EP0206901A1 - Arrangement for the control and surveillance of an industrial plant by optical transmission of information and commands - Google Patents

Abstract

The industrial installation comprises an active zone (III) with which are associated measuring and control means and an operator's station (I) separated from the active zone. Light radiation is supplied to measurement, control and command means (15) located in the active zone, from the driving position, by means of an optical fiber (8) joining the active zone to the driving position. Radiation with a wide spectral band is sent into the fiber (8) from the driving position (1) then split into unitary radiations to supply each of the means (15). The invention applies to numerous industrial installations and in particular to nuclear reactors.

Description

The invention relates to a method and a device for controlling and monitoring an industrial installation by transmitting information and orders by optical means.

There are known industrial installations which include an active part in which the industrial process is carried out and a control and monitoring station separate from the area containing the active part of the installation. The active part of the industrial installation includes means of measurement, control and command which are associated with its various components to allow their control and monitoring. These measurement, control and command means are extremely numerous and must be connected to the driving position by a set of conductors making it possible to transmit the information and the orders ensuring the command and control of the installation in operation.

In a complex industrial installation, the control and command measurement means are capable of ensuring the acquisition, transmission and / or reception of very different types of information and orders. This information relates both to parameters of the industrial process such as temperatures, pressures or flow rates as well as to positions of components such as valves or valves. In addition to information relating to the industrial process, the system can transmit information from test equipment or ensuring communications between operators or any other type of information.

In the case of certain industrial installations, the conditions prevailing in the area containing the active part make it extremely difficult. the acquisition, transmission and / or reception of information or orders in this active area.

This is the case for nuclear power plants comprising a pressurized water nuclear reactor in which it is necessary to carry out measurements in the reactor building which is not accessible during the operation of this reactor. The requirement for very high reliability and high fidelity of the data acquisition and transmission device necessitates fairly frequent checks of these acquisition and transmission means. It is also necessary to protect it from the influence of the environment in which the industrial process takes place.

In the systems known from the prior art. the data is acquired, transmitted and used in the form of electrical signals passing through conductors joining the driver's station to the active area of the industrial installation. In the case where strong magnetic fields are developed in this active area, it is necessary to isolate the conductors from these magnetic fields and for example to use shielded cables for the passage of the conductors. This is the case, for example, in metallurgical or steel plants.

In all cases, it is necessary to insulate the conductors effectively and to carry out an earthing of the cable protection elements and their mechanical support. In some installations it is necessary to use high cost coaxial cables for low level electrical signals and high speed digital information. Galvanic decoupling devices must also be provided between the places where information is collected.

In certain installations, it can be extremely dangerous to transport electric currents, even of low intensity, near flammable or explosive substances or environments. This is the case, for example, for petroleum or petrochemical installations or for processing natural gas. These risks are further increased when current sources are necessary, in the vicinity of the command or control measurement means in the active part of the installation.

On the other hand, in the case of complex installations comprising a large number of measurement and control means and therefore a large number of connections with the driving position, it is necessary to minimize the volume and the cost of the conductors binding used; it is also necessary to provide for possibilities of increasing the number of connections, in the case of a modification of the industrial process or an improvement of this process requiring a greater number of measurements or controls. To obtain these results, it has been proposed to use electronic multiplexers-demultiplexers which make it possible both to reduce the number of connections required between the active part of the installation and the driving position and to increase the number of points of measurement, control or command without increasing the number of connections. However, such electronic multiplexer-demultiplexers are very expensive and require local power sources, in the active part of the installation.

Telecommunications or optical control devices are also known which make it possible to join po transmission signals at reception stations, with multiplexing and demultiplexing of the modulated optical signals circulating in the optical fibers. However, the use of such devices has not been generalized in the case where it is desired to join a driving position of an industrial installation to the active area of this installation. The drawback is that such a remote transmission device by optical fibers requires the creation of light sources in the vicinity of the information transmission points and therefore in the vicinity of the measurement sensors, in the active area of the industrial installation, driving and monitoring are carried out. These light sources require, for their creation, the presence of electrical sources in the vicinity of the active members of the industrial installation.

It has also been proposed in US-A-4,367,040, to supply temperature measurement sensors placed in different positions in a rotor, from fixed optical sources, independent of the rotor. A broad spectral band radiation is formed by coupling these sources and sent into an optical device carried by the rotor; this device splits the broad spectrum radiation into unit radiations of different wavelengths which are each sent to a temperature sensor. No material link obviously exists between the fixed optical sources and the rotor and the broad spectrum light radiation is sent in the axis of the rotor to be recovered by the optical device carried by the rotor. The distance traveled by the light radiation to reach the rotor can be kept very low.

In the case of an industrial installation whose active area must be separated and distant from the area where light radiation is created, it is not possible to use such a technique.

The object of the invention is therefore to propose a method for operating and monitoring an industrial installation by transmitting information and orders by optical means, the industrial installation comprising an active part to which measurement means, control and command are associated and a driving and monitoring station separate from the area where the active part is located by a significant distance, at least one optical fiber ensuring the transmission of information and orders between the active part of the installation and the driving position, this process should make it possible to benefit as much as possible from the advantages of an optical transmission by avoiding any presence of electric current sources in the active part of the installation and by providing a perfectly identified optical radiation associated with each means of measurement, control or command.

To this end, the monitoring and control measurement means located in the active part of the installation are supplied with unit light radiation, from the driving position and through the optical fiber, by sending this optical fiber , from the driving position, a broad spectral band of light radiation and by dividing this light radiation into unit light rays to supply each of the control and command measurement means.

The invention also relates to a device for controlling and monitoring an industrial installation allowing the transmission of information. optical orders and orders.

In order to clearly understand the invention, we will now describe, by way of nonlimiting examples, several embodiments of the method and of the device according to the invention used for the control and monitoring of a nuclear power plant comprising a reactor pressurized water.

Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the entire device allowing the transmission of information by optical means between the control room and the active part of the power plant comprising the reactor building, in the case where the device uses polychromators.

Fig. 2 is a schematic view of a device for transmitting information and orders between the control room and the active part of the central unit, in the case where the device uses couplers and polychromators.

Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of the device for transmitting information and orders shown in FIG. 2.

Fig. 4 is an alternative embodiment of the order transmission means of the device shown in FIG. 3.

Fig. 5 is a schematic view of an alternative embodiment of a device for transmitting information and orders using a single optical fiber for supplying the sensors and recovering information.

In Fig. 1, the space in which the device is located has been separated by vertical fictitious lines 1 into three successive zones I, II and III.

Zone I corresponds to the control room of the nuclear power plant, zone III corresponds to the active zone of the nuclear reactor comprising the reactor building and zone II represents the space existing between the control room and the reactor building.

The space occupied by the optical device represented has also been separated into three zones A, B and C, by fictitious horizontal lines 2 intersecting the vertical lines 1.

Zone A corresponds to the function of generation of the optical sources in the device; zone B corresponds to the modulation of light radiation in the sensors for acquiring the measured parameters of the power station; zone C corresponds to the transmission to the control room of the modulated light signals representing the measurements carried out in the active zone.

The functional part of the device located in zone A comprises, inside the control room, for the generation of the optical sources, four oscillators 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d and four regulators 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d ensuring the stability of the four sources 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d thus created. The source generation assembly further includes in the control room 1 a polychromator 6 which ensures the coupling of the optical sources 5 and the emission of broad spectral band radiation into an optical fiber 8.

The optical sources 5 are in fact generated by the devices 3 and 4 so as to obtain by coupling of these sources a broad spectral band radiation sent at the output of the polychromator 6 in the optical fiber 8.

The polychromator 6 can be of the multi-electric type as described in French patent 2,530,393 or with networks as described in French patents 2,479,981 and 2,543,768.

According to the invention, the broadband spectral radiation is transported by the optical fiber 8, through the intermediate zone II, between the control room and the active part of the nuclear power plant. The output end of the optical fiber 8 leads to the input of a polychromator 10 which can also be of the multi-electric or network type.

In the case of a multi-dielectric polychromator 10 constituted by a set of spherical mirrors, some of which are with dielectric layers, the end of the fiber 8 ends in the vicinity of the focal point of one of the mirrors. Dielectric layer mirrors are selective for given wavelengths and each mirror is determined to separate by transmission or selection a band of small spectral width. The rays specific to each mirror converge at the focal point of this mirror where the input end of an optical fiber 12 is placed. The fibers 12 constitute the output fibers of the polychromator 10 placed in the active zone of the installation, by example in the reactor building of the nuclear power plant. There is thus created by wavelength fractionation of the radiation transmitted by the fiber 8 a set of unit radiations of small spectral width centered around a characteristic wavelength which are collected by optical fibers 12 inside of the active area of the control panel.

In array polychromators, the end of the emission optical fiber 8 is placed in the vicinity of the focal point of a concave mirror associated with a plane diffraction grating. The light rays coming from the optical fiber 8 are thus returned by the concave mirror parallel to the axis of the mirror towards the diffraction grating. The light rays are then sent to the concave mirror which focuses them at particular points on its focal plane, depending on their wavelength. The output optical fibers 12 of the polychromator have their input end situated in the focal plane of the mirror, in positions corresponding to the wavelengths that they are responsible for transmitting.

There are at the output of the polychromator 10 forty optical fibers 12 making it possible to collect unitary radiations with a narrow spectral width centered around a perfectly determined wavelength.

The part of the device located in the functional area A corresponding to the generation of the sources therefore makes it possible to have, inside the active area of the installation, a large number of perfectly distinct light radiations thanks to their wavelength , without having to use optical sources placed in the active area. This avoids having to create optical sources in the active area of the installation, using means which require electrical sources.

Each of the optical fibers 12 is connected to a particular sensor 15 inside the active zone of the installation, each sensor 15 being associated with an element of the industrial installation for carrying out a measurement or a control. The sensors 15 can be of different types and constitute for example all or nothing or all or little optical sensors making it possible to determine the position or the pre sence of a system member, displacement sensors operating on the principle of varying the amplitude of light fluxes of different wavelengths, control elements by optical signal, direct optical sensors operating by modifying the characteristics of the optical fiber itself, under the influence of various external parameters (temperature, pressure) or even electro-optical modulation sensors operating according to the principle of index variation under the action of an electric field .

Certain connections provided by the fibers 12 are used for permanent control of the optical transmission device.

At the output of the sensors 15. the modulated light rays are transmitted by optical fibers 16 extending the fibers 12 beyond the sensors, to a polychromator 17 which makes it possible to collect the various radiations at the output of the sensors. An optical fiber 18 is placed at the output of the polychromator 17 to collect the various modulated light radiations received by this polychromator 17. The optical fiber 18 thus ensures the simultaneous and independent transmission of light radiations representing the state of the forty sensors 15. The polychromator 17 Multiplexing of the light information from the sensors 15 thus takes place. The fiber 18 joins the polychromator 17 located in the active area to a polychromator 19 placed in the control room. The polychromator 19 demultiplexes the light information which is collected by optical fibers 20 making it possible to transmit the various radiations translating the measurements and information to opto-electronic converters 21 allowing their conversion into electrical signals. These electrical signals are amplified by amplifiers 22 and used in preprocessing modules 23. It is possible in these modules to carry out preliminary processing such as comparing the signals at predetermined thresholds, comparing the signals with one another or monitoring of their evolution over time.

Certain channels are used as indicated above to continuously monitor the state of the essential elements of the transmission device. Thus, a channel can be reserved, for example, to control the state of the source 5a and its supply chain 3a, 4a as well as the state of the polychromators 6, 10, 17 and 19 with regard to their area corresponding to the frequency band of the source 5a.

Other channels can be reserved to permanently monitor the state of the other sources and the parts of the corresponding polychromators.

Instead of the polychromator 6 intended to collect the radiation from the four optical sources 5, it is possible to use a coupler constituted by juxtaposition of a large diameter optical fiber with four optical fibers coming from the sources 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d. Likewise, a decoupler comprising an input channel and a plurality of output channels can be used in place of the polychromator 10. Unlike the output from a polychromator such as 10 (Fig. 1), unitary light radiation at the outlet of the decoupler has the same spectrum of wavelengths as the radiation brought by fiber 8, i.e. a spectrum corresponding to sources 5.

Such decoupler couplers are described for example in French patent 2,536,545.

Multiplexing and demultiplexing devices are used in combination with these couplers for the transmission of information, produced in the form of polychromators 17 and 19 as described with reference to FIG. 1. The modulated light radiations coming from the sensors 15 are transmitted to the polychromator 17 by fibers 16. Each fiber 16 coming from a particular sensor 18 is connected to the polychromator 17, at a well determined location of this polychromator. This makes it possible to transmit to the fiber 18 at the output of the polychromator 17 a set of radiations of different wavelengths each corresponding to a modulated radiation coming from a particular sensor. Only part of the light radiation from each sensor, corresponding to wavelengths close to a particular wavelength, is transmitted by the polychromator 17 to the fiber 18, depending on the location of the fiber 16 on the polychromator. We manage to specialize in this way the radiation from the different sensors.

In Fig. 2, the elements identical to those shown in FIG. 1 were assigned the same references. The optical sources 5a to 5d are connected to a coupler 6 'which makes it possible to send the radiation emitted by these sources into a fiber 8 itself connected at its other end to a second coupler 10'. The couplers 6 'and 10' play roles identical to those of the polychromators 6 and 10 of FIG. 1, as regards the generation of radiation supplying the sensors, this radiation however having broadband spectra such as the radiation transmitted by the fiber 8.

Similarly, the transmission of information between the active area of the central unit and the control room is ensured by a polychromator 17, an optical fiber 18 and a polychromator 19 ensuring the multiplexing, the transmission and the demultiplexing of the information respectively. The information supplied by the sensors connected to the measurement channels at the output of the coupler 10 ′ is transmitted and processed in zone C of the device as described with reference to FIG. 1. In particular, the transmitted radiation has a narrow spectrum centered on a wavelength representative of the emission sensor.

The device shown in FIG. 2 allows, in addition to its role of measurement and control on the installation, to transmit orders to certain motorized elements of this installation arranged in its active area.

For this, a modulator 25 is connected to the source 5d to allow modulation of its radiation, as a function of the commands transmitted by control members 26 to the modulator 25. The radiation coming from the source 5d is transmitted to the coupler 10 'by the optical fiber 8 and fractionated into unit radiations which are sent into optical fibers 28 connected to the power equipment of an element of the industrial installation provided with an actuator. In Fig. 2, a channel 28 is shown connected to an opto-electronic converter 29 associated with the equipment 30 for controlling a motorized valve 31. The motor 32 of this valve is controlled by means of the optical signals transmitted by the fiber 28 to the converter 29 and transformed into electrical control signals. These optical output control signals of the decoupler 10 'originate from orders transmitted by the control members 26 to the modulator 25. Each actuator having a specific addressing means only takes into account the signals which are intended for it.

In addition to the thirty measurement channels as shown and described with reference to FIG. 1, ten control channels can be used to control an equivalent number of active elements of the industrial installation.

The control of these elements in any case requires an electrical power supply 34 for powering the motor such as 32 via the electrical control equipment 30. Although the object of the invention is to transmit optically information and orders, the method allows the transmission of information from conventional electrical sensors.

Provision has also been made on the device shown in FIG. 2. the possibility of introducing information into the multiplexing polychromator 17, this information being coming from conventional electrical sensors such as 35 connected to an electro-optical interface 36 via a transmitter 37. At the output of the With the electro-optical interface 36, the electrical signals from the sensor 35 have been transformed into optical signals which are transmitted to the control station via the optical fiber 18.

In Fig. 3, an alternative embodiment of the device for transmitting information and orders shown in FIG. 2, the orders being transmitted between the control room and the active zone of the device via the polychromator 19, the fiber 18 and the polychromator 17. The orders are transmitted from a light source 40, a modulator 41 and a polychromator 42, this assembly making it possible, thanks to control members 43, to transmit orders by a plurality of optical fibers 44 connecting the output of the polychromator 42 to the polychromator 19.

The orders at the output of the polychromator 17 are transmitted as previously to optoelectronic converters such as 29 associated with control equipment such as 30 associated with an element such as 31 which is here a motorized valve comprising an actuating motor 32. The as above, it is supplied with electric power current by a power supply 34.

In this embodiment, the polychromators and the optical fiber for transmitting information were therefore used to send the orders from the control room to the active area of the central.

As a variant, we see in FIG. 4, a device for transmitting orders to the polychromator 19 of FIG. 3 constituted by an optical source 45 connected by an optical fiber 46 to a polychromator 47 comprising a plurality of output channels 48 constituted by optical fibers. On each of the channels 48 is placed a control member 50 making it possible to send an order to the corresponding equipment via the polychromator 19, the fiber 18 and the polychromator 17.

In Fig. 5, the functional area A comprises, inside the control room I, four oscillators 53a, 53b, 53c and 53d and four regulators 54a, 54b, 54c and 54d allowing the creation of optical sources 55a, 55b, 55c and 55d respectively. The regulators 54 make it possible to ensure the stability of the light sources 55 which are generated by the devices 53 and 54 so as to obtain, by coupling the radiations which they produce, a broad spectral band radiation. This coupling of sources 55a to 55d is obtained by means of a polychromator 56 which can be of the multi-electric type as described in French patent 2,530,393 or with a network as described in French patents 2,479,981 and 2,543,768.

At the outlet of the polychromator 56 is placed the inlet end of an optical fiber 58 which collects the broad spectral band radiation obtained by coupling the sources 55 in the polychromator 56.

The long optical fiber 58 makes it possible to transport the broadband spectral radiation between the control room of the reactor 1 and the active area of the power station constituted for example by the building of the reactor III, through the area II.

A coupler 59 is interposed on the path of the fiber 58, inside the control room, shortly after the output of the polychromator 56. This coupler is by way of nonlimiting example of the type described in French patent n ⁸ 2,536,545, i.e. a Y coupler.

One of the input ends of a second optical fiber 62 is placed at one of the outputs of the coupler 59. The radiation from the polychromator 56 is separated into two streams of equal light intensity. The first of these flows propagates in the fiber 58 along arrow 64 in solid lines, that is to say in the direction going from the control room I to the active area III. The second is directed in a direction orthogonal to fiber 58 and is not used in this application.

In the opposite direction, the radiation returned, after modulation in the sensors 70, by the polychromator 60 propagates in the fiber 58 according to the arrow in dotted line 65c, that is to say in the direction going from the active zone III to the control room I. This radiation is also divided into two flows of equal intensity in the coupler 59. The first of these flows returns to the source represented by the polychromator 56, without effect on it. The second flow is directed in a direction orthogonal to the fiber 58 going in the direction of the dotted arrow 65 '. to the polychromator 75.

At its end opposite to the coupler 59, the optical fiber 58 is connected to a polychromator 60 which thus receives as input, the broad spectral band radiation coming from the sources 55. This polychromator 60 makes it possible to split the broad spectral band radiation into a plurality of unit radiations perfectly distinct by their wavelength, the fractionation in the polychromator 60 making it possible to generate radiations with a narrow spectral width centered around a precise wavelength.

Forty unit light radiations are thus produced at the output of the polychromator 60 and sent into forty optical fibers 68 each connected to a sensor 70.

The assembly constituted by the polychromator 60, the fibers 68 and the sensors 70 is located inside the active zone III of the nuclear power plant.

The sensors 70 can be of different types. By way of example, the sensors 70 are of the retroreflection type, that is to say that they make it possible to return in the fiber 68, in the direction of the dotted arrow 72, the modulated radiation obtained from the incident radiation sent into the fiber 68 in the direction given by the arrow 71 in solid lines. Another example is given by the sensors 70 ′ which are of the single-pass type and which, associated outside the sensor or inside it, have a coupling device 85 which makes it possible to return the light after modulation in the sensor 70 'in the fiber 68' and in the direction of the dotted arrow 72 '.

At the output of the polychromator 60. each unit radiation characterized by its wavelength corresponding to a sensor 70 is sent by the corresponding optical fiber 68 on this sensor, modulated by the sensor according to the conditions in which the sensor is located, then returned by the optical fiber 68 to the polychromator 60. The polychromator 60 ensures the multiplexing of light rays carrying information coming from the sensors 70 and their introduction into the optical fiber 58 which allows their transport in the direction of the arrow 65 to the coupler 59 which carries out their extraction with fiber 62.

The light rays carrying the information from the sensors 70 are sent to a polychromator 75 which demultiplexes the information carried by these light rays.

At the output of the polychromator 75, the forty radiations carrying information from the forty sensors 70 are collected using optical fibers 80 and transmitted to processing devices each comprising an opto-electronic converter 81, an amplifier 82 and a pretreatment module 83.

At the output of the opto-electronic converter 81, the optical signals carrying information have been converted into electrical signals which are conventionally processed by the amplifier 82 and the module 83. For example, in the modules 83, processing can be carried out prerequisites such as comparing signals at predetermined thresholds, comparing signals with one another or monitoring their development over time.

Certain channels corresponding to optical fibers 68 in the active area of the central unit are used to permanently check the state of the elements of the optical transmission device. This is the case for channel 84 which makes it possible to test the parts of the device relating to the generation of sources, to the acquisition of information and to the multiplexing and demultiplexing of this information.

It can be seen that the advantages of the method and of the device according to the invention are that they allow the transmission of information and orders between a driving position and an active area of an industrial installation, located at a significant distance from one the other, entirely optically, without using an energy source or electrical control signals within the active area of the installation. In addition, the method also makes it possible to transmit optically the information coming from sensors with conventional electrical signals. This greatly reduces the risks when dealing with flammable or explosive substances or media. Extremely reliable operation is also obtained and requiring no intervention in the active area, which is particularly advantageous in the case of bare reactors. key. The control of the operation of the various parts of the device for transmitting information and orders by optical means can be done simultaneously for all of the means used whereas in the case of electrical commands, it is necessary to use sequential tests on the different elements.

On the other hand, fiber optic transmission devices make it possible to reduce the volume of the transmission lines used thanks to multiplexing and demultiplexing.

The measurements and orders relating to the different parts of the installation are perfectly differentiated by assigning different wavelengths to each of the measurement or order transmission channels.

The arrangement shown in FIG. 5 has the additional advantage of requiring the use of only one fiber of great length joining the driving position to the active area of the installation; this unique fiber ensures both the supply of sensors and the collection of information. The polychromator located in the active area also performs two functions: the splitting of light radiation and the multiplexing of information. This reduces the number of components required.

The invention is not limited to the embodiment which has been described. It is thus that one can imagine other means for carrying out the generation of the sources or the multiplexing and the demultiplexing of the information, the polychromators and couplers described being able to be replaced by other equivalent devices.

One can also imagine associating with the device for transmitting information and orders by optical means, certain parts processing electrical signals, this association being able to be made by means of opto-electronic converters or other interfaces ensuring a conversion of optical signals into electrical signals, or vice versa, of electrical signals into optical signals.

Finally, the method and the device according to the invention apply not only to nuclear power plants comprising a pressurized water reactor but also in other sectors of the nuclear industry, to petroleum and petrochemical installations, to chemical installations in general. , mining installations, steel installations, underwater activities or even in the field of powders and explosives. In general, the method and the device according to the invention apply in the context of numerous industrial installations implementing a continuous process, a semi-continuous process or a discontinuous process. One can also imagine its application in areas where the weight gain, even limited, is very important and more particularly, in the field of air transport and spacecraft.

Claims (15)

1.- Process for controlling and monitoring an industrial installation by transmitting information and orders by optical means, the industrial installation comprising an active part to which measurement, control and command means (15) are associated and a control and monitoring station I separated from zone III where the active part is located by a considerable distance, at least one optical fiber (8, 18) joining the active part of the installation and the driving position , characterized by the fact that the measurement, control and command means (15, 70) located in the active part of the installation are supplied with unit light radiation, from the driving position and via the optical fiber (8, 18, 58), by sending in this optical fiber (8, 18, 58) from the driving position a broad spectral band light radiation and by dividing this light radiation into unit light rays to supply each of the means measurement, control and command sets (15, 70). 2.- driving and monitoring method according to claim 1, characterized in that the radiation modulated by the control and command measurement means (15) are transmitted to the driving position in a grouped manner, via '' an optical fiber (18, 58). after multiplexing, then demultiplexed in the cockpit and transformed into electrical signals. 3.- driving method according to claim 2, characterized in that the supply of the measuring means (15) in light radiation and the transmission of radiation modulated by the measurement means (15) at the driving position are provided by a single optical fiber (58). 4.- driving method according to any one of claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that one operates a fractionation of the light radiation with broad spectral band by wavelength so as to obtain a plurality of unit radiations of different wavelengths. 5.- A driving method according to any one of claims 2 and 3, characterized in that the light radiation with broad spectral band is divided into a plurality of unit rays with broad spectral band and that the light radiation modulated by the means measurement, control and command (15, 70) are transmitted to the optical fiber (18, 58) after multiplexing each in the form of light radiation whose wavelength is characteristic of the means (15, 70) from which it came. 6.- driving method according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that orders are transmitted to elements (31) of the active area of the installation, via the optical fiber (8, 18, 58), then transformed into electrical control signals in the active area of the installation. 7.- Device for operating and monitoring an industrial installation by transmitting information and orders by optical means between a zone III containing the active part of the industrial installation and a driving position (1) separate from this active part, characterized in that it comprises: - inside the driving position I, means (3, 4) for creating at least one stable optical source (5), an optical coupling device (6) whose input receives radiation from the optical source ( 5) and whose output is connected to one end of a first optical fiber (8) and a polychromator (19) whose outputs (20) are connected to an assembly (21, 22, 23) for processing information, - And, in the active zone III of the installation, an optical radiation fractionation device (10) whose input is connected to the second end of the first optical fiber (8). a set of sensors (15) associated with the active part III of the industrial installation each connected to an output of the device (10) by an optical fiber (12) and to a second polychromator (17) by an optical fiber (16) , the second polychromator (17) being connected at its output to one of the ends of an optical fiber (18) the other end of which is connected to the input of the first polychromator (19), the fibers (8 and 18 ) joining the cockpit (1) to the active zone III of the installation. 8.- Device for controlling and monitoring an industrial installation by transmitting information and orders by optical means between a zone III containing the active part of the industrial installation and a control station I separated from this active part , characterized by the fact that it comprises: - inside the driving position (I), means (3, 4) for creating at least one stable optical source (5), an optical polychromator (6) whose input receives radiation from the optical source ( 5) and the output of which is connected to one end of a first fiber optic (8). a coupler (59) interposed on the path of the first optical fiber (58), a second optical fiber (62) connected by one of its ends to the extraction outlet of the coupler (59) and by its other end to the input of a polychromator (75) whose outputs (80) are connected to an assembly (81, 82, 83) for processing information, - And, in the active area (III) of the installation, a second polychromator (60) whose input is connected to the second end of the first optical fiber (58) and a set of optical sensors (70) associated with the active part (III) of the industrial installation each connected to an output of the second polychromator (60) by an optical fiber (68, 68 '), the light radiation transmitted to the second polychromator (60) by the first optical fiber (58 ) being divided into unit radiations which are each directed on a particular sensor (70) then returned to the second, polychromator (60) and from there, by the first optical fiber (58), to the coupler (59) which ensures the transmission of information supplied by the sensors (70) to the second polychromator (75) via the second optical fiber (62). 9.- Control and monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises: - inside the driving position I, a modulator (25) associated with at least one control member (26) for the emission of light signals corresponding to orders transmitted via the coupler (6 ') and optical fiber (8) in active area III, - And, in the active zone III of the installation, at least one control means (30) for equipment (31), by means of an opto-electronic converter (29) receiving by optical fibers (28), the light radiation corresponding to the transmitted orders. 10.- Control and monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises: - Means (40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50) for transmitting orders in the form of light radiation to the polychromator (19), inside the driving position I, the orders in the form of radiation light being transmitted through the polychromator (19) and the fiber (18), to the polychromator (17), inside the active zone III, - And control equipment (30) of a device (31) in the active zone III of the installation, associated with an opto-electronic converter (29) receiving the light rays representing the orders at the output of the second polychromator (17 ). 11.- control and monitoring device according to claim 10, characterized in that the means for transmitting orders in the form of light radiation are constituted by a source (40), a modulator (41) and at least one member control (43), the output of the optical modulator (41) being connected by an optical fiber to the input of a polychromator (42) connected by at least one optical fiber (44) to at least one of the inputs of the polychromator (19). 12.- control and monitoring device according to claim 10, characterized in that the means for transmitting orders in the form of light radiation are constituted by a light source (45) connected via a fiber (46) at the input of a polychromator (47), on each of the outputs (48) of which is arranged a control member (50), each of the outputs (48) of the polychromator (47) constituted by an optical fiber being connected to one of the inputs of the polychromator (19). 13.- control and monitoring device according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises at least one sensor (35) in the active zone III of the installation connected via an opto-electronic converter (36) at one of the inputs of the second polychromator (17). 14.- A control and monitoring device according to claim 8, characterized in that the sensors (70) are of the retroreflection type. 15.- control and monitoring device according to claim 8. characterized in that the sensors (70 ') are of the single-pass type and comprise, associated outside or inside the sensor, a coupler ( 85) which makes it possible to return the light in the fiber (68 ') connecting it to the second polychromator (60) after modulation in the sensor (70').

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