EP0209336A2 - Digital sound synthesizer and method - Google Patents
Digital sound synthesizer and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0209336A2 EP0209336A2 EP86305358A EP86305358A EP0209336A2 EP 0209336 A2 EP0209336 A2 EP 0209336A2 EP 86305358 A EP86305358 A EP 86305358A EP 86305358 A EP86305358 A EP 86305358A EP 0209336 A2 EP0209336 A2 EP 0209336A2
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- signal
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- sets
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- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K15/00—Acoustics not otherwise provided for
- G10K15/02—Synthesis of acoustic waves
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Filters That Use Time-Delay Elements (AREA)
- Complex Calculations (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to the synthesis of audio signals from stored digital data and more particularly to a synthesizer in which the stored data are sets of the coefficients of a recursive filter and where each set is applied to the filter for a fixed time period, the periods totaling the duration of the synthesized audio signal.
- Acoustic trainers are typically required to produce signatures characteristic of signals received from sources in a real ocean environment. Traditionally, the broadband and harmonic spectral content of targets and the broadband content of background noise have been emphasized for replication. Recently, active echoes and reverberation have been added to the trainer repertoire. An additional component of the acoustic environment which is required for purposeful training is the set of transient signatures. These include occasional and also continuous biologic emissions, hatch openings and closings, ice fractures in the arctic environment, undersea seismic disturbances, and the noise of submerged wrecks moving with currents - just to name a few. The synthesis of these transients has typically resided in an instructor controlled analog tape recorder. The disadvantage of this approach is the large number of tapes required and/or the problem of and time required for locating a particular sound ! amongst a number of sounds on a long tape. In additon, the control of the tape recorder and its connection are cumbersome
- It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a computer controlled synthesis system providing transient audio signals. It is also an object of this invention to provide a system which is not cumbersome and is easy to use in the selection of different stored transient sounds. It is a further object of this invention to provide a digital synthesizer with denser packaging (smaller volume) for storing a large repertoire of audio sound signals. It is a still further object to produce a synthesizer which is more reliable than the analog synthesizer of the prior art.
- It is a feature of this invention that the method of synthesis utilizes linear prediction coding techniques to derive time-varying-filter coefficients. These coefficients are stored in digital form and are used to program a recursive filter which is driven by white noise. The resulting signatures are then an inherent part of the trainer and are generated under complete computer control.
- The aforementioned problems are overcome and other objects and advantages of this invention are provided by a system which approximates the desired transient signature by the storage of sets of coefficients of a recursive digital filter, which coefficients are updated periodically thereby resulting in an output from the recursive filter which is a close approximation of the actual transient signature. It is assumed that an autoregressive model will provide an adequate description of the desired transient signature. The signature which is desired to be synthesized is most easily obtained from a recording of the signature which is later to be synthesized. Because the spectral content of the transient signature is time varying, the auto-regressive model is nonstationary and must be updated periodically. Therefore, the transient signature is synthesized by considering the signal to be comprised of a serial sequence of blocks of the signal. Each block of the signal has its amplitude sampled to provide 1024 samples of digital data. The autocorrelation function of the 1024 amplitude samples provides the 12 most significant autocorrelation values and a gain value which is obtained through the normalization of the autocorrelation values.
- A matrix equation is obtained relating the autocorrelation values of the actual signal to the unknown coefficients of a recursive filter. The system of equation of the matrix is solved for each block of data and the filter coefficients are stored. Through the synthesizer signature the coefficients are periodically updated in real-time by a control processor. The coefficients are recovered from memory in real-time and provided to the recursive filter circuitry whose output is provided to a digital to analog converter to produce audible sound replicating the original transient signature.
- The aforementioned aspects and other features, objects and advantages of the method and apparatus of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
- FIG. 1 shows the waveform of the original transient audio signal which is reproduced by the synthesizer of this invention;
- FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram of a time-varying recursive filter;
- FIG. 3 is an analog representation of an embodiment of the synthesizer of this invention; and
- FIG. 4 is a digital implementation of a preferred embodiment of the synthesizer of this invention.
- The transient
analog signal 10 of figure 1 which is to be simulated by the apparatus of this invention is operated upon by first partitioning the analog signal into a sequence of frames 11. The time duration of each frame is determined by examining the power spectral characteristics of the signal over a multiple of frame durations and then choosing the maximum duration over which those spectral characteristics are essentially constant. The greater the frequency exteht of the power distribution, the shorter is the time period for that frame. The signal within each frame is then periodically sampled at a rate Tc exceeding the Nyquist rate and stored in digital form. The set of samples 12 which is stored for each signal frame is a block of digital data. One block of data results for each signal frame. The number of sample points per block is determined by the frame duration and by the highest frequency contained in the data signal waveform which is to be synthesized. At least two and preferably four data points are obtained within a signal frame for the highest frequency component within that frame. The sample data points contained within each block are autocorrelated and a selected number of the autocorrelation coefficients are determined. The number of autocorrelations values which are used is equal to the least number required to reduce the autocorrelation coefficient recursive prediction residual to an acceptable fraction of the zero lag autocorrelation value. An acceptable fraction is commonly 0.01. The autocorrelation values are normalized by a factor R which provide unity value of the autocorrelation coefficient at zero displacement. For the waveforms and block times utilized in embodiments of this invention, it is found that twelve autocorrelation coefficients are adequate to produce synthesized audio signals which are indistinguishable from the original signal from which the autocorrelation functions were obtained. The autocorrelation function coefficients have been designated by the letters ao, al, ... am with the subscript indicating the relative lag displacement of the autocorrelated data blocks. The unity value coefficient ao is the normalized autocorrelation coefficient at zero relative displacement. - The covariance matrix is next employed to determine the values for the multiplication factors "b" applied to the output of each of the delay units of the recursive filter as shown in FIG. 2. The covariance matrix is given below where "a" with subscripts are the normalized autocorrelation coefficient values. "b" with subscripts are the covariance matrix coefficients obtained from the covariance matrix and are the multiplying factors which are applied to the multipliers of the recursive filter in addition to the gain factor A.
- The transient and biologic signatures are generated by feeding "white" (uncorrelated) noise samples S(n) through a time-varying recursive digital filter. The transfer function of this filter, G(Z), is given as
- . G(Z) = -A/(1,- b1z-1 - b2z-2 ..., - bmz-m)
- Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown an analog representation of a circuit for the implementation of the synthesizer of this invention. The
analog synthesizer 50 comprises apseudo-random noise generator 51 which produces an analog output signal having a value between zero and one which changes with every clock pulse input, the clock pulses having a period Tc which is the same period as that at which theoriginal signal 10 was sampled. The clock pulses are provided byclock pulse generator 52 which also provides the clock pulses to thecounter 53 having a modulo F where F is the number of samples of the analog signal in one block time. Thecounter 53 provides block pulses whose period Tf is equal to the period of the clock pulses Tc multiplied by the number of samples F, Tf = Tc , F. At the end of each block a pulse having period Tf is applied to thememory 54 to produce a new set of analog numbers A1, -b1, ..., -bm. Thememory 54 is represented as a multi-pole switch having n + 1 poles with theswitch arms 55 moving by one switch position in response to each energization of theswitch coil 56 by the pulse Tf. Each set of coefficients appearsat a selected position ofswitch arms 25. As shown in FIG. 2, the initial position of the switch arm provides the set of coefficients A, -bl, ..., -bm. The second switch arm position which would exist as a result of one pulse Tf would provide a different set of coefficients for the second block time; namely, A', -bl', ..., -bm'. The last set of coefficients corresponding to the last block of the sampled input signal is provided by thememory 54 as A k, -bl k, ..., . -bm k, where k is the number of blocks. - The output of the
pseudo-random noise generator 51 is provided to amultiplier 57 whose other input during a block time is the amplitude coefficient A. The output ofmultiplier 57 is provided at one input of the summingcircuit 58. The output of the summingcircuit 58 is provided as the input to a delay unit 591 whose output is provided to delay unit 592 and tomultiplier 571. The other input tomultiplier 571 is the coefficient -bl provided by thememory 54 during the first time block. The output ofmultiplier 571 is provided at another input to the summingcircuit 58. The time delay provided by delay 591 is equal to the interpulse period Tc of the clock pulses provided bygenerator 52. Thecircuit 50 has a cascade of delay elements 592, ..., 59m connected serially to the delay 591. The output of the summer circuit is the desired simulated signal which corresponds to the original signal which is being simulated. This simulated signal is designated as y(n). The output of each delay unit 591, 592, ..., 59m is correspondingly y(n - 1), y(n - 2), ..., y(n - m). Thecircuit 50 will, therefore, provide an output y(n) in accordance with the equation presented earlier which sounds like the original audio signal which was sampled to provide coefficients b in the manner described earlier and stored inmemory 54. - Referring now to the block diagram of FIG. 4 showing an embodiment of the invention, the coefficients which have been computed in the manner detailed in the preceding paragraphs are stored in sequential addresses of a RAM or
ROM coefficient memory 31. In the example of the embodiment of this invention, it will be assumed that seven coefficients bi through b7 of FIG. 2 together with the gain factor A are adequate for the synthesis and are stored in the first eight addresses 0, ..., 7 ofmemory 31. Addresses 8, ..., 15 will contain the coefficients A', -bl', ..., -b7 l. Successive groups of eight addresses ofRAM 31 have successive groups of coefficients A, -bl through -b7, (one group for each block of signal data) with the total number of groups of coefficients equaling the number of blocks of the original audio signal which is to be simulated by thesynthesizer 30 of FIG. 4. Theaddress generator 32 comprises acounter 33 of modulo m (m = 8 for the group of eight addresses), acounter 34 of modulo L (L = number of sample points per block), ablock counter 341 responsive to the Lth count ofcounter 34 and abuffer register 35.Counter 33 has clock input pulses provided byclock pulse generator 61 having a period Tc/m equal to the sampling period of the original audio signal divided by the number of coefficients "m" in a group (m = 8 in this example).Counter 34 has input clock pulses having a period Tc obtained from the modulo eightoutput line 44 ofcounter 33.Counter 34 is of modulo L, where L is the number of samples per block of input signal. The output pulse ofcounter 34 at the count of L increments by one theblock counter 341. The output count ofcounter 341 is provided to the more significant bits (MSB) ofbuffer register 35 which provide the block address to thememory 31. The output count on line 33' ofcounter 33 is provided as the least significant bits (LSB) ofregister 35. Therefore, the output address ofaddress generator 32 online 321 will initially produce (throughadder 65 and register 66) the sequential addresses 0, ..., 7 to thememory 31 repetitively for the number of samples L in the block, followed by the addresses 8, ..., 15, repeated L times, etc. Therefore, thememory 31 output will be a group of sequential coefficients A, -bl, ..., -bm at a period Tc/8 (foraddresses 1 through 8) repeated L times because of the modulo L ofcounter 34. Block counter 341 which is incremented by one changes the MSB ofregister 35 so that the addresses 8, ..., 15 ofmemory 31 provide the next group of coefficients A', -b'1, ..., -b'm repeated L times also. This process of providing successive groups of coefficients to synthesize blocks of a signal continues until thememory 31 addresses contain no coefficients. - The
pseudo-random noise generator 36 produces a 16-bit word for every 16-bit coefficient provided bymemory 31. The word produced bynoise generator 36 is stored in a 16-bit register 37. Thememory 31 also produces the coefficients as 16-bit digital words and stores the words inregister 38.Registers multiplier 39 which provides a 32-bit output word to adder 40.Adder 40 provides an input to accumulator register 41 whose output is provided as a second input to adder 40 and whose output is provided also as an input to switch 42.Switch 42 is open except when closed in response to a pulse online 44 provided by the moculo m output ofcounter 33 to therandom access memory 45. Thecounter 33 of modulo 8 provides clock pulses Tc online 44 as an input to counter 47 which increments a write address tomemory 45 at a time such that theswitch 42 provides the output y(n) as an input tomemory 45.Switch 46 is also responsive to clock pulses at the period Tprovided by counter 33 online 44. Closing ofswitch 46 by a pulse online 44 allows the 16-bit number fromrandom number generator 36 to be provided to theregister 37 at that time as stated earlier. Since pulses inlines 44 only occur during the eighth count ofcounter 33, during the remaining seven other outputs ofcounter 33,switch 46 has aninput 461 connected to the output ofmemory 45. The write address provided by counter 47 atoutput 48 is provided as one input to subtractcircuit 49. The other input tosubtractor 49 is the output count from counter 33 online 331. The read address is provided at the time that theswitch 46input line 461 is providing a signal corresponding to that address frommemory 45 to theregister 37. - In operation, the circuit of FIG. 4 provides a newly calculated value of y(n) at intervals corresponding to the original sampling period Tc. Initially, the
RAM 31 generates an amplitude coefficient A which is stored inregister 38 and multiplied inmultiplier 39 by the output x(n) of therandom noise generator 38 provided to register 37 through closedswitch 46. The product A · x(n) is stored inaccumulation register 41.Switch 42 is open and no output appears to be read intomemory 45 through itsinput register 60. At the next occurrence of clock pulse Tc, theswitch 46 connectsregister 37 with the output ofmemory 45.Subtractor circuit 49 has aninput address 48 and an input address 33' which causes the next read address presented tomemory 45 to be the address next preceding that at which the output y(n) has been written in bywrite address counter 47. This address will cause the value y(n - 1) to be read out to theregister 37. At the same time, theaddress generator 32 is indexed to the second address ofmemory 31 and the value -bl will be read out and provided to register 38. The resulting product provided bymultiplier 39, -bly(n - 1), is added inadder 40 to the previously stored value Ax(n) inregister 41 and the sum (Ax(n) - bly(n - 1)) is then stored inaccumulation register 41. The next timing pulse Tc/m causes the read address provided tomemory 45 to be decremented by one and provide the output y(n - 2) to theregister 37 throughswitch 46. At the same time, the address provided tomemory 31 is incremented by one to provide the coefficient -b2 to register 38. The contents of theregisters multiplier 39 to provide -b2y(n - 2) which is added inadder 40 to the exiting contents (Ax(n) - bly(n - 1)) ofaccumulation register 41 and the result (Ax(n) - bly(n - 1) - b2y(n - 2)) is then stored inregister 41. This process continues until the last coefficient b7 at the eighth address ofmemory 31 is provided to register 38 and the contents ofmemory 45 at the address containing y(n - 7) are multiplied, added and accumulated inregister 41 which is then cleared and read out throughswitch 42 by a pulse online 44 to inputregister 60.Register 60 then contains the output y(n + 1) (which becomes the new value of y(n)) which is written into the next sequential address ofmemory 45 inasmuch as thewrite address counter 47 responsive to a pulse at therate 1/Tc online 44 fromcounter 33 has caused the write address online 48 to be incremented by one. When the new value of y(n) appears at the output ofregister 41,switch 42 is caused to close by a pulse online 44 to thereby provide a new y(n) output and to provide this new value as the input to thememory 45 at the incremented address. The output y(n) ofswitch 42 is in digital form and is converted to an analog signal Y(n) in digital-to-analog converter 62. Signal Y(n) is smoothed infilter 63 to remove the sampling frequency components, centered atfrequencies 1/Tc and multiples thereof, and to thereby provide the synthesized analog signal y(t) that is desired corresponding to the blocks of coefficients selected by the initial address provided bystart address register 64 which is added inadder 65 to the output ofbuffer register 35 and stored inregister 66 before being provided tocoefficient memory 31. Thecomputer 67 is programmed to provide one or a series of start addresses at predetermined time intervals to register 64 in response to a START command to thereby produce one or a series of timed, different synthesized audio output signals y(t), each corresponding to a different start address. - Having described a preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating its concept may be used. It is believed, therefore, that this invention should not be restricted to the disclosed embodiment but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US75622085A | 1985-07-18 | 1985-07-18 | |
US756220 | 1985-07-18 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0209336A2 true EP0209336A2 (en) | 1987-01-21 |
EP0209336A3 EP0209336A3 (en) | 1987-05-20 |
EP0209336B1 EP0209336B1 (en) | 1991-03-13 |
Family
ID=25042526
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86305358A Expired - Lifetime EP0209336B1 (en) | 1985-07-18 | 1986-07-11 | Digital sound synthesizer and method |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0209336B1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU588334B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3678054D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2000520A6 (en) |
IL (1) | IL79268A0 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5005204A (en) * | 1985-07-18 | 1991-04-02 | Raytheon Company | Digital sound synthesizer and method |
EP0436397A2 (en) * | 1990-01-02 | 1991-07-10 | Raytheon Company | Sound synthesizer |
EP0535570A1 (en) * | 1991-10-01 | 1993-04-07 | Rockwell International Corporation | Transient detection processing, especially underwater acoustic signal recognition |
EP0575033A1 (en) * | 1992-06-17 | 1993-12-22 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Architecture for covariance matrix generation |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4344148A (en) * | 1977-06-17 | 1982-08-10 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | System using digital filter for waveform or speech synthesis |
FR2510288A1 (en) * | 1981-07-24 | 1983-01-28 | Labo Cent Telecommunicat | Underwater noise generator for sonar simulation - uses auto-correlator, to generate filter coefficients in series with white noise generator and predictive analysers |
GB2103908A (en) * | 1981-07-31 | 1983-02-23 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Linear predictive coder |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1603993A (en) * | 1977-06-17 | 1981-12-02 | Texas Instruments Inc | Lattice filter for waveform or speech synthesis circuits using digital logic |
-
1986
- 1986-06-25 AU AU59230/86A patent/AU588334B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-06-27 IL IL79268A patent/IL79268A0/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-07-11 DE DE8686305358T patent/DE3678054D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-07-11 EP EP86305358A patent/EP0209336B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-07-17 ES ES8600360A patent/ES2000520A6/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4344148A (en) * | 1977-06-17 | 1982-08-10 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | System using digital filter for waveform or speech synthesis |
FR2510288A1 (en) * | 1981-07-24 | 1983-01-28 | Labo Cent Telecommunicat | Underwater noise generator for sonar simulation - uses auto-correlator, to generate filter coefficients in series with white noise generator and predictive analysers |
GB2103908A (en) * | 1981-07-31 | 1983-02-23 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Linear predictive coder |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Makhoul, John, Proc IEEE vol 63, no 4, April 75, pages 561-580; Schmid, Charles, Int Conf on Acoustic Speech, Signal Process IEEE Boston 1983; Chapter 7 and 10 of "Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers" 2nd Edition MacGraw Hill, New York, 1975 * |
NHK LABORATORIES NOTE, no. 209, February 1977, pages 2-12, NHK, Tokyo, JP; K. OZEKI: "A speech analysis and synthesis system by linear prediction for pitch controlled speech compilation experiments" * |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5005204A (en) * | 1985-07-18 | 1991-04-02 | Raytheon Company | Digital sound synthesizer and method |
EP0436397A2 (en) * | 1990-01-02 | 1991-07-10 | Raytheon Company | Sound synthesizer |
EP0436397A3 (en) * | 1990-01-02 | 1992-09-02 | Raytheon Company | Sound synthesizer |
EP0535570A1 (en) * | 1991-10-01 | 1993-04-07 | Rockwell International Corporation | Transient detection processing, especially underwater acoustic signal recognition |
US5278774A (en) * | 1991-10-01 | 1994-01-11 | Rockwell International Corporation | Alarm for transient underwater events |
EP0575033A1 (en) * | 1992-06-17 | 1993-12-22 | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. | Architecture for covariance matrix generation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0209336B1 (en) | 1991-03-13 |
ES2000520A6 (en) | 1988-03-01 |
AU588334B2 (en) | 1989-09-14 |
DE3678054D1 (en) | 1991-04-18 |
EP0209336A3 (en) | 1987-05-20 |
IL79268A0 (en) | 1986-09-30 |
AU5923086A (en) | 1987-01-22 |
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