EP0210082B1 - Fumes producing castable compositions efficacious in the infra-red range - Google Patents

Fumes producing castable compositions efficacious in the infra-red range Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0210082B1
EP0210082B1 EP86401123A EP86401123A EP0210082B1 EP 0210082 B1 EP0210082 B1 EP 0210082B1 EP 86401123 A EP86401123 A EP 86401123A EP 86401123 A EP86401123 A EP 86401123A EP 0210082 B1 EP0210082 B1 EP 0210082B1
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Prior art keywords
parts
weight
pyrotechnic composition
carbon
composition
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EP86401123A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0210082A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-François Vega
Philippe Morand
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Giat Industries SA
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Direction General pour lArmement DGA
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D3/00—Generation of smoke or mist (chemical part)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B27/00—Compositions containing a metal, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium or mixtures, intercompounds or hydrides thereof, and hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
    • Y10S149/11—Particle size of a component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
    • Y10S149/11—Particle size of a component
    • Y10S149/114—Inorganic fuel

Definitions

  • the technical sector of the present invention is that of fusible smoke pyrotechnic compositions making it possible to camouflage any target by preventing the transmission of the infrared radiation emitted by it.
  • the fuming pyrotechnic compositions based on hexachloroethane (oxidizing agent) and zinc oxide (reducing agent) are well known to those skilled in the art and it will be possible, by way of illustration, to refer to US-A-2,939 779. This kind of composition produces a white screen which is ineffective with respect to infrared sensors working in the windows of transparency of the atmosphere which are 3 - 5 ⁇ .Lm and 7 - 14 um.
  • Patent FR-A-2 560 186 is also known which proposes a pyrotechnic composition intended for the production of opaque smoke with infrared radiation from a target to a thermal sensor, characterized in that it comprises a generating compound, by thermal decomposition of carbon particles whose size is between 1 and 14 ⁇ m, an oxidation-reduction system reacting at a temperature above 1000 ° C and a binder.
  • the smoke-producing compositions are most often powdered mixtures used by compression. These materials do not always have optimal mechanical properties, are difficult to machine for low compression ratios and are produced individually. Manufacturing requires heavy means such as mixers, mixers, dryers, presses which prohibit the manufacture of large products.
  • the manufacturing diagram is complex and the unit price high.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a pyrotechnic composition producing a screen made up of carbon particles to make a target undetectable by a receiver or a missile sensor, but which can be produced by simple casting.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore a flowable pyrotechnic composition intended for the production of opaque smoke to prevent the transmission of infrared radiation from a target to a sensor, of the type comprising a compound generating carbon particles whose dimensions are between 1 and 14 ⁇ m, characterized in that it comprises a halogenated aromatic compound with welded cores fusible between 75 and 120 ° C whose halogenation rate is greater than 3, a chlorinated carbon compound and a metallic powder, reacting together at a temperature of around 1500 ° C.
  • the carbon compound can be represented by chlorinated naphthalene, the fluorinated compound by polyvinylidene fluoride and the metal powder by magnesium.
  • the composition may contain 50 to 90 parts by weight of carbonaceous compound, 8 to 10 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride and 15 to 25 parts by weight of metal powder.
  • the welded cores can advantageously carry halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine) and / or have the greatest possible number of carbon atoms / number of hydrogen atoms.
  • halogen atoms fluorine, chlorine
  • the oxidant is then chlorine or fluorine, carried by another molecule, acid generator which, by condensing on atmospheric water vapor, forms an aerosol of solid particles, effective in the spectrum visible against the sensors.
  • the oxidizing compound generating carbon particles can be an industrial chlorinated naphthalene called clonacire whose chlorine substitution rate varies between 3.4 and 3.6.
  • clonacire 90 and clonacire 115 Two clonacires are marketed: clonacire 90 and clonacire 115, the melting points of which are 90 and 115 ° C respectively.
  • the size of the carbon particles is between 1 and 14 ⁇ m.
  • An advantage of the pyrotechnic composition and of the smoke ammunition according to the invention lies in the fact that the cloud of opaque infrared smoke consists of fine carbon particles chemically generated homogeneously with a sufficient flow rate.
  • compositions described in patent FR-A-2,560,186 The mechanical behavior of these compositions is particularly interesting; there is a creep in the press which prevents decohesion of the material. This is due to the presence of clonacires, waxy products which give these compositions a visco-elastic behavior which is not found in the compositions described in patent FR-A-2,560,186.
  • Another advantage is that it is possible to incorporate fibers of chemical origin with a carbon skeleton, the pyrolysis of which at high temperature will generate opacifying carbon particles.
  • These fibers can be chosen from polyamides, nylon or carbon.
  • the fusible aromatic compound is then introduced into the reactor and the mixture is heated with stirring to a temperature 15 ° C higher than the melting level.
  • the polyvinylidene fluoride and the reducing agent are then successively added and the melting temperature is maintained for ten minutes with stirring to homogenize the mixture well.
  • the casting can then take place.
  • the breads obtained are then taken up by machining in order to eliminate shrinkage.
  • the combustion speed is measured on a cylindrical test tube 3 cm long and 3 cm in diameter produced by compression of 6.10 7 Pa.
  • the occultation power is measured using two thermal cameras working in the bands 3 - 5 and 8 - 12 ⁇ m arranged at 4.5 m from an emitter constituted by an extended source with a side 20 cm extended to 200 ° C in a tunnel.
  • the obscuring power of the smoke can be defined as the time during which the image of the extended source is partially or completely erased by the passage of this smoke between the camera and the extended source.
  • the absorption coefficient A ⁇ (m- 1 ) is measured on two bands of wavelength from 7.65 to 13.2 ⁇ m and from 3.3 to 4.2 ⁇ .Lm by application of Beer's law .
  • compositions are produced by way of examples in the form of breads according to the preceding indications which are tested as specified above, together with a reference composition described according to Example I of patent FR-A-2,560,186.
  • compositions 1 and 2 are not sensitive to cracking. Similar results are obtained with compositions 3 and 4.
  • the blackout power results from the color processing of a thermal image and is expressed in seconds.
  • the absorption coefficient A lk obtained thanks to the spectrioradiometer reflects the capacity of a smoke to obscure for a very short time but is not representative of the anti-infrared power over time.
  • composition 4 has excellent anti-infrared capacities. Its optimal density and low combustion speed make it suitable for producing large caliber smoke greater than 120 mm.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)

Description

Le secteur technique de la présente invention est celui des compositions pyrotechniques fumigènes fusibles permettant de camoufler une cible quelconque en empêchant la transmission du rayonnement infrarouge émis par celle-ci.The technical sector of the present invention is that of fusible smoke pyrotechnic compositions making it possible to camouflage any target by preventing the transmission of the infrared radiation emitted by it.

Il existe actuellement peu de publications relatives à la production d'un écran de fumée obscurcissant, à large spectre, c'est-à-dire efficace dans tout le domaine du visible et jusqu'à l'infrarouge lointain de 0,4 à 14 lim.There are currently few publications relating to the production of an obscuring smoke screen, with a broad spectrum, that is to say effective in the entire visible range and up to the far infrared from 0.4 to 14. l im.

Les compositions pyrotechniques fumigènes à base d'hexachloréthane (oxydant) et d'oxyde de zinc (réducteur) sont bien connues de l'homme de l'art et on pourra à titre d'illustration se référer au brevet US-A-2 939 779. Ce genre de composition produit un écran blanc inefficace vis-à-vis des capteurs infrarouges travaillant dans les fenêtres de transparence de l'atmosphère qui sont 3 - 5 ¡.Lm et 7 - 14 um.The fuming pyrotechnic compositions based on hexachloroethane (oxidizing agent) and zinc oxide (reducing agent) are well known to those skilled in the art and it will be possible, by way of illustration, to refer to US-A-2,939 779. This kind of composition produces a white screen which is ineffective with respect to infrared sensors working in the windows of transparency of the atmosphere which are 3 - 5 ¡.Lm and 7 - 14 um.

L'utilisation d'un aérosol composé de fines gouttelettes ou de particules solides a déjà été proposé pour arrêter le rayonnement infrarouge ; toutefois, les écrans formés sont très sensibles aux conditions atmosphériques (vent et humidité relative dans le cas des chlorures métalliques) et l'efficacité est peu durable. A titre indicatif, on pourra se reporter aux brevets FR-A-2 299 617 et 2 309 828.The use of an aerosol composed of fine droplets or solid particles has already been proposed to stop infrared radiation; however, the screens formed are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions (wind and relative humidity in the case of metal chlorides) and the effectiveness is not long-lasting. As an indication, reference may be made to patents FR-A-2 299 617 and 2 309 828.

On connaît également le brevet FR-A-2 560 186 qui propose une composition pyrotechnique destinée à la production d'une fumée opaque aux rayonnements infrarouges d'une cible vers un capteur thermique, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un composé générateur, par décomposition thermique, de particules de carbone dont la dimension est comprise entre 1 et 14 µm, un système oxydo-réducteur réagissant à une température supérieure à 1000°C et un liant.Patent FR-A-2 560 186 is also known which proposes a pyrotechnic composition intended for the production of opaque smoke with infrared radiation from a target to a thermal sensor, characterized in that it comprises a generating compound, by thermal decomposition of carbon particles whose size is between 1 and 14 µm, an oxidation-reduction system reacting at a temperature above 1000 ° C and a binder.

Ce type de compositions peut comprendre le système ternaire suivant:

  • -15 à 25 parties en poids de poudre métallique, par exemple le magnésium,
  • -50 à 85 parties en poids d'hexachlorobenzène ou d'hexachloréthane (oxydant),
  • - 0 à 30 parties de naphtalène (générateur de carbone).
This type of composition can include the following ternary system:
  • -15 to 25 parts by weight of metallic powder, for example magnesium,
  • -50 to 85 parts by weight of hexachlorobenzene or hexachlorethane (oxidant),
  • - 0 to 30 parts of naphthalene (carbon generator).

Si l'on excepte le phosphore qui est coulé au moment de sa mise en oeuvre, mais est inefficace dans l'infrarouge, les compositions fumigènes sont la plupart du temps des mélanges pulvérulents mis en oeuvre par compression. Ces matériaux ne présentent pas toujours des propriétés mécaniques optimales, sont difficilement usinables pour de faibles taux de compression et sont fabriqués unitairement. La fabrication exige des moyens lourds tels que malaxeurs, mélangeurs, séchoirs, presses qui interdisent la fabrication de produits de grandes dimensions. Le synoptique de fabrication est complexe et le prix unitaire élevé.With the exception of the phosphorus which is poured at the time of its implementation, but is ineffective in the infrared, the smoke-producing compositions are most often powdered mixtures used by compression. These materials do not always have optimal mechanical properties, are difficult to machine for low compression ratios and are produced individually. Manufacturing requires heavy means such as mixers, mixers, dryers, presses which prohibit the manufacture of large products. The manufacturing diagram is complex and the unit price high.

De plus, les compositions pyrotechniques fumigènes destinées à la production d'un écran de fumée interdisant la transmission du rayonnement infrarouge comportent les composants suivants :

  • - un réducteur (poudre de magnésium le plus généralement)
  • - un oxydant (hexachloroéthane ou hexachlorobenzène)
  • - un liant générateur de carbone (naphtalène, anthracène)
  • - un liant fluoré (polyfluorure de vinylidène).
In addition, smoke-producing pyrotechnic compositions intended for the production of a smoke screen preventing the transmission of infrared radiation comprise the following components:
  • - a reducing agent (most commonly magnesium powder)
  • - an oxidant (hexachloroethane or hexachlorobenzene)
  • - a carbon generating binder (naphthalene, anthracene)
  • - a fluorinated binder (polyvinylidene fluoride).

Ces compositions présentent deux inconvénients :

  • - l'hexachlorobenzène n'est plus, pour des raisons de toxicité, commercialement disponible sur les marchés européens,
  • - outre les problèmes de mise en oeuvre industrielle mentionnés ci-avant, elles nécessitent le mélange d'au moins quatre composants.
These compositions have two drawbacks:
  • - for reasons of toxicity, hexachlorobenzene is no longer commercially available on European markets,
  • - in addition to the problems of industrial implementation mentioned above, they require the mixture of at least four components.

Le but de la présente invention est de fournir une composition pyrotechnique produisant un écran constitué de particules de carbone pour rendre indétectable une cible par un récepteur ou un capteur de missile, mais qui peut être réalisée par simple coulée.The object of the present invention is to provide a pyrotechnic composition producing a screen made up of carbon particles to make a target undetectable by a receiver or a missile sensor, but which can be produced by simple casting.

L'invention a donc pour objet une composition pyrotechnique coulable destinée à la production de fumée opaque pour interdire la transmission du rayonnement infrarouge d'une cible vers un capteur, du type comportant un composé générateur de particules de carbone dont les dimensions sont comprises entre 1 et 14 µm, caractérisée en ce comprend un composé aromatique halogéné à noyaux soudés fusible entre 75 et 120°C dont le taux d'halogénation est supérieur à 3, un composé carboné chloré et une poudre métallique, réagissant ensemble à une température de l'ordre de 1500°C.The subject of the invention is therefore a flowable pyrotechnic composition intended for the production of opaque smoke to prevent the transmission of infrared radiation from a target to a sensor, of the type comprising a compound generating carbon particles whose dimensions are between 1 and 14 µm, characterized in that it comprises a halogenated aromatic compound with welded cores fusible between 75 and 120 ° C whose halogenation rate is greater than 3, a chlorinated carbon compound and a metallic powder, reacting together at a temperature of around 1500 ° C.

Avantageusement, le composé carboné peut être représenté par le naphtalène chloré, le composé fluoré par le polyfluorure de vinylidène et la poudre métallique par le magnésium.Advantageously, the carbon compound can be represented by chlorinated naphthalene, the fluorinated compound by polyvinylidene fluoride and the metal powder by magnesium.

La composition peut renfermer 50 à 90 parties en poids de composé carboné, 8 à 10 parties en poids de polyfluorure de vinylidène et 15 à 25 parties en poids de poudre métallique.The composition may contain 50 to 90 parts by weight of carbonaceous compound, 8 to 10 parts by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride and 15 to 25 parts by weight of metal powder.

La composition pyrotechnique selon l'invention répond aux trois critères suivants :

  • - un régime de combustion élevé,
  • - un milieu de combustion sous-oxygéné,
  • - la présence dans la composition d'un composé à noyaux condensés.
The pyrotechnic composition according to the invention meets the following three criteria:
  • - a high combustion regime,
  • - an oxygenated combustion medium,
  • - the presence in the composition of a compound with condensed nuclei.

Les noyaux soudés peuvent être, avantageusement, porteurs d'atomes d'halogènes (fluor, chlore) et/ou présenter un rapport nombre d'atomes de carbone/nombre d'atomes d'hydrogène le plus grand possible. On profite alors de la présence de ces noyaux condensés, associée aux deux premiers critères, pour générer du carbone formant un écran de particules à large spectre. En effet, la présence d'oxygène ainsi qu'un rapport C/H défavorable provoqueraient la formation de molécules gazeuses (C02 et H20) transparentes dans le visible et l'infrarouge.The welded cores can advantageously carry halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine) and / or have the greatest possible number of carbon atoms / number of hydrogen atoms. We then take advantage of the presence of these condensed nuclei, associated with the first two criteria, to generate carbon forming a screen of particles with a broad spectrum. Indeed, the presence of oxygen as well as an unfavorable C / H ratio would cause the formation of gaseous molecules (C0 2 and H 2 0) transparent in the visible and the infrared.

Dans la composition pyrotechnique, l'oxydant est alors le chlore ou le fluor, porté par une autre molécule, générateur d'acide qui, en se condensant sur la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique, forme un aérosol de particules solides, efficace dans le spectre visible contre les capteurs.In the pyrotechnic composition, the oxidant is then chlorine or fluorine, carried by another molecule, acid generator which, by condensing on atmospheric water vapor, forms an aerosol of solid particles, effective in the spectrum visible against the sensors.

Le composé oxydant générateur de particules de carbone peut être un naphtalène chloré industriel appelé clonacire dont le taux de substitution en chlore varie entre 3,4 et 3,6. Deux clonacires sont commercialisées : la clonacire 90 et la clonacire 115 dont les points de fusion sont respectivement 90 et 115°C. La dimension des particules de carbone est comprise entre 1 et 14 um.The oxidizing compound generating carbon particles can be an industrial chlorinated naphthalene called clonacire whose chlorine substitution rate varies between 3.4 and 3.6. Two clonacires are marketed: clonacire 90 and clonacire 115, the melting points of which are 90 and 115 ° C respectively. The size of the carbon particles is between 1 and 14 µm.

Un avantage de la composition pyrotechnique et de la munition fumigène selon l'invention réside dans le fait que le nuage de fumée opaque à l'infrarouge est constitué de fines particules de carbone générées par voie chimique de façon homogène avec un débit suffisant.An advantage of the pyrotechnic composition and of the smoke ammunition according to the invention lies in the fact that the cloud of opaque infrared smoke consists of fine carbon particles chemically generated homogeneously with a sufficient flow rate.

Un autre avantage réside dans le fait qu'il est possible de maitriser les facteurs essentiels :

  • - la vitesse de combustion de la composition, ce qui permet d'obtenir un débit massique suffisant,
  • - la température de combustion qui doit être élevée et qui conditionne la bonne répartition granulométrique des particules de carbone;
Another advantage lies in the fact that it is possible to master the essential factors:
  • the combustion speed of the composition, which makes it possible to obtain a sufficient mass flow rate,
  • - the combustion temperature which must be high and which conditions the good particle size distribution of the carbon particles;

Un autre avantage réside dans le fait que ces compositions sont coulables ou extrudables. En effet, en proposant une famille de compositions fusibles entre 75 et 120°C, on atteint un double objectif : économique par l'amélioration des coûts de revient, et technologique par le remplissage de formes géométriques compliquées. Ces compositions se prêtent mieux à une industrialisation moderne et leurs intérêts sont évidents:

  • - suppression de la compression comme moyen de mise en oeuvre (ces compositions peuvent toutefois être mises en oeuvre par compression),
  • - la possibilité de couler des pains de grand diamètre pour alimenter des générateurs destinés à la défense de zone, ce qui est impossible avec des compositions comprimées,
  • - densité optimale,
  • - bonne usinabilité,
  • - bonne tenue au choc.
Another advantage lies in the fact that these compositions are pourable or extrudable. In fact, by proposing a family of fusible compositions between 75 and 120 ° C., a double objective is achieved: economic by improving production costs, and technological by filling in complicated geometric shapes. These compositions lend themselves better to modern industrialization and their interests are obvious:
  • - suppression of compression as a means of implementation (these compositions can however be implemented by compression),
  • - the possibility of pouring large-diameter breads to supply generators intended for area defense, which is impossible with compressed compositions,
  • - optimal density,
  • - good machinability,
  • - good impact resistance.

Le comportement mécanique de ces compositions est particulièrement intéressant; on constate un fluage sous presse qui empêche une décohésion de la matière. Ceci est dû à la présence des clonacires, produits cireux qui confèrent à ces compositions un comportement visco-élastique que l'on ne retrouve pas dans les compositions décrites dans le brevet FR-A-2 560 186.The mechanical behavior of these compositions is particularly interesting; there is a creep in the press which prevents decohesion of the material. This is due to the presence of clonacires, waxy products which give these compositions a visco-elastic behavior which is not found in the compositions described in patent FR-A-2,560,186.

Un autre avantage est que l'on peut y incorporer des fibres d'origine chimique à squelette carboné dont la pyrolyse à haute température génèrera des particules de carbone opacifiantes.Another advantage is that it is possible to incorporate fibers of chemical origin with a carbon skeleton, the pyrolysis of which at high temperature will generate opacifying carbon particles.

Ces fibres peuvent être choisies parmi les polyamides, le nylon ou le carbone.These fibers can be chosen from polyamides, nylon or carbon.

Enfin, la composition globale peut être obtenue par le mélange de seulement 3 composants :

  • réducteur - naphtalène chloré - polyfluorure de vinylidène.
Finally, the overall composition can be obtained by mixing only 3 components:
  • reducing agent - chlorinated naphthalene - polyvinylidene fluoride.

Pour préparer les compositions pyrotechniques selon l'invention on s'y prend de la manière suivante :

  • La poudre métallique est d'abord soumise à un étuvage à 50°C environ pendant 24 heures.
To prepare the pyrotechnic compositions according to the invention, this is done as follows:
  • The metal powder is first subjected to a steaming at approximately 50 ° C for 24 hours.

On introduit alors dans le réacteur le composé aromatique fusible et on chauffe en agitant jusqu'à une température supérieure de 15°C au palier de fusion. On ajoute alors successivement le polyfluorure de vinylidène et le réducteur et on maintient à la température de fusion pendant une dizaine de minutes en agitant pour bien homogénéiser le mélange. La coulée peut ensuite s'effectuer. Les pains obtenus sont ensuite repris par usinage afin d'éliminer la retassure. Un canal central ayant été ménagé au moment de la coulée, ils sont alors chargeables en artifices.The fusible aromatic compound is then introduced into the reactor and the mixture is heated with stirring to a temperature 15 ° C higher than the melting level. The polyvinylidene fluoride and the reducing agent are then successively added and the melting temperature is maintained for ten minutes with stirring to homogenize the mixture well. The casting can then take place. The breads obtained are then taken up by machining in order to eliminate shrinkage. A central channel having been provided at the time of casting, they can then be loaded with fireworks.

Pour chacune des compositions indiquées ci-après, on a mesuré la vitesse de combustion, la tenue mécanique, le pouvoir d'occultation et le coefficient d'absorption.For each of the compositions indicated below, the combustion speed, the mechanical strength, the occulting power and the absorption coefficient were measured.

La vitesse de combustion est mesurée sur une éprouvette cylindrique de 3 cm de long et de 3 cm de diamètre réalisée par compression de 6.107 Pa.The combustion speed is measured on a cylindrical test tube 3 cm long and 3 cm in diameter produced by compression of 6.10 7 Pa.

Le pouvoir d'occultation est mesuré à l'aide de deux caméras thermiques travaillant dans les bandes 3 - 5 et 8 - 12 um disposées à 4,5 m d'un émetteur constitué par une source étendue de 20 cm de côté portée à 200° C dans un tunnel. Le pouvoir d'occultation de la fumée peut être défini comme le temps pendant lequel l'image de la source étendue est partiellement ou totalement effacée par le passage de cette fumée entre la caméra et la source étendue.The occultation power is measured using two thermal cameras working in the bands 3 - 5 and 8 - 12 µm arranged at 4.5 m from an emitter constituted by an extended source with a side 20 cm extended to 200 ° C in a tunnel. The obscuring power of the smoke can be defined as the time during which the image of the extended source is partially or completely erased by the passage of this smoke between the camera and the extended source.

Le coefficient d'absorption AΔλ (m-1) est mesuré sur deux bandes de longueur d'onde de 7,65 à 13,2 µm et de 3,3 à 4,2 ¡.Lm par application de la loi de Beer.The absorption coefficient A Δλ (m- 1 ) is measured on two bands of wavelength from 7.65 to 13.2 µm and from 3.3 to 4.2 ¡.Lm by application of Beer's law .

Dans le tableau 1, on a rassemblé les résultats des mesures de vitesse de combustion et de tenue mécanique définies ci-après :

  • - combustion : on mesure la vitesse de combustion à l'air libre V (1 atm) et la vitesse de combustion sous la pression régnant à l'intérieur d'une munition fumigène V (P) prête à l'emploi, c'est-à-dire constituée d'un pot fumigène de 36 cm de long et de 8 cm de diamètre,
  • - tenue mécanique : on mesure l'effort maximum à la compression Smc (en Pa), l'écrasement emc à cet effort, et le module de young (Ec),
  • - coefficients de sensibilité à la friction (CsF) et à l'impact (Csi) selon les modes opératoires connus utilisés dans ce domaine technique.
In Table 1, the results of the combustion speed and mechanical strength measurements defined below are collated:
  • - combustion: we measure the combustion speed in the open air V (1 atm) and the combustion speed under the pressure prevailing inside a smoke ammunition V (P) ready for use, this is that is to say made up of a smoke pot 36 cm long and 8 cm in diameter,
  • - mechanical strength: we measure the maximum force at compression Smc (in Pa), the crushing emc at this force, and the module of young (Ec),
  • - coefficients of sensitivity to friction (CsF) and to impact (Csi) according to the known operating modes used in this technical field.

On réalise à titre d'exemples les diverses compositions suivantes sous forme de pains selon les indications précédentes que l'on teste comme précisa ci-dessus, en même temps qu'une composition de référence décrite selon l'exemple I du brevet FR-A-2 560 186.The following various compositions are produced by way of examples in the form of breads according to the preceding indications which are tested as specified above, together with a reference composition described according to Example I of patent FR-A-2,560,186.

COMPOSITION 1 :COMPOSITION 1:

  • - 25 parties de magnésium,- 25 parts of magnesium,
  • - 70 parties de clonacire 90,- 70 parts of clonacire 90,
  • - 15 parties de polyfluorure de vinylidène.- 15 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride.
COMPOSITION 2 :COMPOSITION 2:

  • - 25 parties de magnésium,- 25 parts of magnesium,
  • - 70 parties de clonacire 115,- 70 parts of clonacire 115,
  • - 15 parties de polyfluorure de vinylidène.- 15 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride.
COMPOSITION 3 :COMPOSITION 3:

  • - 25 parties de magnésium,- 25 parts of magnesium,
  • - 70 parties de clonacire 115,- 70 parts of clonacire 115,
  • - 15 parties de polyfluorure de vinylidène,- 15 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride,
  • - 2 parties de fibres de carbone.- 2 parts of carbon fibers.
COMPOSITION 4 :COMPOSITION 4:

  • - 17 parties de magnésium,- 17 parts of magnesium,
  • - 70 parties de clonacire 115,- 70 parts of clonacire 115,
  • - 13 parties de polyfluorure de vinylidène.- 13 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride.
TABLEAU 1 CritèresTABLE 1 Criteria

Figure imgb0001
Figure imgb0001
Figure imgb0002
Figure imgb0002

On observe un fluage sans contrainte qui montre que les compositions 1 et 2 ne sont pas sensibles à la fissuration. On obtient des résultats analogues avec les compositions 3 et 4.An unconstrained creep is observed, which shows that compositions 1 and 2 are not sensitive to cracking. Similar results are obtained with compositions 3 and 4.

Les résultats donnés ci-après dans les tableaux 3 et 4 sont obtenus dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales, dans un tunnel figurant un écoulement laminaire des fumées générées.

  • - masse de composition fumigène 1,5 à 1,7 Kg
  • - diamètre de l'artifice 80 mm
  • - vent 1,20 m/s
  • - fumée générée à 21 cm de l'axe de mesure
  • - section de la veine de fumée 1 m2
  • - trajet optique d = 1 m
The results given below in Tables 3 and 4 are obtained under the same experimental conditions, in a tunnel showing a laminar flow of the fumes generated.
  • - mass of smoke composition 1.5 to 1.7 Kg
  • - diameter of the device 80 mm
  • - wind 1.20 m / s
  • - smoke generated 21 cm from the measuring axis
  • - section of the smoke stream 1 m2
  • - optical path d = 1 m

Le pouvoir d'occultation résulte du traitement couleur d'une image thermique et est exprimée en secondes.The blackout power results from the color processing of a thermal image and is expressed in seconds.

C'est le temps pendant lequel l'atténuation du signal est supérieure à un pourcentage dans la bande considérée.It is the time during which the signal attenuation is greater than a percentage in the band considered.

Le coefficient d'absorption A lk obtenu grace au spectrioradiomètre, traduit la capacité d'une fumée à occulter pendant un temps très court mais n'est pas représentatif du pouvoir anti-infrarouge dans le temps.

Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004
 The absorption coefficient A lk obtained thanks to the spectrioradiometer, reflects the capacity of a smoke to obscure for a very short time but is not representative of the anti-infrared power over time.
Figure imgb0003
Figure imgb0004

On voit que la composition 4 a d'excellentes capacités anti-infrarouge. Sa densité optimale et sa faible vitesse de combustion la rendent apte à la réalisation de fumigène de gros calibre supérieur à 120 mm.It can be seen that composition 4 has excellent anti-infrared capacities. Its optimal density and low combustion speed make it suitable for producing large caliber smoke greater than 120 mm.

Claims (8)

1. Castable pyrotechnic composition for producing opaque smoke to impede the transmission of infrared radiation from a target to a sensor, of the type including a compound generating carbon particles having dimensions between 1 and 14 gm, caracterized by the fact that the composition includes a halogenated aromatic compound with welded nucleus having a melting point between 75° C and 120°C and a halogenation ratio greater than 3, a fluorinated carbon compound, and a metal powder, reacting together at a temperature of the order of 1500° C.
2. Pyrotechnic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aromatic compound is represented by chloro naphtalene, the fluoro compound by vinylidene polyfluoride and the metal powder by magnesium.
3. Pyrotechnic composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein it contains 50 to 90 parts by weight of carbon compound, 8 to 20 parts of vinylidene polyfluoride and 15 to 25 parts by weight of metal powder.
4. Pyrotechnic composition claimed in claim 3, wherein it includes - 25 parts by weight of magnesium,
- 70 parts by weight of chloronophthalene,
- 15 parts by weight of vinylidene polyfluoride.
5. Pyrotechnic composition claimed in claim 3, wherein it includes:
- 17 parts by weight of magnesium,
- 70 parts by weight of chloronaphthalene,
- 13 parts by weight of vinyledene polyfluoride.
6. Pyrotechnic composition as claimed in claim 3, wherein it also includes fibers of carbon structure.
7. Pyrotechnic composition claimed in claim 6, wherein the fibers are chosen among the polyamids, nylon or carbon.
8. Pyrotechnic composition claimed in claim 7, wherein it includes:
- 25 parts by weight of magnesium,
- 70 parts by weight of chloronaphthalene,
- 15 parts by weight of vinylidene polyfluoride,
- 2 parts by weight of carbon fibers.
EP86401123A 1985-06-07 1986-05-27 Fumes producing castable compositions efficacious in the infra-red range Expired EP0210082B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8508603 1985-06-07
FR8508603A FR2583037B1 (en) 1985-06-07 1985-06-07 EFFICIENT FLOWABLE SMOKING COMPOSITIONS IN INFRARED

Publications (2)

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EP0210082A1 EP0210082A1 (en) 1987-01-28
EP0210082B1 true EP0210082B1 (en) 1988-08-10

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EP (1) EP0210082B1 (en)
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NO (1) NO164591C (en)

Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1371934B1 (en) 2002-06-12 2016-01-13 NEXTER Munitions Masking ammunition

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2617474B1 (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-01-05 Lacroix E Tous Artifices PYROTECHNIC COMPOSITION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OPAQUE SMOKE WITH INFRARED RADIATION, MANUFACTURING METHOD AND LURE COMPRISING SUCH A COMPOSITION
DE3728380C1 (en) * 1987-08-26 1988-11-24 Nico Pyrotechnik Pyrotechnic mixture for the production of a camouflage mist and ignition mixture therefor
DE4030430C1 (en) * 1990-09-26 1993-12-02 Buck Chem Tech Werke Compsn. for generating IR-opaque smoke, esp. for camouflage - contains magnesium@ powder, fluoro:polymer, chloro:paraffin and aromatic cpd., esp. anthracene, phthalic anhydride, 2-benzoyl-pyridine etc.
GB9120801D0 (en) * 1991-10-01 1995-03-08 Secr Defence Propelled pyrotechnic decoy flare
GB9120803D0 (en) * 1991-10-01 1995-03-08 Secr Defence Pyrotechnic decoy flare
DE4230826C1 (en) * 1992-09-15 1994-03-03 Buck Chem Tech Werke Camouflage method for protecting a military object and camouflage particles for its implementation
GB2274840B (en) * 1993-02-05 1997-04-09 Standard Fireworks Ltd Composition and device incorporating it
US5470408A (en) * 1993-10-22 1995-11-28 Thiokol Corporation Use of carbon fibrils to enhance burn rate of pyrotechnics and gas generants
DE4337071C1 (en) * 1993-10-29 1995-03-02 Nico Pyrotechnik Pyrotechnic smoke charge for camouflage purposes and its use in a smoke body
FR2930984A1 (en) * 1994-03-15 2009-11-13 Poudres Et Explosifs Snpe Sa S METHOD AND AMMUNITION OF COUNTER-MEASUREMENT BY UNIDIRECTIONAL VISION SCREEN
FR2878320B1 (en) 2004-11-22 2009-05-08 Giat Ind Sa AMMUNITION OR COMPONENT OF AMMUNITION COMPRISING A STRUCTURAL ENERGETIC MATERIAL
US7343861B1 (en) 2005-05-31 2008-03-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Device and method for producing an infrared emission at a given wavelength
DE102012015762A1 (en) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-13 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg High-performance active mass for a pyrotechnic decoy with a fluorinated carbon compound
DE102012015761A1 (en) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-13 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Active mass for a pyrotechnic decoy with high emissivity
FR3049598B1 (en) 2016-04-04 2020-06-12 Nexter Munitions EFFICIENT SMOKING COMPOSITION IN THE VISIBLE AND INFRARED FIELDS

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1371934B1 (en) 2002-06-12 2016-01-13 NEXTER Munitions Masking ammunition

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FR2583037B1 (en) 1987-11-13
US4698108A (en) 1987-10-06
EP0210082A1 (en) 1987-01-28
CA1271334A (en) 1990-07-10
NO164591B (en) 1990-07-16
DE3660487D1 (en) 1988-09-15
NO164591C (en) 1990-10-24
NO861901L (en) 1986-12-08

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