustrate teachings of modifying silver halide grain shapes through the presence of various materials present during silver halide grain formation.
Wulff et al U.S. Patent 1,696,830 and Heki et al Japanese Kokai 58[1983]-54333 describe the precipitation of silver halide in the presence of benzimidazole compounds.
Halwig U.S. Patent 3,519,426 and Oppenheimer et al, "Role of Cationic Surfactants in Recrystallization of Aqueous Silver Bromide Dispersions", Smith Particle Growth and Suspension, Academic Press, London, 1973, pp. 159-178, disclose additions of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene to silver chloride and silver bromide emulsions, respectively.
It is an object of this invention to provide a silver halide photographic emulsion comprised of radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure presenting crystal faces offering enhanced adsorption sites.
This object is achieved by providing a silver halide photographic emulsion having radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces.
The invention presents to the art for the first time the opportunity to realize the unique surface configuration of trisoctahedral crystal faces in photographic silver halide emulsions. The invention thereby renders accessible for the first time a new choice of crystal faces for modifying photographic characteristics and improving interactions with sensitizers and adsorbed photographic addenda.

Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 is an isometric view of a regular cubic silver halide grain;
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the atomic arrangement at a silver bromide cubic crystal surface;
Figure 3 is an isometric view of a regular octahedral silver halide grain;
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the atomic arrangement at a silver bromide octahedral crystal surface;
Figure 5 is an isometric view of a regular rhombic dodecahedron;
Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the atomic arrangement at a silver bromide rhombic dodecahedral crystal surface;
Figure 7 is an isometric view of a regular cubic silver halide grain, a regular octahedral silver halide grain, and intermediate cubo-octahedral silver halide grains.
Figures 8 and 9 are front and rear isometric views of a regular (331) trisoctahedron;
Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the atomic arrangement at a silver bromide (331) trisoctahedral crystal surface;
Figures 11 through 16, 19A, 19B, 19C, 20A, 21, 22A, and 22B are electron micrographs of trisoctahedral silver halide grains;
Figures 17A, 17B, 18A, and 18B are electron micrographs of silver halide grains which exhibit trisoctahedral protrusions;
Figures 19D and 20B are electron micrographs of octahedral silver halide grains; and
Figure 23 is an electron micrograph of rhombic dodecahedral silver halide grains.

The present invention relates to silver halide photographic emulsions comprised of radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces and to photographic elements containing these emulsions.
In one form the silver halide grains can take the form of regular trisoctahedra. A regular trisoctahedron 11 is shown in Figures 8 and 9, which are front and back views of the same regular trisoctahedron. A trisoctahedron has twenty-four identical faces. Although any grouping of faces is entirely arbitrary, the trisoctahedron can be visualized as eight separate clusters of crystal faces, each cluster containing three separate faces. In Figure 8 faces 12a, 12b, and 12c can be visualized as members of a first cluster of faces. A second cluster of faces is represented by faces 13a, 13b, and 13c. The third cluster of faces is represented by faces 14a, 14b, and 14c. Two faces 15a and 15b of a fourth cluster of faces is visible in Figure 8. One face each, 16a and 17a, of fifth and sixth clusters, respectively, are also visible in Figure 8.
In Figure 9 the third face 15c of the fourth cluster of faces is visible as well as faces 16b and 16c of the fifth cluster of faces and faces 17b and 17c. of the sixth cluster of faces. In addition, faces 18a, 18b, and 18c are shown forming a seventh cluster of faces and faces 19a, 19b, and 19c forming an eighth cluster of faces.
Looking at the trisoctahedron it can be seen that there are three intersections of adjacent faces within each cluster, and there is one face intersection of each cluster with each of the three clusters adjacent to it for a total of thirty-six face edge intersections. The relative angles formed by intersecting faces have only two different values. All intersections of a face from one cluster with a face from another cluster are identical, forming a first relative angle. Looking at Figure 8, the relative angle of adjacent faces 12a and 15b, 12b and 16a, and 12c and 13c are all at the identical first relative angle. All adjacent faces within each cluster intersect at the same relative angle, which is different from the relative angle of intersection of faces in different clusters. Looking at one cluster in which all faces are fully visible, the intersections between faces 12a and 12b, 12b and 12c, 12c and 12a are all at the same relative angle, referred to as a second relative angle. While the regular trisoctahedron has a distinctive appearance that can be recognized by visual inspection, it should be appreciated that measurement of any one of the two relative angles provides a corroboration of adjacent trisoctahedral crystal faces.
In crystallography measurement of relative angles of adjacent crystal faces is employed for positive crystal face identification. Such techniques are described, for example, by Phillips, cited above. These techniques can be combined with techniques for the microscopic examination of silver halide grains to identify positively the trisoctahedral crystal faces of silver halide grains. Techniques for preparing electron micrographs of silver halide grains are generally well known in the art, as illustrated by B.M. Spinell and C.F. Oster, "Photographic Materials", The Encyclopedia of Microscopy and Mlcrotechnique, P. Gray, ed., Van Nostrand, N.Y., 1973, pp.427-434, note particularly the section dealing with carbon replica electron microscopy on pages 429 and 430. Employing techniques well known in electron microscopy, carbon replicas of silver halide grains are first prepared. The carbon replicas reproduce the grain shape while avoiding shape altering silver print-out that is known to result from employing the silver halide grains without carbon shells. An electron scanning beam rather than light is employed for imaging to permit higher ranges of magnification to be realized than when light is employed. When the grains are sufficiently spread apart that adjacent grains are not impinging, the grains lie flat on one crystal face rather than on a coign (i.e., a point). By tilting the sample being viewed relative to the electron beam a selected grain can be oriented so that the line of sight is substantially parallel to both the line of intersection of two adjacent crystal faces, seen as a point, and each of the two intersecting crystal faces, seen as edges. When the grain faces are parallel to the imaging electron beam, the two corresponding edges of the grain which they define will appear sharper than when the faces are merely close to being parallel. Once the desired grain orientation with two intersecting crystal faces presenting a parallel edge to the electron beam is obtained, the angle of intersection can be measured from an electron micrograph of the oriented grain. In this way adjacent trisoctahedral crystal faces can be identified. Relative angles of trisoctahedral and adjacent crystal faces of other Miller indices can also be determined in the same way. Again, the unique relative angle allows a positive identification of the crystal faces. While relative angle measurements can be definitive, in many, if not most, instances visual inspection of grains by electron microscopy allows immediate identification of trisoctahedral crystal faces.
Referring to the mutually perpendicular x, y, and z axes of a cubic crystal lattice, it is well recognized in the art that cubic crystal faces are parallel to two of the axes and intersect the third, thus the (100) Miller index assignment; octahedral crystal faces intersect each of the three axes at an equal interval, thus the (111) Miller index assignment; and rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces intersect two of the three axes at an equal interval and are parallel to the third axis, thus the (110) Miller index assignment. For a given definition of the basic crystal unit, there is one and only one Miller index assignment for each of cubic, octahedral, and rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces.
Trisoctahedral crystal faces include a family of crystal faces that can have differing Miller index values. Trisoctahedral crystal faces are generically designated as {hhℓ} crystal faces, wherein h and ℓ are different integers each greater than zero and h is greater than t. The regular trisoctahedron 11 shown in Figures 8 and 9 consists of (331) crystal faces. A regular trisoctahedron having (221), {441}, (551), (332), (552), {443}, (553), or (554) crystal faces would appear similar to the trisoctahedron 11, but the differing Miller indices would result in changes in the angles of intersection. Although there is no theoretical limit on the maximum values of the integers h and ℓ, trisoctahedral crystal faces having a value of h of 5 or less are more easily generated. For this reason, silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces of the exemplary Miller index values identified above are preferred. With practice one trisoctahedral crystal face can often be distinguished visually from another of a different Miller index value. Measurement of relative angles permits positive corroboration of the specific Miller index value trisoctahedral crystal faces present.
In one form the emulsions of this invention contain silver halide grains which are bounded entirely by trisoctahedral crystal faces, thereby forming basically regular trisoctahedra. In practice although some edge rounding of the grains is usually present, the unrounded residual flat trisoctahedral faces permit positive identification, since a sharp intersecting edge is unnecessary to establishing the relative angle of adjacent trisoctahedral crystal faces. Sighting to orient the grains is still possible employing the residual flat crystal face portions.
The radiation sensitive silver halide grains present in the emulsions of this invention are not confined to those in which the trisoctahedral crystal faces are the only flat crystal faces present. Just as cubo-octahedral silver halide grains, such as 9 and 10, exhibit both cubic and octahedral crystal faces and Berry, cited above, reports grains having cubic, octahedral, and rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces in a single grain, the radiation sensitive grains herein contemplated can be formed by trisoctahedral crystal faces in combination with any one or combination of the other types of crystal faces possible with a silver halide cubic crystal lattice structure. For example, if conventional silver halide grains having cubic, octahedral, and/or rhombic dodecahedral crystal faces are employed as host grains for the preparation of silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces, stopping silver halide deposition onto the host grains before the original crystal faces have been entirely overgrown by silver halide under conditions favoring trisoctahedral crystal face formation results in both trisoctahedral crystal faces and residual crystal faces corresponding to those of the original host grain being present.
In another variant form deposition of silver halide onto host grains under conditions which favor trisoctahedral crystal faces can initially result in ruffling of the grain surfaces. Under close examination it has been observed that the ruffles are provided by protrusions from the host grain surface. Protrusions in the form of ridges have been observed, but protrusions, when present, are more typically in the form of pyramids. Pyramids presenting trisoctahedral crystal faces on host grains initially presenting {111] crystal faces have three surface faces. These correspond to the three faces of any one of the 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 series clusters described above in connection with the trisoctahedron 11. When the host grains initially present (100) crystal faces, pyramids bounded by eight surface faces are formed. Turning to Figure 8, the apex of the pyramid corresponds to the coign formed faces 12a, 12c, 13b, 13c, 14a, 14b, 15a, and 15b. The protrusions, whether in the form of ridges or pyramids, can within a short time of initiating precipitation onto the host grains substantially cover the original host grain surface. If silver halide deposition is continued after the entire grain surface is bounded by trisoctahedral crystal faces, the protrusions become progressively larger and eventually the grains lose their ruffled appearance as they present larger and larger trisoctahedral crystal faces. It is possible to grow a regular trisoctahedron from a ruffled grain by continuing silver halide deposition.
Even when the grains are not ruffled and bounded entirely by trisoctahedral crystal faces, the grains can take overall shapes differing from regular trisoctahedrons. This can result, for example, from irregularities, such as twin planes, present in the host grains prior to growth of the trisoctahedral crystal faces or introduced during growth of the trisoctahedral crystal faces.
The important feature to note is that if any crystal face of a silver halide grain is a trisoctahedral crystal face, the resulting grain presents a unique arrangement of surface silver and halide ions that differs from that presented by all other possible crystal faces for cubic crystal lattice structure silver halides. This unique surface arrangement of ions as theoretically hypothesized is schematically illustrated by Figure 10, wherein a (331) trisoctahedral crystal face is shown formed by silver ions 2 and bromide ions 3. Comparing Figure 10 with Figures 2, 4, and 6, it is apparent that the surface positioning of silver and bromide ions in each figure is distinctive. The (331) trisoctahedral crystal face presents an ordered, but more varied arrangement of surface silver and bromide ions than is presented at the cubic, octahedral, or rhombic dodecahedral silver bromide crystal faces. This is the result of the tiering that occurs at the (331) trisoctahedral crystal face. Trisoctahedral crystal faces with differing Miller indices also exhibit tiering. The differing Miller indices result in analogous, but nevertheless unique surface arrangements of silver and halide ions.
It is to be noted that the arrangement of surface ions shown in Figure 10 is not directly observable and is one of alternative surface ion arrangements that can be postulated. For example, instead of showing two rows of silver ions and one row of bromide ions in a tier, two rows of bromide ions and one row of silver ions per tier is equally plausible. Further, for simplicity the crystal surfaces have been shown at their highest possible level of regularity, whereas irregularities at crystal surfaces are generally accepted in silver halide crystallography.
While Figures 2, 4, 6, and 10 all contain bromide ions as the sole halide ions, it is appreciated that the same observations as to differences in the crystal faces obtain when each wholly or partially contains chloride ions instead. Although chloride ions are substantially smaller in effective diameter than bromide ions, a trisoctahedral crystal surface presented by silver chloride ions would be similar to the corresponding silver and bromide ion surfaces.
The cubic crystal lattice structure silver halide grains containing trisoctahedral crystal faces can contain minor amounts of iodide ions, similarly as conventional silver halide grains. Iodide ions have an effective diameter substantially larger than that of bromide ions. As is well known in silver halide crystallography, this has a somewhat disruptive effect on the order of the crystal structure, which can be accommodated and actually employed photographically to advantage, provided the iodide ions are limited in concentration. Preferably iodide ion concentrations below 15 mole percent and optimally below 10 mole percent, based on silver, are employed in the practice of this invention. Iodide ion concentrations of up to 40 mole percent, based on silver, can be present in silver bromide crystals. Since iodide ions as the sole halide ions in silver halide do not form a cubic crystal lattice structure, their use alone has no applicability to this invention.
It is appreciated that the larger the proportion of the total silver halide grain surface area accounted for by trisoctahedral crystal faces the more distinctive the silver halide grains become. In most instances the trisoctahedral crystal faces account for at least 50 percent of the total surface area of the silver halide grains. Where the grains are regular, the trisoctahedral crystal faces can account for all of the flat crystal faces observable, the only remaining grain surfaces being attributable to edge rounding. In other words, silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces accounting for at least 90 percent of the total grain surface area are contemplated.
It is, however, appreciated that distinctive photographic effects may be realized even when the trisoctahedral crystal faces are limited in areal extent. For example, where in an emulsion containing the silver halide grains a photographic addendum is present that shows a marked adsorption preference for a trisoctahedral crystal face, only a limited percentage of the total grain surface may be required to produce a distinctive photographic effect. Generally, if any trisoctahedral crystal face is observable on a silver halide grain, it accounts for a sufficient proportion of the total surface area of the silver halide grain to be capable of influencing photographic performance. Stated another way, by the time a trisoctahedral crystal face becomes large enough to be identified by its relative angle to adjacent crystal faces, it is already large enough to be capable of influencing photographic performance. Thus, the minimum proportion of total grain surface area accounted for by trisoctahedral crystal faces is limited only by the observer's ability to detect the presence of trisoctahedral crystal faces.
The successful formation of trisoctahedral crystal faces on silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure depends on identifying silver halide grain growth conditions that retard the surface growth rate on trisoctahedral crystal planes. It is generally recognized in silver halide crystallography that the predominant crystal faces of a silver halide grain are determined by choosing grain growth conditions that are least favorable for the growth of that crystal face. For example, regular cubic silver halide grains, such as grain 1, are produced under grain growth conditions that favor more rapid deposition of silver and halide ions on all other available crystal faces than on the cubic crystal faces. Referring to Figure 7, if an octahedral grain, such as regular octahedral grain 5 is subjected to growth under conditions that least favor deposition of silver and halide ions onto cubic crystal faces, grain 5 during continued silver halide precipitation will progress through the intermediate cubo-octahedral grain forms 9 and 10 before reaching the final cubic grain configuration 1. Once only cubic crystal faces remain, then silver and halide ions deposit isotropically on these surfaces. In other words, the grain shape remains cubic, and the cubic grains merely grow larger as additional silver and halide ions are precipitated.
By analogy, grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces have been prepared by introducing into a silver halide precipitation reaction vessel host grains of conventional crystal faces, such as cubic or octahedral grains, while maintaining growth conditions to favor retarding silver halide deposition along trisoctahedral crystal faces. As silver halide precipitation continues trisoctahedral crystal faces first become identifiable and then expand in area until eventually, if precipitation is continued, they account for all of the crystal faces of the silver halide grains being grown. Since trisoctehe- dral crystal faces accept additional silver halide deposition at a slow rate, renucleation can occur, creating a second grain population. Precipitation conditions can be adjusted by techniques generally known in the art to favor either continued grain growth or renucleation.
Failure of the art to observe trisoctahedral crystal faces for silver halide grains over decades of intense investigation as evidenced by published silver halide crystallographic studies suggests that there is not an extensive range of conditions that favor the selective retarding of silver halide deposition along trisoctahedral crystal faces. It has been discovered that growth modifiers can be employed to retard silver halide deposition selectively at trisoctahedral crystal faces, thereby producing these trisoctahedral crystal faces as the external surfaces of the silver halide grains being formed. The growth modifiers which have been identified are organic compounds. They are believed to be effective by reason of showing an adsorption preference for a trisoctahedral crystal face by reason of its unique arrangement of silver and halide ions. Growth modifiers that have been empirically proven to be effective in producing trisoctahedral crystal faces are described in the examples, below.
These growth modifiers are effective under the conditions of their use in the examples. From empirical screening of a variety of candidate growth modifiers under differing conditions of silver halide precipitation it has been concluded that multiple parameters must be satisfied to achieve trisoctehe- dral crystal faces, including not only the proper choice of a growth modifier, but also proper choice of other precipitation parameters identified in the examples. Failures to achieve trisoctahedral crystal faces with compounds shown to be effective as growth modifiers for producing trisoctahedral crystal faces have been observed when accompanying conditions for silver halide precipitation have been varied. However, it is appreciated that having demonstrated success in the preparations of silver halide emulsions containing grains with trisoctahedral crystal faces, routine empirical studies systematically varying parameters are likely to lead to additional useful preparation techniques.
Once silver halide grain growth conditions are satisfied that selectively retard silver halide deposition at trisoctahedral crystal faces, continued grain growth usually results in trisoctahedral crystal faces appearing on all the grains present in the silver halide precipitation reaction vessel. It does not follow, however, that all of the radiation sensitive silver halide grains in the emulsions of the present invention must have trisoctahedral crystal faces. For example, silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces can be blended with any other conventional silver halide grain population to produce the final emulsion. While silver halide emulsions containing any identifiable trisoctahedral crystal face grain surface are considered within the scope of this invention, in most applications the grains having at least one identifiable trisoctahedral crystal face account for at least 10 percent of the total grain population and usually these grains will account for greater than 50 percent of the total grain population.
The emulsions of this invention can be substituted for conventional emulsions to satisfy known photographic applications. In addition, the emulsions of this invention can lead to unexpected photographic advantages.
For example, when a growth modifier is present adsorbed to the trisoctahedral crystal faces of the grains and has a known photographic utility that is enhanced by adsorption to a grain surface, either because of the more intimate association with the grain surface or because of the reduced mobility of the growth modifier, improved photographic performance can be expected. The reason for this is that for the growth modifier to produce a trisoctahedral crystal face it must exhibit an adsorption preference for the trisoctahedral crystal face that is greater than that exhibited for any other possible crystal face. This can be appreciated by considering growth in the presence of an adsorbed growth modifier of a silver halide grain having both cubic and trisoctahedral crystal faces. If the growth modifier shows an adsorption preference for the trisoctahedral crystal faces over the cubic crystal faces, deposition of silver and halide ions onto the trisoctahedral crystal faces is retarded to a greater extent than along the cubic crystal faces, and grain growth results in the elimination of the cubic crystal faces in favor of trisoctahedral crystal faces. From the foregoing it is apparent that growth modifiers which produce trisoctahedral crystal faces are more tightly adsorbed to these grain surfaces than to other silver halide grain surfaces during grain growth, and this enhanced adsorption carries over to the completed emulsion.
To provide an exemplary photographic application, Locker U.S. Patent 3,989,527 describes improving the speed of a photographic element by employing an emulsion containing radiation sensitive silver halide grains having a spectral sensitizing dye adsorbed to the grain surfaces in combination with silver halide grains free of spectral sensitizing dye having an average diameter chosen to maximize light scattering, typically in the 0.15 to 0.8 um range. Upon imagewise exposure radiation striking the undyed grains is scattered rather than being absorbed. This results in an increased amount of exposing radiation striking the radiation sensitive imaging grains having a spectral sensitizing dye adsorbed to their surfaces.
A disadvantage encountered with this approach has been that spectral sensitizing dyes can migrate in the emulsion, so that to some extent the initially undyed grains adsorb spectral sensitizing dye which has migrated from the initially spectrally sensitized grains. To the extent that the initially spectrally sensitized grains were optimally sensitized, dye migration away from their surfaces reduces sensitization. At the same time, adsorption of dye on the grains intended to scatter imaging radiation reduces their scattering efficiency.
In the examples below it is to be noted that a specific spectral sensitizing dye has been identified as a growth modifier useful in forming silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces. When radiation sensitive silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces and a growth modifier spectral sensitizing dye adsorbed to the trisoctahedral crystal faces are substituted for the spectrally sensitized silver halide grains employed by Locker, the disadvantageous migration of dye from the trisoctahedral crystal faces to the silver halide grains intended to scatter light is reduced or eliminated. Thus, an improvement in photographic efficiency can be realized.
To illustrate another advantageous photographic application, the layer structure of a multicolor photographic element which introduces dye image providing materials, such as couplers, during processing can be simplified. An emulsion intended to record green exposures can be prepared using a growth modifier that is a green spectral sensitizing dye while an emulsion intended to record red exposures can be prepared using a growth modifier that is a red spectral sensitizing dye. Since the growth modifiers are tightly adsorbed to the grains and non-wandering, instead of coating the green and red emulsions in separate color forming layer units, as is conventional practice, the two emulsions can be blended and coated as a single color forming layer unit. The blue recording layer can take any conventional form, and a conventional yellow filter layer can be employed to protect the blended green and red recording emulsions from blue light exposure. Except for blending the green and red recording emulsions in a single layer or group of layers differing in speed in a single color forming layer unit, the structure and processing of the photographic element is unaltered. If silver chloride emulsions are employed, the approach described above can be extended to blending in a single color forming layer unit blue, green, and red recording emulsions, and the yellow filter layer can be eliminated. The advantage in either case is a reduction in the number of emulsion layers required as compared to a corresponding conventional multicolor photographic element.
In more general applications, the substitution of an emulsion according to the invention containing a growth modifier spectral sensitizing dye should produce a more invariant emulsion in terms of spectral properties than a corresponding emulsion containing silver halide grains lacking trisoctahedral crystal faces. Where the growth modifier is capable of inhibiting fog, such as the tetraaza- indenes shown to be effective growth modifiers in the examples, more effective fog inhibition at lower concentrations may be expected. It is recognized that a variety of photographic effects, such as photographic sensitivity, minimum background density levels, latent image stability, nucleation, developability, image tone, absorption, and reflectivity, are influenced by grain surface interactions with other components. By employing components, such as peptizera, silver halide solvents, sensitizers or desensi.tlzers, supersensitizers, halogen acceptors, dyes, antifoggants, stabilizers, latent image keeping agents, nucleating agents, tone modifiers, development accelerators or inhibitors, development restrainers, developing agents, and other addenda that are uniquely matched to the trisoctahedral crystal surface, distinct advantages in photographic performance over that which can be realized with silver halide grains of differing crystal faces are possible.
The silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces can be varied in their properties to satisfy varied known photographic applications as desired. Generally the techniques for producing surface latent image forming grains, internal latent image forming grains, internally fogged grains, surface fogged grains, and blends of differing grains described in Research Disclosure, Vol. 176, December 1978, Item 11643, Section I, can be applied to the preparation of emulsions according to this invention. Research Disclosure is published by Kenneth Mason Publications, Ltd., Emsworth, Hampshire P010 7DD, England. The silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces can have silver salt deposits on their surfaces, if desired. Selective site silver salt deposits on host silver halide grains are taught by Maskasky U.S. Patents 4,463,087 and 4,471,050, here incorporated by reference.
The growth modifier used to form the trisoctahedral crystal faces of the silver halide grains can be retained in the emulsion, adsorbed to the grain faces, displaced from the grain faces or destroyed entirely. For example, where, as noted above, the growth modifier is also capable of acting as a spectral sensitizing dye or performing some other useful function, it is advantageous to retain the growth modifier in the emulsion. Where the growth modifier Is not relied upon to perform an additional useful photographic function, its presence In the emulsion can be reduced or eliminated, if desired, once its intended function is performed. This approach is advantageous where the growth modifier is at all disadvantageous in the environment of use. The growth modifier can itself be modified by chemical interactions, such as oxidation, hydrolysis, or addition reactions, accomplished with reagents such as bromine water, base, or ecid-e.g., nitric, hydrochloric, or sulfuric acid.
Apart from the novel grain structures identified above, the radiation sensitive silver halide emulsions and the photographic elements in which they are incorporated of this invention can take any convenient conventional form. The emulsions can be washed as described in Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Section II.
The radiation sensitive silver halide grains of the emulsions can be surface chemically sensitized. Noble metal (e.g., gold), middle chalcogen (e.g., sulfur, selenium, or tellurium), and reduction sensitizers, employed individually or in combination are specifically contemplated. Typical chemical sensitizers are listed in Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Section III. From comparisons of surface halide and silver ion arrangements in general the chemical sensitization response of silver halide grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces should be analogous, but not identical, to that of cubic and octahedral silver halide grains. That observation can be extended to emulsion addenda generally which adsorb to grain surfaces.
The silver halide emulsions can be spectrally sensitized with dyes from a variety of classes, including the polymethine dye class, which includes the cyanines, merocyanines, complex cyanines and merocyanines (i.e., tri-, tetra-, and polynuclear cyanines and merocyanines), oxonols, hemioxonols, styryls, merostyryls, and streptocyanines. Illustrative spectral sensitizing dyes are disclosed in Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Section IV.
The silver halide emulsions as well as other layers of the photographic elements of this invention can contain as vehicles hydrophilic colloids, employed alone or in combination with other polymeric materials (e.g., latices). Suitable hydrophilic materials include both naturally occurring substances such as proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives-e.g., cellulose esters, gelatin-e.g., alkali treated gelatin (cattle, bone, or hide gelatin) or acid treated gelatin (pigskin gelatin), gelatin derivatives-e.g., acetylated gelatin, phthalated gelatin, and the like, polysaccharides such as dextran, gum arabic, zein, casein, pectin, collagen derivatives, collodion, agar-agar, arrowroot, and albumin. It is specifically contemplated to employ hydrophilic colloids which contain a low proportion divalent sulfur atoms. The proportion of divalent sulfur atoms can be reduced by treating the hydrophilic colloid with a strong oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide. Among preferred hydrophilic colloids for use as peptizers for the emulsions of this invention are gelatino-peptizers which contain less than 30 micromoles of methionine per gram. The vehicles can be hardened by conventional procedures. Further details of the vehicles and hardeners are provided in Research Disclosure, Item 11643, cited above, Sections IX and X.
The silver halide photographic elements of this invention can contain other addenda conventional in the photographic art. Useful addenda are described, for example, in Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above. Other conventional useful addenda include antifoggants and stabilizers, couplers (such as dye forming couplers, masking couplers and DIR couplers) DIR compounds, anti-stain agents, image dye stabilizers, absorbing materials such as filter dyes and UV absorbers, light scattering materlals, antistatic agents, coating aids, and plasticizers and lubricants.
The photographic elements of the present invention can be simple black-and-white or monochrome elements comprising a support bearing a layer of the silver halide emulsion, or they can be multilayer and/or multicolor elements. The photographic elements produce images ranging from low contrast to very high contrast, such as those employed for producing half tone images in graphic arts. They can be designed for processing with separate solutions or for in-camera processing. In the latter instance the photographic elements can include conventional image transfer features, such as those illustrated by Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Section XXIII. Multicolor elements contain dye image forming units sensitive to each of the three primary regions of the spectrum. Each unit can be comprised of a slngle emulsion layer or of multiple emulsion layers sensitive to a given region of the spectrum. The layers of the element, including the layers of the image forming units, can be arranged in various orders as known in the art. In an alternative format, the emulsion or emulsions can be disposed as one or more segmented layers, e.g., as by the use of microvessels or microcells, as described in Whitmore U.S. Patent 4,387,154.
A preferred multicolor photographic element according to this invention containing incorporated dye image providing materials comprises a support bearing at least one blue sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a yellow dye forming coupl.er, at least one green sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a magenta dye forming coupler, and at least one red sensitive silver halide emulsion layer having associated therewith a cyan dye forming coupler, at least one of the silver halide emulsion layers containing grains having trisoctahedral crystal faces as previously described.
The elements of the present invention can contain additional layers conventional in photographic elements, such as overcoat layers, spacer layers, filter layers, antihalation layers, and scavenger layers. The support can be any suitable support used with photographic elements. Typical supports Include polymeric films, paper (including polymer-coated paper), glass, and metal supports. Details regarding supports and other layers of the photographic elements of this invention are contained in Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Section XVII.
The photographic elements can be imagewise exposed with various forms of energy, which encompass the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as electron beam and beta radiation, gamma ray, X ray, alpha particle, neutron radiation, and other forms of corpuscular and wave-like radiant energy in either noncoherent (random phase) forms or coherent (in phase) forms, as produced by lasers. When the photographic elements are intended to be exposed by X rays, they can include features found in conventional radiographic elements, such as those illustrated by Research Disclosure, Vol. 184, August 1979, Item 18431.
Processing of the imagewise exposed photographic elements can be accomplished in any convenient conventional manner. Processing procedures, developing agents, and development modifiers are illustrated by Research Disclosure, Item 17643, cited above, Sections XIX, XX, and XXI, respectively.

Examples

The invention can be better appreciated by reference to the following specific examples. In each of the examples the term "percent" means percent by welght, unless otherwise indicated, and all solutions, unless otherwise indicated, are aqueous solutions. Dilute nitric acid or dilute sodium hydroxide was employed for pH adjustment, as required.

Example 1

This example illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsion having crystal faces of the Miller index (331),
beginning with an octahedral host emulsion and using as growth modifier Compound I, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl- l,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, sodium salt.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of an octahedral silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 1.3 um, containing 40 g/Ag mole of gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 50 g. To the emulsion at 40°C was added 6.0 mlllimole/initisl Ag mole of Compound I dissolved In 3 mL of water. The emulsion was then held for 15 minutes at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C. The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pAg adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.0 M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 40 minutes, while a 2.0M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.016 mole Ag was added.
A carbon replica electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 11. The Miller index of the trisoctahedral faces was determined by measurement of the relative angle between two adjacent trisoctahedral crystal faces. From this angle, the supplement of the relative angle, which is the angle between their respective crystallographic vectors, φ, could be obtained, and the Miller index of the adjacent trisoctahedral crystal faces was identified by comparison of this angle t with the theoretical intersecting angle θ between [h₁h₁ℓ₁] and [h₂h₂ℓ₂] vectors. The angle θ was
calculated as described by Phillips, cited above, at pages 218 and 219.
To obtain the angle ¢, a carbon replica of the crystal sample was rotated on the stage of an electron microscope until, for a chosen crystal, the angle of observation was directly along the line of intersection of the two adjacent crystal faces of interest. An electron micrograph was then made, and the relative angle was measured on the micrograph with a protractor. The supplement of the measured relative angle was the sngle Φ between vectors. Comparison of Φ with θ enabled the crystal faces to be assigned. If the experimentally determined angle was nearly mid-way between two theoretical angles, the one associated with the lower Miller index was used for the assignment.
The angle measurement data for Examples 1 through 6 are listed in Table I. The number of measurements made is given in parentheses. Measurement indicated that the triaoctahedra prepared in this example were of Miller index {331}. Miller indices as high as (554) were considered.

Example 2

This example illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsion having crystal faces of the Miller index {331}, beginning with a cubic host emulsion and using as growth modifier Compound II, 5-bromo-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 29 g of water and 21.6 g (0.05 mole) of a cubic silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 0.8 µm, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin. To the emulsion at 40°C were added 6.0 millimole/initial Ag mole of Compound II dissolved in 3 mL water and 3 drops of triethylamine. The emulsion was then held for 15 minutes at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C. The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pAg adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgNO₃ was Introduced at a constant rate over a period of 175 minutes while a 2.5M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.0875 mole Ag was added.
A carbon replica electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 12. The Miller index was determined to be (331) by the measurements listed in Table I, using the method described for Example 1.

Example 3

This example illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsion having the Miller index {331}, beginning with a cubic host emulsion and using Compound III, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl- thio-1,3,3a,7-tetraazalndene, as growth modifier.
This emulsion was prepared as described in Example 2, except that the growth modifier was 6 millimole/Initial Ag mole of Compound III. The precipitation was carried out for 125 minutes, consuming 0.0625 mole Ag.
An electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 13. The Miller index was determined to be (331) by the measurements listed in Table I, using the method described for Example 1.

Example 4

This example illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsion having crystal faces of the Miller index {331},
beginning with an octahedral host emulsion and using as a growth modifier Compound IV, 4-amino-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of an octahedral silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 0.8 µm, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 50 g. To the emulsion at 40°C was added 6.0 mlllimole/initial Ag mole of Compound IV, dissolved in 2 mL of methanol. The emulsion was then held for 1.5 minutes at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C. The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pAg was adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 100 minutes while a 2.5M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.050 mole Ag was added.
An electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 14. The Miller index was determined to be (331) by the measurements listed in Table I, using the method described for Example 1.

Example 5

Emulsion Example 5 illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsion having crystal faces of the Miller index (441), beginning with a cubic host emulsion and using Compound V, 2-imidazolidinethione, as a growth modifier.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 moles of a cubic silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 0.8 µm, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 50 g. To the emulsion at 40°C was added 6.0 millimole/initial Ag mole of Compound V, dissolved in 3 mL of methanol. The emulsion was then held for 15 minutes at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C and maintained constant during the precipitation (pH 5.94 at 60°C). The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pAg adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 25 minutes while a 2.5M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.0125 mole Ag was added.
An electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral grains is shown in Figure 15. The Miller Index was determined to be (441) by the measurements listed in Table I, using the method described for Example 1.

Example 6

This example illustrates the preparation of a trisoctahedral silver chloride emulsion having (331) Miller index crystal faces, using a cubic silver chloride host emulsion and Compound IV as a growth modifier.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of a cubic silver chloride emulsion of mean grain size 0.65 µm and containing 40 glAg mole gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 42 g, then 7 mL (0.0245 mole) of a 3.5M NaCl solution. To the resulting mixture were added 3.0 millimole/initial Ag mole of Compound IV, dissolved in 2 mL of methanol. The emulsion was held 15 minutes at 40°C. The temperature was then raised to 50°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 50°C, and maintained at this value during the precipitation. The pAg was determined to be 8.5 and was maintained during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 100 minutes, while a 3.5M solution of NaCl was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.050 mole Ag was added.
An electron micrograph of the resulting trisoctahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 16. The Miller index was determined to be (331) by the measurements listed in Table I, using the method described for Example 1.

Example 7

This example illustrates additional investigations of potential growth modifiers and lists potential growth modifiers investigated, but not observed to produce trisoctahedral crystal faces.
The grain growth procedures employed were of three different types:

A. The first grain growth procedure was as follows: To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.5 g of bone gelatin dissolved in 28.5 g of water. To this was added 0.05 mole of silver bromide host grain emulsion of mean grain size 0.8µm, containing about lOg/Ag mole gelatin, and having a total weight of 21.6 g. The emulsion was heated to 40°C, and 6.0 millimoles/Ag mole of dissolved growth modifier were added. The mixture was held for 15 min. at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C. The emulsion was then heated to 60°C, and the pAg was adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. The pH, which shifted to 5.92 at 60°C, was held at that value thereafter. A 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ and a 2.5M solution of KBr were then introduced with a constant silver addition rate over a period of 125 min., consuming 0.0625 mole Ag.

B. The second grain growth procedure was as follows: To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 27.5 mL of water. To this was added 0.05 mole of a silver bromide host grain emulsion of mean grain size 0.8 um, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin and having a total weight of 21.6 g. The emulsion was heated to 40°C, and 3.0 millimole/initlal Ag mole of dissolved growth modifier was added. The mixture was held at 40°C for 15 min. Just prior to beginning the precipitation 3.4 millimoles of an aqueous (NH₄)₂S0₄solution (1.0 mL), containing also 0.25 millimole of KBr, was added, followed by 25.9 millimoles of ammonium hydroxide (2.0 mL). The pAg was measured as 9.3 at 40°C and was maintained at that level throughout the precipitation. At 40°C a 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ was added at a constant flow rate along with a 2.5M solution of KBr, the latter being added at the rate necessary to maintain the pAg. The precipitation consumed 0.05 mole Ag over a period of 100 min. The pH was then slowly adjusted to 5.5.
In the first and second procedures cubic or octahedral host grains were employed as noted in Table II. Small samples of emulsion were withdrawn at intervals during the precipitation for electron microscope examination, any trisoctahedral crystal faces revealed in such samples are reported in Table II.
C. The third grain growth procedure employed 7.5 millimoles of a freshly prepared very fine grain (approximately 0.02 µm) AgBr emulsion to which was added 0.09 millimole of growth modifier. In this process these very fine AgBr grains were dissolved and reprecipitated onto the host grains. The host grain emulsion contained 0.8 µm AgBr grains. A 7.5 millimole portion of the host grain emulsion was added to the very fine grain emulsion. A pH of 6.0 and pAg of 9.3 at 40° C was employed. The mixture was stirred at 60° C for about 19 hours.
The crystal faces presented by the host grains are as noted in Table II. Where both octahedral and cubic host grains are noted using the same growth modifier, a mixture of 5.0 millimoles cubic grains of 0.8 _Um and 2.5 millimoles of octahedral grains of 0.8 µm was employed giving approximately the same number of cubic and octahedral host grains. In looking at the grains produced by ripening, those produced by ripening onto the cubic grains were readily visually distinguished, since they were larger. Thus, it was possible in one ripening process to determine the crystal faces produced using both cubic and octahedral host grains.
Differences in individual precipitations are indicated by footnote. The {hhℓ} surface column in Table II refers to those surfaces which satisfy the definition above for trisoctahedral crystal faces.

Comparative Example 8

The purpose of this comparative example is to report the result of adding 6-nitrobenzimidazole to a reaction vessel prior to the precipitation of silver bromide, as suggested by Wulff et al U.S. Patent 1,696,830.
A reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer was charged with 0.75 g of deionized bone gelatin made up to 50 g with water. 6-Nitrobenzimidazole, 16.2 mg (0.3 weight % based on the Ag used), dissolved In 1mL of methanol, was added, followed by 0.055 mole of KBr. At 70°C 0.05 mole of a 2M solution of AgN0₃ was added at a uniform rate over a period of 25 min. The grains formed were relatively thick tablets showing (111) crystal faces. There was no indication of the novel trisoctahedral crystal faces of the invention.

Comparative Example 9

The purpose of this comparative example is to report the result of employing 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, sodium salt during grain precipitation, as suggested by Smith Particle Growth and Suspension, cited above.
To 100 mL of a 3% bone gelatin solution were added simultaneously 10 mL of 1.96 M AgN0₃ and 10mL of 1.96 M KBr at 50°C with stirring over a period of about 20 sec. The AgBr dispersion was aged for 1 min at 50°C, then diluted to 500 mL. The dispersion was adjusted to pBr 3 with KBr.

Samples 9a, 9b.

To 80mL of 1X10^-3 M KBr containing 0.4 mmole/t of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraeza- indene, sodium salt and 0.6 mmole/ℓ of 1-dodecyl- qulnollnlum bromide was added 20 mL of the above dispersJon, which was then stirred at 23°C. Samples were removed after 15 min (Sample 9a) and 60 min (Sample 9b).

Samples 9c, 9d

Samples 9c and 9d were prepared similarly as Samples 9a and 9b, respectively, except that 0.8 mmole/ℓ of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetreaza- indene and 0.6 mmole/i of 1-dodecylquinolinium bromide were used.
Examination of the grains of each of the samples revealed rounded cubic grains. No trisoctahedral crystal faces were observed.

Example 10

Emulsion Example 10 illustrates the preparation of a octahedral silver bromide emulsion having trisoctahedral protrusions on the initially octahedral grains using Compound 10, 4-ydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, sodium salt, a known antifoggant and stabilizer, as growth modifier. As the precipitation continued, the formation of trisoctahedra became evident.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of an octahedral regular grain silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 1.35 µm containing 40 g/Ag mole gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 50 g. To the emulsion at 40°C was added 6.0 millimole/Initial Ag mole of Compound 10 dissolved in 3mL of water. The emulsion was then held for 15 min at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 at 40°C. The temperature was raised to 60°C and the pAg adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgNO₃ was introduced at a constant rate. For Example 10A the precipitation time was 15 min, using 0.0075 mole Ag. For Example 10B the precipitation time was 30 min, using 0.015 mole Ag.
Figures 17A and 17B are electron micrographs showing the resulting emulsion grains of Examples 10A and 10B, respectively. In Example 10A uniform ruffles formed over the octahedral faces, while new trisoctahedral faces formed along the edges between the original faces. In Example 10B the process of forming (331) trisoctahedra is almost complete.

Example 11

Emulsion Example 11 illustrates the formation of trisoctahedral ridges on octahedral silver bromide host grains.
The host emulsion and procedure was the same as in Example 10. The growth modifier was 2.0 millimole/initial Ag mole of Compound 98, 3-carboxy- methy1-5-{[3-(3-sulfopropyl)-2-thiazolidinylidene]-ethylidene)rhodanine, sodium salt, a known green spectral sensitizlng dye, dissolved in 3mL methanol, 2mL water and 3 drops of triethylamine. The precipitation solutions were 2.0M rather than 2.5M AgNO₃ and KBr.
For Example 11A the precipitation time was 200 min, using 0.04 mole Ag. For Example 11B the time was 350 min, using 0.07 mole Ag.
Figures 18A and 18B are electron micrographs of the resulting emulsion grains produced by Examples 11A and 11B, respectively. The faces are uniformly covered with ridges running in a direction perpendicular to the (110) Ag rows of the lattice. Trisoctahedral faces have begun to form. In Example 11B the ridges remain evident, while the macro habit has become (331) trisoctahedral.

Example 12

The emulsions of Example 12 describe the effect of precipitation pH on the preparation of (331) trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsions using as growth modifier Compound I.

Emulsion 12A

To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of an octahedral silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 0.8 µm, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin. An additional 0.5 g of deionized bone gelatin was added, and water to make the total weight 50 g. To the emulsion at 40°C was added 6.0 millimole/lnitial Ag mole of Compound I dissolved in 3mL of water. The emulsion was then held for 15 min at 40°C. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 at 40°C. The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pH was noted to be 6.84, at which value it was maintained during the precipitation. The pAg was adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5 M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 50 min while a 2.5 M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.025 mole Ag was added.

Emulsions 12B. 12C. and 12D

These emulsions were prepared as described for Emulsion 12A, except for different values of pH Initially adjusted at 40°C and maintained during the precipitation as listed in Table III.
Figures 19A, 19B, 19C, and 19D are carbon replica electron micrographs of the resulting Emulsions 12A, 12B, 12C, and 12D, respectively. As shown by the data in Table III, the pH range of from 5.0 to 6.0 produced the best (331) trisoctahedra. At pH 7.0 the trisoctahedra were not as well formed. At pH 4.0 octahedra were formed.

Example 13

Example 13 illustrates the effect of precipitation temperature on the preparation of (331) trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsions using the same growth modifier as in Example 12. Emulsions 13A. 13B, and 13C
Emulsions 13A and 13B were prepared as described for Example Emulsion 12B above, i.e. pH of 6.0 at 40°C, pAg 8.5 at precipitation temperature, but in this case with variation of precipitation temperature as listed in Table IV. Figures 19B, 20A, and 20B are electron micrographs of the Emulsions 12B, 13A, and 13B, respectively. As shown in the data of Table IV, trisoctahedra were formed at 60°C and 70°C, but octahedra were formed at 85°C.

Example 14

Example 14 illustrates the effect of precipitation pAg on the preparation of {331} trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsions using the same growth modifier as in Examples 12 and 13.

Emulsion 14

Emulsion 14 was prepared as described for Example 12B above, i.e. at a 40°C pH of 6.0 and a precipitation temperature of 60°C, but with variation of the precipitation pAg as listed in Table V. Figures 19B and 21 are electron micrographs of Emulsions 19B and 14, respectively. As shown in the data of Table V, trisoctahedra were formed at pAg 8.5, but poorly formed trlsoctahedra resulted at pAg 8.0.

Example 15

Example 15 illustrates the effect of level of growth modifier on the preparation of {331} trisoctahedral silver bromide emulsions using Compound I as a growth modifier, as in Examples 12 through 14, but in this case introduced in the free acid form, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraaza- indene, rather than as the sodium salt.

Emulsion 15A

To a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of the same octahedral silver bromide emulsion as used in Example 12A above, made up to 50 g with water. The free acid form of Compound I, 0.52 millimole/initial Ag mole, dissolved in 0.75mL water, was added. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 at 40°C and the pAg to 8.0 at 40°C. These values were held constant during the precipitation. At 40°C, a 2.0 M solution of AgN0₃ was added at a constant rate over a period of 80 min, while a 2.0 M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.016 mole Ag was added.

Emulsion 15B

Emulsion 15B was prepared as described for Emulsion 15A, except that the amount of growth modifier was increased to 0.70 millimole/initial Ag mole.
Figures 22A and 22B are electron micrographs of Emulsions 15A and 15B, respectively. As tabulated in Table VI, Incomplete trisoctahedra resulted at the 0.52 millimole level of growth modifier under these precipitation conditions, while complete trisoctahedra resulted when the level was raised to 0.70 millimole.

Comparative Example 16

Since trisoctahedra most closely resemble rhombic dodecahedra in overall appearance, this comparative example is included to provide an electron micrograph of rhombic dodecahedral grains. By comparing electron micrographs of previous examples of trisoctahedra it is apparent that the grains identified as trisoctahedra are indeed of that crystallographic form.
To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.05 mole of a cubic silver bromide emulsion of mean grain size 0.8µm, containing about 10 g/Ag mole of gelatin. Water was added to make the total weight 50 g. A solution was prepared of 20 millimoles of Compound 41, 5-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-methylthto-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, in a solvent containing 10 drops of triethylamine, 0.5 mL of N,N-di-methylformamide, and water to make a total volume of 10 mL. Of the solution, 3 mL. (6.0 millimoles Compound 47/initial Ag mole of emulsion) was added to the emulsion at 40°C and the pH was adjusted to 6.0. The temperature was raised to 60°C, and the pAg adjusted to 8.5 at 60°C with KBr and maintained at that value during the precipitation. A 2.5M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 150 min. while a 2.5M solution of KBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. A total of 0.075 mole Ag was added.
A carbon replica electron micrograph of the resulting rhombic dodecahedral emulsion grains is shown in Figure 23.

Example 17

This example illustrates that a trisoctahedral emulsion exhibits an increase in photographic speed at a given fog level as compared to an octahedral emulsion of the same halide composition and grain volume.

Example Trisoctahedral Emulsion (A)

To a reaction vessel supplied with a stirrer was added 0.5 moles of an 0.7pm AgBr octahedral emulsion containing c20g of bone gelatin and distilled water. The contents of the kettle weighed 500g. The emulsion was heated to 40°C, and 1.5 mmole/Ag mole of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetra- azaindene sodium salt dissolved in 45ml of distilled water, was added. The pH was adjusted to 7.0 at 40°C with sodium hydroxide solution and the pAg was adjusted to 8.0 at 40°C with NaBr solution. At 40°C a 2.0M solution of AgN0₃ was introduced at a constant rate over a period of 100 min, while a 2.0M solution of NaBr was added as needed to hold the pAg constant. The pH was also held constant by adding NaOH or HNO₃ solutions as needed. A total of 0.2 moles Ag was added. Carbon replica electron micrographs showed that the emulsion consisted of mostly trisoctahedral crystals.

Control Emulsion (B)

This control emulsion was precipitated identically to the above trisoctahedral grain emulsion, except the 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene was added after the precipitation was complete. The resulting grains were octahedral in shape.

Sensitization

Emulsions A and B were chemically sensitized as listed below, and then coated on acetate support at 1.08g Ag/m², 4.31g bone gelatin/m , 0.81g of a dispersion of the coupler 2-benzamido-5-[2-4-butane- sulfonylamidophenoxy)tetredecanamido-4-chloro- phenol/m², 0.14g saponin/m² as spreading agent, and 18mg bis(vinylsulfonyl-methyl) ether/g gelatin as hardener.

5 A heated 15 min at 10°C with 3.6mg/Ag mole sodium thiosulfate & 1.2mg/Ag mole potassium chloroaurate
6 A heated 15 min at 70°C with 4.8mg/Ag mole sodium thiosulfate & 1.6mg/Ag mole potassium chloroaurate

These coatings were exposed for 0.1 s to a 2850°K tungsten light source through a variable density tablet. These coatings were then processed for 2 min, 3 min, 4 min, 5 min, or 6 min in Kodak C-41 Color Negative developer at 38°C. The results are summarized below in Table VII.
From Table VII it is apparent that the example emulsion satisfying the requirements of this invention exhibits higher photographic speeds than the control octahedral emulsion. Further, this increased speed is realized even when the chemical sensitizers are doubled in concentration in the control emulsion. Whether compared at the same development times or at the same fog levels, the example emulsion of the invention is in all instances superior in photographic performance.

Claims

1. A silver halide photographic emulsion comprised of radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces.

2. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 1 wherein said silver halide grains comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces are silver bromide grains.

3. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 1 wherein said silver halide grains comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces are silver chloride grains.

4. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 1 wherein said silver halide grains comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces contain at least one of bromide and chloride ions and optionally contain a minor proportion of iodide ions based on total silver.

5. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said silver halide grains are additionally comprised of at least one of cubic and octahedral crystal faces.

6. A silver halide photographic emulsion according any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said silver halide grains are regular trisoctahedral grains.

7. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein a grain growth modifier is adsorbed to said trisoctahe- dral crystal faces.

8. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein said trisoctahedral crystal faces satisfy the Miller index assignment {hhℓ}, wherein h and I are integers greater than 0 and h is greater than t, but no greater than 5.

9. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 8 wherein said trisoctahedral crystal faces exhibit a {331} or (441) Miller index.

10. A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 9 wherein a grain growth modifier is present in said emulsion chosen from 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 5-bromo-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 4-amino-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 2-imidazolidinethione, ethylenethiourea, 5-carboxy-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methylthio-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 4-hydroxy-2-methylthio-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, or 5-(3-ethyl-2-enzothiazolinylidene)-1- methoxy-carbonylmethyl-3-phenyl-2-thiohydantoin.

11. A photographic element containing an emulsion according to any one of claims 1 to 10.