EP0205682A1

EP0205682A1 - Claw hammer for driving and extracting nails

Info

Publication number: EP0205682A1
Application number: EP85303941A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Vlatko Panovic
Original assignee: Walter Panovic Research Inc; Drexore Resources Inc
Current assignee: Walter Panovic Research Inc
Priority date: 1985-06-04
Filing date: 1985-06-04
Publication date: 1986-12-30
Anticipated expiration: 2005-06-04
Also published as: DE3583683D1; EP0205682B1; ATE65727T1

Abstract

A claw hammer head (10) has a fulcrum member (35) hinged by a hinge assembly (39) to the head for swinging between retracted and extended positions. In the retracted position, the fulcrum member is retained in a recess (45) in the head so that the hammer can be used for driving nails into a work surface in the normal manner. In the extended position, the fulcrum member is swung relative to the head to extend beyond the head so as to increase leverage for extracting nails from the surface. The fulcrum member is hinged to the head in such a manner that load incurred while extracting a nail is transferred essentially directly to a bearing surface (98) of the hammer head, and thus relieves load from a hinge pin (42) of the hinge assembly which might otherwise be prone to failure.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a hammer head adapted to be fixed to a hammer shaft, in particular a hammer head fitted with a claw for extracting nails from a work surface.

Prior Art

Claw hammers have been used for many years for extracting nails from the work surface. A claw hammer is particularly useful for removing nails from the work surface, because the hammer shaft provides leverage and thus a mechanical advantage which helps in overcoming resistance of the nail to being pulled from the surface. Difficulty can be experienced with a common claw hammer in extracting heavy long nails which have been driven so that the nail head thereof is flush with the work surface. This difficulty can be overcome by using separate specialized nail puller with thin claws. Often long nails are bent when being extracted with a common claw hammer or nail puller.
Various devices have been invented to increase mechanical advantage of a claw hammer for extracting heavy long nails, and many of these devices relate to an adjustable fulcrum member or equivalent which increases mechanical advantage to facilitate extraction of such nails. Some of these adjustable fulcrums are hinged to the hammer head, and typical examples are found in U.S. Patents 623,455 (Yonge); 2,231,206 (Anderson) and 2,657,903 (Johnson). While devices in some of these patents may be adequate for removing short or light nails, the fulcrum members of such patents are relatively weak when compared to the forces encountered in extracting long heavy nails, and such devices would likely fail under heavy usage. Many of the prior art devices use a relatively light flanged fulcrum member which is hinged to the hammer head by a relatively light pin. During extraction, extraction forces are transferred through the fulcrum member usually to the pin and through a relatively small bearing area between the fulcrum member and the head. The pin and relatively small bearing areas are subjected to high bearing pressures, which result in rapid breakdown or wear of the surfaces, commonly with resulting premature failure of the device. Also, such fulcrum members commonly have an edge or corner which can be forced into the working surface during extraction, which edge results in high bearing forces applied to the work surface, causing indentation or other damage to the work surface. A
Other nail extraction devices utilize longitudinally extending adjustable fulcrum members, typical devices being shown in U.S. patents 524,539 (Burgess); 1,067,729 (Frey) and 2,741,456 (Williams). The fulcrum member of each of these three patents extend from the hammer head outwardly in the direction of the hammer shaft, and have edges which would tend to be forced into the work surface during initial extraction of the nail, thus damaging the surface. Furthermore, the longitudinally extending fulcrum member is subjected to considerable lateral loads during initial extraction and likely would bend or wear excessively when subjected to heavy use.
Also, some of the fulcrum devices which are either hinged to the hammer head, or fitted for axial sliding movement relative the head, have a tendency to accidentally extend from the head during normal hammering. Also, some devices extend around side portions of the head and thus interfere with normal use of the hammer, and can prevent exceptional use of the hammer such as striking nails with the side of the hammer head which is sometimes required when driving nails in restricted spaces.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention reduces difficulties and disadvantages of the prior art by providing a hammer head in which a fulcrum member is hinged to the hammer head in such a manner that forces incurred during extraction of a nail. from the work surface are transferred essentially directly to the hammer head, thus relieving the hinge assembly of excessive forces during extraction, and thus reducing a tendency of the device to fail prematurely. Also, when the hammer head is to be used for normal hammering, the fulcrum member is retracted into a recess in the head to permit normal use of the hammer without interference or a tendency for the fulcrum member to accidentally move from the retracted position. The fulcrum member can have projections to penetrate the work surface to prevent slippage during initial nail extraction. Alternatively, the projections can be omitted and the fulcrum member can have a periphery having a relatively large radius of curvature to contact the work surface during initial extraction of the nail, thus reducing the bearing load on the work surface. The reduced bearing load reduces penetration of the fulcrum member into the work surface, thus reducing or substantially eliminating damage to the work surface. Furthermore, the fulcrum member has a relatively wide width, further reducing damage to the work surface. Also, nails extracted when using the present invention correctly can be extracted with negligible bending of the nails.
A hammer head according to the invention is adapted to be fixed to a hammer shaft, the head having a face for striking a nail for driving the nail into a work surface, and a claw device at an opposite end for extracting the nail from the work surface. The head is characterized by a fulcrum member, a load relieving means, a recess and a retaining means. The fulcrum member has an inner portion hinged to the head by a hinge assembly for rotation between extended and retracted positions. The hinge assembly has a hinge axis disposed normally to the hammer shaft and normally to a head axis extending between ends of the hammer head. The load relieving means cooperates with the fulcrum member and the hammer head when the fulcrum member is in the extended position to relieve load from the hinge assembly when extracting nails. The head has the recess to receive the fulcrum member in the retracted position, and the retaining means cooperate with the fulcrum member and the hammer head to retain the fulcrum member in the retracted position while hammering.
A detailed disclosure following, related to drawings, describes a preferred embodiment of the invention, which is capable of expression in structure other than that particularly described and illustrated.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 is a simplified fragmented side elevation of the hammer head according to the invention, fitted with a fulcrum member according to the invention, the fulcrum member shown in a retracted position,
Figure 2 is a simplified top plan view of the head of Figure 1,
Figure 3 is a simplified section on line 3-3 of Figure 1,
Figure 4 is a simplified perspective of the fulcrum member shown removed from the head, a portion of the hinge assembly being shown,
Figure 5 is a simplified fragmented perspective of a portion of the hammer head only, showing a recess to receive the fulcrum member which is omitted, and portions of the hinge assembly thereof,
Figure 6 is a simplified fragmented section as would be seen from line 6-6 of Figure 1,
Figure 7 is a simplified fragmented side elevation of the hammer head shown with the fulcrum member in an extended position, and extracting a nail from a work surface,
Figure 8 is a simplified fragmented section as would be seen from line 8-8 of Figure 7.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

Figures 1 through 3

A hammer head 10 according to the invention is shown fitted to a hammer shaft 11 in a relatively conventional manner. The head 10 has a face 13 for striking a nail for driving the nail into a work surface, both of which are shown in Figure 7. The head also has a claw device 15 at an opposite end for extracting the nail from the work surface. The claw device has a pair of spaced claw fingers 17 and 18 which define a tapered recess 20 therebetween. The fingers 17 and 18 have bevelled edges 22 and 23 respectively to facilitate positioning of the fingers under the head of the nail. The above describes a relatively conventional claw hammer. The hammer head has first and second side faces 33 and 34, the face 34 being unaffected by the invention and thus is available for striking nails as is sometimes required when working in confined spaces.
The invention relates to a means for increasing leverage, and thus mechanical advantage, when extracting nails. A fulcrum member 35 according to the invention has an inner portion 37 hinged to the head by a hinge assembly 39. The hinge assembly has a hinge axis 41 disposed normally to the hammer shaft 1 and normally to a head axis 43 extending between ends of the hammer head having the face and claw device. The hinge assembly includes a cylindrical hinge pin 42 fixed to the head so as to be non-rotationally mounted therein and is disposed to be concentric with the hinge axis 41. The hinge pin can be a toughened steel shaft held in an interference fit within complementary openings in the head. The side face 33 of the head has a recess 45 to receive the fulcrum member in a retracted position as shown, the particular shapes of the fulcrum member and recess to be described with reference to Figures 4 and 5 respectively. A plunger member 47 is resiliently mounted in the fulcrum member to retain the fulcrum member in the retracted position as shown and is described in greater detail with reference to Figure 6.

Figures 4 through 6

Referring mainly to Figure 4, the fulcrum member 35 has an outer portion 52 disposed at an end of the fulcrum member generally opposite to the inner portion 37. The outer portion 52 has an outer periphery 54 which is adapted to contact the work surface containing the nail when the fulcrum member is in the extended position as shown in Figure 7. The outer portion has an inner periphery 56 which provides a bearing surface adapted to contact the hammer head as will be described. For convenience of discussion, the fulcrum member 35 is assumed to have a theoretical centre 58 towards which portions of the inner and outer peripheries subtend angles as will be described. The outer periphery 54 has a partially cylindrical surface that includes a first portion 61 which is defined by an arc 62, a second portion 63 defined by an arc 64 and a third portion 65 defined by an arc 66. As will be described, the first portion is generally flat or has a relatively large radius of curvature, and the second and third portions have correspondingly smaller radii of curvature. Preferably, the first portion has a plurality of projections 60 extending therefrom so as to engage the work surface as will be explained. The inner periphery 56 is partially generally cylindrical and defined by an arc 67 which is generally complementary to a portion of the head as will be described. The outer portion has a width 68 as measured parallel to the hinge axis 41, and the inner portion 37 has a width 70. The width 68 is greater than the width 70 to provide shoulders 71 and 72 positioned on opposite sides of the inner portion. The shoulders 71 and 72 have widths 73 and 74 respectively, the total of which is equal to difference in width between the inner and outer portions 37 and 52. The arc 67 defines a bearing portion or shoulder to provide a portion of a fulcrum member bearing surface as will be described. A permanent magnet 75 is fitted in a complementary recess in the face 81 of the member and is attracted to the head 10 of the hammer to assist in retaining the fulcrum member in the recess 45 and to prevent undesirable vibration when using the hammer to drive nails.
The inner portion 37 of the fulcrum member has an opening 76 to receive the hinge pin 42, Figure 1, the opening being circular and adapted to provide a hinge bearing. The fulcrum member has outer and inner generally flat parallel faces 80 and 81 respectively, space between the faces defining the width 68. The inner portion 37 has outer and inner faces 82 and 83 which are flat and parallel to each other, and parallel to and disposed inwardly of the faces 80 and 81 to provide the shoulders 71 and 72 on either side of the inner portion. The plunger member 47 has an inner portion 85 which is mounted in a plunger bore 84 of the fulcrum member and is shown projecting inwardly from the inner face 81 and is described in great detail with reference to Figure 6.
Referring mainly to Figures 5 and 6, the recess 45 of the head 10 is generally complementary to the fulcrum member 37. The recess 45 has a main face 86 adapted to be adjacent to the inner face 81 of the fulcrum member when the fulcrum member is in the retracted position. The main face has a plunger recess 88 to receive the inner portion 85 of the plunger member 47 so as to hold the fulcrum member in the retracted position, as best seen in Figure 6. The hinge assembly 37 includes outer and inner hinge bosses 89 and 90 extending from a wall 91 of the recess and having aligned bores 92 and 93 respectively which accept complementary ends of the hinge pin 42, not shown, so as to fix the pin to the head as seen in Figure 8. The hinge bosses 89 and 90 have oppositely disposed inner faces which are parallel to each other and spaced apart by a spacing 96 which is sufficient to accept the inner portion 37 therebetween in both extended and retracted positions. The hinge bosses 89 and 90 have similar curved outer faces 94 and 95 which are generally partially cylindrical and concentric with the axis 41 of the bore to permit relative rotation between the head 10 and the member 35 about the axis 41 while maintaining close contact with the faces 94 and 95. The hammer head has a head bearing surface 98 which is a portion of the head remote from the handle and adjacent to and straddling an end of the spacing 96. The bearing surface 98 extends across the end of the spacing 96 and between the outer portions of the hinge bosses 89 and 90 and also extends to an edge of the side face 33 of the hammer. The head bearing surface 98 has a portion which is generally complementary to a portion of the fulcrum member bearing surface 56, the two bearing surfaces being adapted to contact each other when the fulcrum member is in the extended position as shown in Figure 7. The bearing surface 98 has a shallow S-shaped contour, which includes the convex and concentric portions of the faces 94 and 95 of the bosses, and concave partially cylindrical portions which are closest to the claw device and receive the inner periphery 65 of the member 35 in a fully extended position.
The width 68 of the fulcrum member, Figure 4, is approximately equal to depth 100 of the wall 91, so that outer face 80 of the fulcrum member is generally flush with the first side face 33 of the hammer head. A connecting wall 102 extending between the inner face 86 and the second side face 34 has a thickness 103 which is sufficiently strong to permit the hammer to function as a conventional hammer, and yet is not excessively wide as to result in a fulcrum member having an overall width 68 much less than thickness 105 of the had of the hammer. that is a spacing between the side faces 33 and 34. Thus the outer portion of the fulcrum member has a periphery having a width which approximates to width of the hammer head as measured parallel to the hinge axis. The wall 102 has a relieved portion 106 for an operator's finger or thumb to grip the plunger member.
Referring specifically to Figure 6, the plunger member 47 has an outer portion 107 adjacent to the relieved portion 106 of the face 80 of the fulcrum member remote from the inner face 81, the outer portion being adapted to be gripped by an operator to move the plunger member axially outwardly from the fulcrum member. A compression coil spring 109 extends between an end of the plunger bore 84 in the fulcrum member and a shoulder 108 of the inner portion 85 of the plunger member. Thus the plunger member is forced outwardly in the direction of an arrow 112 so as to engage the recess 88 in the main face 86. The force in the spring can be overcome by an operator who can withdraw the inner end of the plunger member from the plunger recess to permit the fulcrum member to attain the extend position as shown in Figure 7. Thus the plunger member is resiliently mounted within the bore of the fulcrum member for movement generally parallel to the hinge axis, not shown, wherein the inner portion of the plunger member projects inwardly from the inner face 81 of the fulcrum member.

Figures 7 and 8

In Figure 7, a nail 118 having a head 117 is shown extending from a work surface 119 of a piece of wood 120. The hammer head 10 is shown with the fulcrum member 35 positioned in the extended position, which is attained by swinging the fulcrum member from the retracted position about the axis 41 in direction of an arrow 122. In this position the inner periphery or bearing surface 56 is in contact with the head bearing surface 98, but these are shown laterally spaced apart in Figure 7, and more clearly in section in Figure 8. The outer periphery 54 of the fulcrum member contacts the surface 119, and the second portion 63, having the intermediate radius of curvature, is shown rolling along the surface 119 as the hammer head rotated about the fulcrum member in direction of an arrow 124.
The hammer is shown in an approximate mid position of swing relative to the surface 119 in full outline, where the nail is partially withdrawn an amount sufficient to permit the claw device 15 to be inserted under the nail head with the fulcrum member extended. The hammer head can swing between two extreme positions in which the surface 119 has corresponding extreme relative positions shown as broken outlines 119.1 and 119.2.
It is important that the bearing surfaces 56 and 98 are generally complementary when the fulcrum member is in the extended position. The complementary cylindrical bearing surfaces and clearance between the pin 42 and the opening 76 ensures intimate contact between the bearing surfaces of the fulcrum member and the head, thus relieving load from the hinge pin when extracting nails. This intimate contact provides a direct transfer of the load between the fulcrum member and hammer head which contrasts with many of the prior art devices where load from the fulcrum member or equivalent is transferred to the hinge pin which has a tendency to fail when subjected to heavy usage. It can be seen that the bearing area between the surfaces 56 and 98 is relatively large and thus bearing pressures therebetween are likely to be lower than bearing pressure encountered in contact between fulcrum members and the hammer heads of the prior art devices. Also, for most of the positions of the hammer relative to the surface 119, the areas of actual contact of the bearing surfaces are disposed generally between the hinge pin and the outer periphery of the fulcrum member which is in actual contact with the work surface. This positioning also assists in relieving load from the hinge pin when extracting nails.

OPERATION

To extract the nail 118 from the work surface 119 several options are available. If the head 117 of the nail is closely adjacent the surface 119, the fulcrum member can remain retracted and the recess 20 of the claw device 15 is fitted adjacent the head 117, and the striking face 13 is hit with another hammer so as to drive the recess around the nail head. The nail can now be withdrawn. partially from the wood by rotating the hammer in the usual manner. When the nail has been withdrawn sufficiently from the surface to approach the initial relative position shown in Figure 7, the hammer can be positioned so that the surface 119 is in the relative broken outline position 119.1, and the fulcrum member 35 can be extended to increase leverage. Initially, the first portion 61 of the outer periphery 54 is in contact with the surface 119.1 and the projections 60 penetrate the surface 119 to reduce the chances of slippage between the fulcrum member and the surface 119. The indentation of the wood surface is negligible for most purposes but can be eliminated in the initial stages of extraction by keeping the fulcrum member retracted until the nail has been extended a sufficient distance so that the projections do not contact the surface when the member 35 is extended. As the hammer head rotates in the direction of the arrow 124, the contact between the fulcrum member and the surface 119 shifts so that the hammer attains the relative position shown in full outline in Figure 7, where the second surface 63 is in contact with the surface 119. In this position the projections are clear of the surface 119 and thus cannot mark the surface. The surface 63 has a relatively small radius of curvature, such that penetration of the fulcrum member into the surface is negligible due to the relatively large area of contact. As the hammer completes the swing so that the work surface 119 attains the third position 119.2 it can be seen that the third portion 65 of the outer periphery is in contact with the work surface 119. Because the third portion 65 has a radius smaller than the second portion 63, bearing area is less but extraction forces are correspondingly less and damage to the surface 119 is usually negligible during the later stages of extraction. The portion 65 is relatively smooth and the surface 119 is not subjected to a sharp corner on the fulcrum member, in contrast with fulcrum members in some of the prior art devices.
As seen in Figure 7, the fulcrum member 35 is inclined sufficiently towards the claw device 15 so that initial extraction forces tend to hold the fulcrum member in the extended position i.e., the fulcrum member is "over-centred" and is not subjected to a force tending to retract the fulcrum member. Any tendency of the fulcrum member to be forced into the retracted position during initial stages of nail extraction can be reduced by providing clearance in the head 10 for the member 35 to swing further towards the claw device, or to adjust the shape of the fulcrum member. In some circumstances during initial extraction of the nail the hammer head might rotate slightly relative to the fulcrum member about the axis 41 so that the actual areas in contact at any particular time will change. This rotation tends to reduce the distance that the fulcrum member rolls along the surface as it extracts the nail. If this rotation occurs, sufficient complementary portions of the bearing surfaces 56 and 98 are maintained in intimate contact at any time to transfer the load between the member 35 and the head 10, thus relieving the pin 42 of load. In some cases friction at the hinge assembly might be . sufficient to prevent this rotation between the head and fulcrum member, in which case the fulcrum member would roll further on the working surface.
In summary, the outer periphery of the fulcrum member has a partially cylindrical surface in which, in the extended position, a first portion thereof is generally adjacent the claw device and has projections to engage the work surface when initially extracting the nail so as to prevent slippage. The outer periphery also has second and third portions that are further from the claw device, each having a smaller radius of curvature that contacts the work surface when the nail is partially removed therefrom. The portions are smoothly interconnected and there is a gradual decrease in radius of curvature to avoid sharp corners. When an operator uses care, a long nail can be pulled from the work surface with negligible bending of the nail, thus contrasting with many pullers of the prior art.

ALTERNATIVES AND EQUIVALENTS

In the structure as described, the hinge pin 42 is secured to the hammer head, and the fulcrum member has the circular opening 76 to swing about the hinge pin. In an alternative, not shown, the fulcrum member can have a fixed hinge pin and the head could be provided with circular openings. In yet another alternative, not shown, the outer hinge boss 89 could be eliminated and the inner boss 90 and the inner portion 37 could be enlarged and repositioned to provide a simpler hinge assembly with one shoulder only on the fulcrum member. Use of the two spaced hinge bosses 89 and 90 is preferred for most applications because it is generally symmetrical and more sturdy. The hinge assembly should be constructed to ensure intimate contact between the complementary bearing surfaces, particularly as the fulcrum member approaches the fully extended position. In all such arrangements the hinge pin journals the fulcrum member for limited rotation about the hammer head to ensure intimate contact between the bearing surfaces as described. In all equivalent structures, the complementary bearing surfaces and the hinge assembly provide a load relieving means cooperating with the fulcrum member and the hammer head when the fulcrum member is in or adjacent the extended position to relieve load from the hinge assembly when extracting nails.
The fulcrum member is retained in the recess in the retracted position by the resiliently mounted plunger member which is slidable axially in the bore. The magnet 75 essentially prevents relative movement when so retained, thus reducing undesirable vibration when hammering. An alternative retaining means can be used, for example a spring loaded ball mounted in the head of the fulcrum member to engage a complementary recess in the opposite surface. Such a ball could not be easily removed from the recess by the operator as is possible with the plunger member 47. In all equivalent structures, a retaining means cooperates.with the fulcrum member and the hammer head to retain the fulcrum member in the retracted position while hammering and various alternatives are possible.
The projections 60 eliminate or reduce slippage between the fulcrum member and the work surface, but they penetrate soft working surfaces causing unsightly damage to the surface. If desired, the projections can be eliminated and the first portion 61 can be provided with a radious of curvature which is sufficiently large to prevent or reduce damage to the work surface.

Claims

1. A hammer head (10) adapted to be fixed to a hammer shaft (11), the head having a face (13) at one end for striking a nail (118) for driving the nail into a work surface (119) and a claw device (15) at an opposite end for extracting the nail from the work surface, the head being characterized by:

(a) a fulcrum member (35) having an inner portion (37) hinged to the head by a hinge assembly (39) for relative rotation between extended and retracted positions, the hinge assembly having a hinge axis (41) disposed normally to the hammer shaft and normally to a head axis (43) extending between ends of the hammer head,

(b) load relieving means (56,98) cooperating with the fulcrum member (35) and the hammer head (10) when the fulcrum member is in the extended position to relieve load from the hinge assembly when extracting nails,

(c) the head having a recess (45) to receive the fulcrum member (35) in the retracted position,

(d) retaining means (47) cooperating with the fulcrum member (35) and the hammer head (10) to retain the fulcrum member in the retracted position while hammering.

2. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 1 in which the load relieving means is characterized by:

(a) the fulcrum member having a fulcrum member bearing surface (56) and the hammer head having a head bearing surface (98), the two bearing surfaces being adapted to contact each other when the fulcrum member is in the extended position so as to transfer load between the surfaces and to relieve load from the hinge assembly.

3. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 2, further characterized in that:

(a) a portion (90,94) of the bearing surface (98) of the head (10) has a face concentric with the hinge axis (41) to permit the relative rotation between the fulcrum member and the head about the hinge axis.

4. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 3 further characterized in that:

(a) the fulcrum member bearing surface (56) is curved and defined by an arc (67),

(b) the bearing surface (98) of the head (10) has a shallow S-shaped contour in which a portion thereof closest to the claw device is curved so as to be generally complementary to the arc (67) of the fulcrum member.

5. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 3 further characterized in that:

(a) the fulcrum member bearing surface is partially generally cylindrical and defined by an arc (67),

(b) the bearing surface (98) of the head (10) has a shallow S-shaped contour in which a portion thereof closest to the claw device is partially generally cylindrical so as to be generally complementary to the arc (67) of the fulcrum member.

6. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 1 further characterized in that:

(a) the fulcrum member (35) has an outer portion (52) disposed at an end of the fulcrum member generally opposite to the inner portion (37),the outer portion having, in the extended position, an outer periphery (54) to contact the work surface (119) and an inner periphery (56) to contact the hammer head,

the contact between the inner periphery and the hammer head relieving load from the hinge assembly 'when extracting nails to provide the load relieving means.

7. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 2 further characterized in that:

(a) for most. hammer positions, areas of actual contact of the bearing surfaces (56,98) of the fulcrum member (35) and head (10) are disposed generally between the hinge pin and an outer periphery of the fulcrum member which is in actual contact with the work surface.

8. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 2 characterized in that:

(a) the fulcrum member has an outer portion (52) which has a width (68) as measured parallel to the hinge axis (41) greater than width of the inner portion to provide a shoulder (71) between the inner and outer portions, the shoulder having a bearing portion (56) to provide the fulcrum member bearing surface,

(b) a portion of the head (10) adjacent the recess (45) providing the head bearing surface (98) which is complementary to the bearing portion of the shoulder when the fulcrum member is in the extended position. .

9. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 2 further characterized in that:

(a) the inner portion (37) of the fulcrum member (35) has spaced parallel inner and outer faces (82,83) disposed inwardly of adjacent inner and outer faces (81,80) of the fulcrum member to provide shoulders (71,72) on either side of the inner portion, the shoulders providing the fulcrum member bearing surface (56), 5

(b) the hammer head (10) has a pair of spaced apart hinge bosses (89,90), spacing (96) between the bosses being sufficient to receive the inner portion (37) of the fulcrum member therebetween, portions of the hammer head adjacent end of the spacing and the bosses providing the head bearing surface (98).

10. A hammer head as claimed in claim 8 characterized in that:

(a) the outer portion (52) of the fulcrum member (35) has a partially cylindrical surface having a first portion (61) that is generally adjacent the claw device (51), the first portion having a relatively large radius of curvature to spread load onto the work surface when initially extracting the nail, and the partially cylindrical surface has a second portion that is further from the claw device and has a smaller radius of curvature that contacts the work surface when the nail is partially removed therefrom.

11. A hammer head as claimed in Claim 1 in which the retaining means is characterized by:

(a) a plunger member (47) resiliently mounted within a bore (84) of the fulcrum member (35) for movement generally parallel to the hinge axis (41),the plunger having an inner portion (85) projecting inwardly from an inner face (81) of the fulcrum member,

(b) the recess (45) of the head (10) having a main face (86) adapted to be adjacent the inner face (81) of the fulcrum member when the fulcrum member is in the retracted position, the main face having a plunger recess (88) to receive the inner portion of the plunger member so as to hold the fulcrum member in the retracted position.

12. A hammer having a head (10) and a hammer shaft (11), the head having a face (13) at one end for striking a nail (118) for driving the nail into a work surface (119) and a claw device (115) at an opposite end for extracting the nail from the work surface, the head being characterized by:

(a) a fulcrum member (35) having an inner portion (37) hinged to the head by a hinge assembly (39) for rotation between extended and retracted positions, the hinge assembly having a hinge axis (41) disposed normally to the hammer shaft and normally to a head axis (43) extending between ends of the head,

(d) retaining means (47) cooperating with the fulcrum member (35) and the head (10) to retain the fulcrum member in the retracted position while hammering.