EP0193840A2 - Method and device for treating cereals and the like - Google Patents

Abstract

A method and a device for husking and grinding cereals are described. In the method, cereal is conditioned and tempered in a specific manner depending on its state. The device for husking the cereal has a drum with a horizontal shaft which bears on its circumference blades which are slightly inclined with respect to the surface lines and are surrounded by a cover housing. The cover housing has on its inside webs in the form of twisted wires with a square cross-section. Arranged at the discharge end is a swivelling lid which opens under the pressure of the conveyed material. A blower sucks away broken grains. The husks are rejected by the sieve housing of the drum and are conveyed away. The grinding device has two grinding discs which rotate about a vertical axis and are equipped on the circumference with arcuate saw blades which have wave-shaped rounded-off teeth. A water container from which water is conveyed for a wet grinding process is arranged above the grinding device. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for treating grain. Before grinding the grains can be peeled. Numerous methods and devices have become known for carrying out the peeling process and for grinding the peeled grains. The object of the present invention is to improve the method and the devices used for this purpose in such a way that, with a high degree of utilization, it is possible to adapt to the most varied types of grain. Furthermore, the invention has for its object to design the device so that they are designed to be space-saving and portable with simple and inexpensive manufacture.

The task is solved procedurally by the features specified in claim 1.

The method according to the invention is therefore based on an empirically determined precise timing and temperature control, so that work is always carried out at temperatures below 30 ° C. This results in a perfect separation of the shell

Further expedient refinements of the peeling device or the grinding device result from the subclaims.

The method according to the invention consists of several fractions, which is important with regard to the separation of the shells. In addition to time and temperature control, moisture content control is also important. During the peeling fractionation process, moisture enters the outer part of the grain and heat is generated to facilitate separation. The time of mixing with moisture, for example 15 to 30 minutes, is chosen so that the moisture can penetrate into the Testa layer, and this is very important. A first and a second annealing process may be required to break up the grains, and a third short 5 to 10 minutes is required before grinding. continuous tempering process used The maximum moisture content for the tempering before grinding is expediently 16%.

The method according to the invention ensures a clean grain or seed which is completely separated from dirt, hair, etc. This gives advantages in terms of storage and a long service life.

After peeling, it is important that the pericarp is actually removed. For this purpose, the peeled material is extracted and conveyed into an air stream in such a way that there is no contamination of the cleaned wheat and the grains, which are removed together with the fruit pulp.

The work functions are explained in more detail below in connection with the devices created for this purpose

Machine for removing the pericarp from grains

The machine is applicable to a wide variety of grains and seeds including soft and hard wheat, durum wheat, barley, rye, malt barley, millet, African millet, milo, mung bean, sorhum and so on.

Before removing the pericarp, all grains must first be treated with moisture. During this process, the machine must be set by the operator, depending on the product being treated. Accordingly, the same speeds and humidity can be used for rye and wheat. Different speeds and moisture levels may be required for other grains, especially for delicate grains such as mung beans and lentils. All spherical grains are easier to peel, while prior conditioning is very important for the flat and elongated grains. In general, customer requirements will determine exactly what instructions are required for proper treatment.

Since all grains have the same general structure of the pericarp as wheat, the latter is used as the basis for this new technology of peeling or removing the pericarp

All impurities, insects, bacteria, hair from rodents, eggs, etc. are removed at the same time as the pericarp. The process sterilizes the end product without changing the structure of the grain. The protein content and amino acid distribution in the grain remain intact even after the shell is removed. The friction during peeling is only used to remove the outer shell shell without damaging the grain's internal nutritional tissue. After conditioning and husk removal, the grain can be milled to flour in conventional mills without difficulty, with the added benefit of greater yield and more economical production. The same system of snake removal has a very positive effect on the removal rate of the flour and the release of high protein concentrations (mainly from the grain aleurone cells), which is important for human nutrition and especially the nutrition of children. This means that the removal the bowls of the grain improves the grinding system even with conventional treatment. This makes the grinding process more economical and can be better selected and adapted. In the conventional cleaning system, the separation of germ and oil layers in the grain increases the shelf life and the shelf life of the flour produced. This is especially true when the pericarp is removed first.

The new system avoids the breakage of the grains and consequent loss compared to conventional grinding. The grinding also results in a lower ash content. A second tempering can also be dispensed with, because in conventional mills the Testa after the fruit skin layer prevents the moisture from the first tempering from penetrating into the grain

The removed fruit casings can be used economically as pure fibers in papermaking and in the chemical industry. The quality of the fiber is high and the treatment is cheaper, resulting in a by-product of additional economic value.

Before removing the grains of the grains, the conditioning can be carried out by sensitive tempering under electronic control.

Moisture is built up in the casing, which penetrates as far as the testa layer, so that the grain becomes breakable. This makes it easier to remove the pericarp by friction without any impact. The drawings show the use of diagonal arrangements of beaters on the top of the rotor which press the grains into the peripheral parts of the perforated and slotted sheet metal screens. These umbrellas only cover 180 °, while the rest is covered by a metal pimple to generate the heat necessary for the Shell can be separated from the testa layer more easily. The necessary moisture supports the build-up of heat and an even distribution in the grains. This process is unique and explains why it is possible for the first time to remove the pericarp of the grain on an industrial scale without damaging the germ during grinding.

The casings can also be used for 100% germination for malt wheat, without any impurities, and this has potential application in laboratories, in the baking industry and in brewing beer.

Description of the wet grinding system, the semi-wet grinding system and the dry grinding system

The grinding device used in this process is of the disc mill design with certain modifications to the grinding surface and the rotation of the lower disc.

Both discs have two-stage grinding surfaces that are arranged in a groove of the same width. The shape of the groove is tapered and there is a 3 mm gap between the grooves for air turbulence. The second stage is also tapered at the beginning and 3 mm wide to compensate for the grinding process, as can be seen from the drawing.

The lower disc, which rotates, has the advantage that the grains are not broken open during grinding, but rather a fractional treatment, which leads to an easy separation of the flour. When the disc rotates, the corrugations prevent it from breaking open and there is a smooth separation of the fiber portion, which can later be removed by sifting.

The grinding process is carried out using specially designed teeth with a cutting tool that uses ordinary band saws as the material. The upper edge of the saws is rounded in such a way that they do not injure the inner tissue of the grains during the grinding process. The processing of the grains has to be gentle in order to avoid an increase in the ash content in the flour that is ultimately produced. The effect of grinding is similar to that of a roller mill.

. The upper disc is stationary while the lower disc is rotating. The upper disc is adjustable so that the fineness of the ground material or the quality of the flour can be changed. There is a control with an adjustable suspension to prevent the disc edges from touching each other during the grinding process and thus wearing out quickly. A three-point hitch is used during adjustment. If the user uses electronic suspension, electromagnetic or other systems can be used.

The adjustment of the opening between the panes is controlled from above by hand from the middle part of the pane. The manual control takes place via a tube with a fine thread and a handle.

The three points of the suspension and the central adjustment are used to avoid lateral inclinations of the disc, so that a uniform contact of all surfaces of the disc that rotates is ensured during the work process. This is important with regard to uniform grinding and also with regard to adjusting the particle size of the product, which can then be viewed.

Rapid grinding can also be obtained for whole wheat flour or full flour of other types. All particle sizes can be adjusted by sieving.

The mill is suitable for dry grinding as well as for wet grinding and semi-wet grinding:

Dry grinding

This can be used to grind grain, seeds, beans, spices, etc. The grinder is not a pulverizer but an actual grinder. Air cooling by means of a self-generated air flow is provided. The speeds can be set in operation depending on the required product.

Semi-wet grinding

This is used for special bread products, for corn products and for tortilla-like products. The moisture content can be up to 32%. Sesame seeds can also be roasted or unroasted treated in this way and dried after grinding. The grinding device has a water reservoir so that water can be added during operation.

Wet grinding

This can be used for wheat products, rye, triticale and similar cereals. The grain can also be sprouted for a short time, which completely changes the biological structure compared to a dry treatment.

Wet grinding

When this mill is used for wet milling, the water flow into the mill is fed from the feed side up at the same time as the wheat or the cereal grains. The continuous flow of water prevents the grains from sticking to the grinding surface. The water also keeps the grinding surface clean and creates a slurry, which is advantageous in terms of better grinding. The porridge can be used for bread production or for other baking products and also for pasty goods.

During grinding, the moisture content of the grain is increased to 42% and the product is ground to a consistency of a liquid slurry and then mixed with hard wheat semolina or hard wheat flour as it leaves the mill, depending on the type of product required. For paste production, the product is mixed in portions to 40% ground porridge and 60% by weight hard semolina. It is important that mixing takes place as soon as possible after grinding. During the treatment of the whole hard wheat, the shell part loses its color in the testa, which is not the case when hard wheat is used. The fibers are kept clean and no addition of artificial core fiber is required. The various mixtures used depend on the requirements of the market.

The bread is mixed with 60% hard wheat flour. Conventionally ground flours are used and the same applies to semolina in dough production.

In the wet grinding process, the grain used must be peeled beforehand so that the husks can be removed and the grain must be tempered to a maximum moisture content of 19%. The removal of the shells is described as a separate inventive step.

The novel system of dough-bread and bakery products using the wet process has further advantages over conventional flour milling in that it increases the extraction rate by, for example, 15% and reduces the bran content, but the nutritional value of Product is obtained if, for example the bran content drops by 8%. Then the mixed dough is extruded and the taste is very pleasant. The entire germ and the fiber is maintained in the 40% porridge addition and also all proteins, riboflavins, thiamines, etc. remain in the mixture.

The finished dough product can be stored in a dry atmosphere for up to 6 months after extrusion. If the same is done in a dry process, then the maximum storage can be extended to 1 year. However, there is a slight difference in taste between the dry process and the wet process, with the wet process providing a somewhat more appealing taste. However, wet milling extraction is increased and this gives an important economic benefit to the producer and also benefits to the consumer.

When using the wet system, the shelf life of baked goods is even extended by about 5 additional days compared to baked goods which use flour that has been ground in a conventional manner. No additives or chemicals are required to achieve this result.

Dry grinding.

In dry grinding, the grain is conditioned using the same grinder with a rest period of 8 to 9 hours and then ground using 18% moisture or as the product requires. Coarse grinding may require subsequent sifting, while fine grinding may yield wheat flour and very fine flour, with no sifting required, and this can be used to produce pasta. The taste is maintained along with all the nutritional values, the fiber content and the natural protein sources and the riboflavins, niazines and thiamines, just as is the case with a wet process.

The mower can be used for different seeds and grains and can be used for wet grinding, for semi-wet grinding and for dry grinding.

Semi-wet grinding is very good if the product is consumed in the following hours because of the excellent taste

In all cases, the grinder must be cleaned thoroughly to prevent bad smells or contamination during subsequent production.

• Vor Beginn des Mahlvorganges muß man die Schmierung überprüfen und das untere Lager mit Fett und das obere mit Öl versehen. Die untere Scheibe, die sich dreht, besitzt eine Oberfläche, die in acht kleine Sektoren ähnlich wie Taschen unterteilt ist, um während der Drehung das Wasser zu haften und um auf diese Weise Wasser und Korn getrennt zu halten. Dies vermeidet auch ein Zusammenballen und eine Volumenänderung und gewährleistet eine gleichförmige Zuführung.

Important considerations for use and working method:

• Before starting the grinding process, check the lubrication and apply grease to the lower bearing and oil to the upper one. The lower disc, which rotates, has a surface that is divided into eight small sectors, similar to pockets, to hold the water in place during rotation and so keep water and grain separate. This also avoids agglomeration and a change in volume and ensures a uniform feed.

The device is made of hardened steel with sharp edges, so that together with air from a horizontal blower, wheat and grains are conveyed in smaller pieces for easier feeding after the larger teeth for easier grinding and after the finer teeth around the circumference of the disc to produce the same particle size of the products. The same surface exists for the stationary disc. The smaller teeth also result in air turbulence that aids continuous movement of the product while it is being ground.

The shaft is located on the bottom part and is supported by two thrust bearings. The ball bearings in the top two rows are arranged for the purpose of lateral movement control. If the shaft moves at high speed, complete control is required to avoid any axial damage. With such a structure, valve operation can be maintained provided that the lubrication is working properly and constant monitoring is being performed.

Description of the corrugated blades and the function of the discs during the reduction process

Various types of blades with different thicknesses and dimensions are used in this processing method. The tip of the teeth has such a radius that the test layer of the grain under the pericarp is prevented from breaking open. By lightly scraping off the endosperm of the shells, the generation of ash is avoided during the final flour production. With this light fractionation process, the endosperm, i.e. the inner tissue is separated from the sheep of the come without damaging the structure of the seeds. The air cushion also supports the rotary motion of the grain product between the two disc grinding surfaces.

As with a roller mill in the usual flour production, the grinding takes place with the various corrugations, i.e. sharp with sharp, blunt with sharp, sharp with blunt or blunt with blunt.

The advantage over roller mills is that the process can be carried out very quickly, with which it is possible to change the profile of the corrugations of the disks by removing the blades and replacing them in the same grooves with other types of blades. The whole process can be done in a few hours. If only one grinder is used, these changes can be made when necessary. If there are different grinding streams that have their own special grinding discs, the blades will not be replaced - changes may only be necessary in terms of speed and performance. Shipping safety, the time and cost of restoring the corrugations are significant for roller mills.

This type of grinding surface can also be used in possibly multi-stage grinding if there are no more than four stages, with two inner and two outer stages being provided. Volume performance is maximized when using two stages, and maintenance is easier.

A special tool is used to cut the shape of the teeth and band saws are used as the basic material, the thickness of which can be seen from the attached drawing. It is possible to use materials up to 3 mm thick for the blades to insert them into the grooves in segments instead of as continuous bands. When the grinder is used to crush minerals or fibrous materials, the teeth require different levels of sharpness. The customer's requirements will always be satisfied so that the desired material can be obtained.

The two angles of the corrugations or furrows are of great importance with regard to good grinding results and a low ash content. The flatter angles of 25 ° result in greater pressure on the product. The further angle of 55 ° results in a faster separation, especially for sensitive products. When the washers are used to effect a reduction when wet, only the "sharp versus sharp" combination is used and the results have no effect on the ashes. For certain mineral and fiber products, the furrows or corrugations require sharp ends without a radius.

It is also possible to use non-metallic grinding surfaces. Abrasive materials can be used, depending on the product to be ground. The speeds can also be changed.

• Von außerhalb der Nuten nach dem Inneren hat der Abstand zwischen den gewellten Klingen immer die gleiche Dicke des Abstandshalters mit einer Breite von 3,5 mm (3/8 Zoll) bei der gleichen Zähne-Anordnung. Der Grund der Hauptnuten ist verjüngt ausgebildet mit einer Neigung 0,0762 mm (3/1000 Zoll). Die erste Stufe besitzt vier gewellte Klingen mit der gleichen Zähne-Anordnung. Zum Feinausmahlen benutzt man 16 Zähne pro 25,4 mm. Bei der zweiten Stufe benutzt man gerade Grundnuten für vier Ringe von Abstandshaltern und drei Ringe gewellter Klingen und drei Abstandshalter. Die Klingen besitzen 10 Zähne pro 25,4 mm. Die Hauptnuten brauchen nicht die angegebenen Abmessungen zu überschreiten, um die Klingen festzuhalten. Die letzten drei gewellten Klingen besitzen wieder 6 Zähne pro 25,4 mm. Die Abstandshalter zwischen den vorherigen Klingen mit 10 Zähnen pro 25,4 mm und die letzten Klingen mit 6 Zähnen pro 25,₄ mm haben eine sehr wichtige Funktion: sie tragen dazu bei, Luftturbulenzen während der Drehung der Scheibe zu erzeugen, die dazu beitragen das gemahlene Produkt während der Reduktion der Körner wegzubewegen.

The following procedure is used to determine the correct rows of corrugated blades:

• From the outside of the grooves to the inside, the distance between the corrugated blades is always the same thickness of the spacer with a width of 3.5 mm (3/8 inch) with the same teeth arrangement. The bottom of the main grooves are tapered with a 0.0762 mm (3/1000 inch) slope. The first stage has four corrugated blades with the same teeth arrangement. 16 teeth per 25.4 mm are used for fine grinding. In the second stage, straight basic grooves are used for four rings of spacers and three rings of corrugated blades and three spacers. The blades have 10 teeth per 25.4 mm. The main grooves need not exceed the specified dimensions to hold the blades in place. The last three corrugated blades again have 6 teeth per 25.4 mm. The spacers between the previous blade having 10 teeth per 25.4 mm, and the last blade with 6 teeth per 25, ₄ mm have a very important function: they contribute to create air turbulence during rotation of the disc, which contribute to the to move the ground product away during the reduction of the grains.

The devices according to the invention can be manufactured in different sizes. For example, units with a throughput of 150 kg per hour can be used for laboratory operation. This requires only a relatively small drive motor, for example 2 HP. Such units are easy to transport and can be used in a targeted manner, especially in underdeveloped countries.

• Fig. 1 eine teilweise geschnittene Seitenansicht einer erfindungsgemäß aufgebauten Schälmaschine;
• Fig. 2 eine Ansicht der Schälmaschine in Richtung des Pfeiles 11 betrachtet, bei abgenommenem Deckel;
• Fig. 3 einen Schnitt einer abgewandelten Ausführungsform des die Schältrommel umschließenden Schirmzylinders;
• Fig. 4 eine Schnittansicht der am oberen Schirmzylinderteil angeordneten Einsätze;
• Fig. 5 eine Ansicht des Mantels mit Schlitzen und verdrillten Drahteinsätzen;
• Fig. 6 eine der Figur 1 entsprechende Ansicht einer abgewandelten Ausführungsform einer Schälmaschine;
• Fig. 7 einen Vertikalschnitt einer Naß-Mahlvorrichtung;
• Fig. 8 einen vertikalen Teilschnitt der unteren Mahlscheibe der Mahlvorrichtung gemäß Fig. 7 in größerem Maßstab;
• Fig. 9 eine axiale Teilansicht der umlaufenden unteren Mahischeibe;
• Fig. 10 einen vertikalen Teilschnitt der oberen stationären Mahlscheibe;
• Fig. 11 eine axiale Teilansicht der oberen festen Mahlscheibe;
• Fig. 12 in axialer Ansicht und- in einem diametralen Schnitt das Mahlscheibengehäuse zur Naßvermahlung;
• Fig. 13 eine axiale Ansicht und einen Schnitt der Trägerplatte für das Gehäuse nach Fig. 12;
• Fig. 14 in größerem Maßstab Teilansichten der zur Verwendung kommenden Sägeblätter.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the drawing. The drawing shows:

• Figure 1 is a partially sectioned side view of a peeling machine constructed according to the invention.
• 2 shows a view of the peeling machine in the direction of arrow 11, with the cover removed;
• 3 shows a section of a modified embodiment of the umbrella cylinder enclosing the peeling drum;
• 4 shows a sectional view of the inserts arranged on the upper umbrella cylinder part;
• 5 is a view of the jacket with slots and twisted wire inserts;
• 6 shows a view corresponding to FIG. 1 of a modified embodiment of a peeling machine;
• Figure 7 is a vertical section of a wet grinder.
• 8 shows a vertical partial section of the lower grinding disk of the grinding device according to FIG. 7 on a larger scale;
• 9 is a partial axial view of the rotating lower grinding disc;
• 10 shows a vertical partial section of the upper stationary grinding disk;
• 11 is a partial axial view of the upper fixed grinding disk;
• Figure 12 in an axial view and in a diametrical section, the grinding wheel housing for wet grinding.
• 13 shows an axial view and a section of the carrier plate for the housing according to FIG. 12;
• Fig. 14 on a larger scale partial views of the saw blades used.

The. Figures 1 and 2 show a peeling device constructed according to the invention. This has a hopper 10 for introducing the grain, which is followed by a screw conveyor 14 driven by a drive motor 20. From this, the ground material is transferred into the housing 16. The housing consists of two parts, namely a bottom part and an upper part, which are connected on the left side according to FIG. 1 by a wall plate, which results in simple construction and simple maintenance. In the housing, a drum 18 with beaters or knives 19 is mounted with a horizontal shaft, the latter being arranged in two sections, the shorter knives lying on the left-hand side according to FIG. 1 near the inlet 15 in order to better distribute the grains in To ensure the longitudinal direction. The right step of the knife according to FIG. 1 is longer and runs towards the outlet. The knives 19 are arranged along surface lines of the drum or along helical lines. The shorter knives on the inlet side have an angle of inclination of approximately 3 °, while the knives on the outlet side have an angle of 1 ° with respect to the end of the drum. In this way the grain movement is delayed during the rotation.

The drum 18 is enclosed in the upper half by a pimple metal screen 20 and in the lower part by a slotted metal sheet screen 22, which together form a cylinder. There is a 7 to 8 mm wide gap between the knives and the cylinder 20, 22 thus formed in order to avoid any impact. By the friction that occurs is treated by the tempered grains for the purpose of removing the fruit peel. Through the slotted metal sheet screen 22, the removed fruit casings fall onto the bottom of an outlet collecting vessel in which a screw conveyor 34 is arranged, which conveys the peels after the peel outlet 42. The drum is carried by a main shaft 24 via a bearing housing 26 which has ball bearings 28. The shaft 24 supports the drum 18 via a hub 30. A dust protection ring 32 protects the end of the drum against the ingress of lubricating oil. The ring is equipped with multiple grooves that prevent the ingress of dust and only allow air to pass through. On the outlet side, an annular collar 36 adjoins the drum, which is closed by a door articulated via a hinge 38, ie the door 40 closes the annular collar opening through which the peeled grain exits. The grains are held back by the self-adjusting door 40 until all of the pods that are discharged through the outlet 42 are removed. The peeled grain builds up in the ring collar, and grain is further conveyed in this, so that pressure is exerted on the door structure. The hulled grain then arrives at outlet 44 and is discharged through a cascade retention plate to slow down the grains. The air suction leads to the removal of broken particles. For this purpose, a conveying fan 46 is attached to the door 40 and this fan, which is driven by a motor 48, conveys into a cyclone to achieve a dust-free exit. The fan drive motor 48 is adjustable in speed in order to achieve individual air control, which is very important in this type of operation. A strong hinge arrangement for the door is therefore required. These hinges are arranged so that, if necessary, they open the door.

Stirring scraper tools 50 are attached to the exit side of the drum and rotate with the drum to move the grain out of the ring collar outlet. For this purpose, part of the ring collar has 36 slots with a depth of 3 mm, which are 10 mm long. This ensures that the cleaned grain cannot clump together, but is continuously removed.

• Zuerst wird das Erzeugnis, beispielsweise Weizen, Gerste, Hafer, Sago oder auch Mais, Bohnen oder grüne Kaffeebohnen trocken durch herkömmliche Reinigungsmaschinen gereinigt Dann werden die Körner gemäß dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren getempert, wobei im Falle von Weizen der Feuchtigkeⁱtspegel zwischen 16 bis 18% und die Temperatur auf 30°C gehalten werden. Eine Verweitperiode von wenigstens 30 Minuten ist erforderlich, um das Schälen zu bewirken und die Schalen ohne Beschädigung der Kerne oder Weizenkeime zu entfernen.

This machine, which can be used for all types of grain, grains and seeds, removes the outer layer up to the testa layer. The procedure is as follows:

• First, the product, such as wheat, barley, oat, sago, or corn, beans or green coffee beans is dry by conventional cleaning machines purified Then the grains are tempered according to the process according to the invention, wherein in the case of wheat the moisture genuin ⁱ tspegel between 16 to 18% and the temperature is kept at 30 ° C. A widening period of at least 30 minutes is required to effect the peeling and to remove the peels without damaging the kernels or wheat germ.

If the grain is then to be ground into flour, a second tempering process at 30 ° C with a moisture level of up to 16% is required. The residence time is not less than 8 to 12 hours, and this process prepares the grains so that they can then be ground.

The device according to the invention can be designed for various capacities, for example for 150 kg / h as a laboratory unit, while industrial types can process 700 or 3500 kg per hour.

FIGS. 3 to 5 show a preferred embodiment of the cylindrical screen surrounding the drum, which is designated in FIG. 2 by the reference numbers 20 and 22 respectively. According to the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 3 to 5, the cylinder screen 52 consists of a. slotted 1.5 mm thick stainless steel jacket. In the upper half, twisted wires 54 of square cross-section are fixed over the inside of the cylinder screen, which have a favorable cleaning effect. Through these twisted steel wires, peeling is brought about by gentle friction. As a result, the wheat seeds and the germs are protected against damage

FIG. 5, which shows a partial development, clearly shows the twisted wires 54 in their arrangement relative to the slots 56 of the jacket. The distance between the wires 54 is approximately 30 mm.

The great advantage of the above-described device for peeling compared to conventional machines is that the grains are sterilized with increasing flour yield, the storage stability and the quality of the end products being improved. All hair, bacteria and other impurities are removed with the shells. This by-product with a high fiber content is used in the chemical industry

FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of a peeling machine constructed according to the invention. Unless described in detail, this peeling machine corresponds to the peeling machine according to FIGS. 1 and 2.

A frame plate ₅ 8 carries all main parts in an exact position. The drum 60 is made of duralumin and is made in one piece. A grooved dust protection ring 62 prevents the ingress of dust. Blow bars 64, 66 are screwed to the circumference of the drum 60, the former being set at an angle of 3 ° after the exit end, while the blow bar 66 is set at an angle of 2 °. The umbrella cylinder 68 is made of slotted steel sheet made of stainless steel. The upper half of the screen is in turn covered with twisted square wires 54, which ensure smooth peeling.

At the outlet end of the drum, two scraping tools 70 are arranged at an angular distance of 180 ° to one another, in order to keep the grains moving continuously and to convey them to the hanging door 74, while the awns fall down through the slots and are removed. Flanges 72 adjoining the cylindrical screen 68 have a Z-shaped cross-sectional shape and have slots with a size of 9 × 2.5 mm and a distance of 10 mm. After closing the hanging door 74 by means of an adjustable screw 76, the space in front of the hanging door can fill up until the pressure exceeds the closing pressure. This hanging door 74, which is pivotable via an upper joint, must be made very precisely from special steel without defects.

An adjusting flap 78 leads from the chamber formed by a fixed welded-on outer cover 88 to a high-pressure fan 80 which is driven by a motor 82. The fan feeds into a cyclone. 84 the air speed is about 1150 m / min. A bowl collection bag 86 is suspended under the cyclone. The cleaned and peeled grain is again removed from the bottom of the chamber

Reference is made below to FIG. 7 of the drawing, which shows a wet grinding device. A hopper 101 leads to a screw conveyor 103 which is driven by a motor 102 with a variable speed. A water tank 104 is above the machine arranged on a water tank support 105. From this water tank, a water pipe 107 provided with a valve 106 leads after the machine has run in and which is provided with an adjusting wheel 108. A cover plate 109 covers the grinder. This grinding device has a grinding disc carrier ₁₁ 0 in the form of a tube provided with an external thread. This tube carries the stationary grinding disc ₁ 1 ₁ . With the adjusting wheel 8, which is screwed onto the external thread of the tube 110, the stationary grinding disk can be axially displaced, since the adjusting wheel is supported on the cover plate 9. Through the interior of the tube 110, the ground material supplied by the screw conveyor 103 is fed to the grinding disks. The stationary grinding disk 111 has saw blades 112 as grinding tools, which are pressed by holding screws 113 against one another and against the wall of the groove accommodating them and are thus fixed on the grinding disk. The lower rotating grinding disk 114, which is also equipped with saw blades 112, is supported by an adapter sleeve 118, which is seated on the vertical main shaft 123. The lower grinding disc bears on the outer periphery one or more Abstreifschaufeln 115. The grinding discs are disposed within a housing 116 that 17 has a sealing disc ₁ in the region of the adapter sleeve 118th The shaft housing 122 carries a bearing cover 119 with a seal 120. The shaft 123 is supported by ball bearings 124. A holding flange 125 holds the shaft housing on a base plate 128. The bearing is closed at the bottom by a lower bearing cover 126, which has a sealing ring 127. The drive takes place from a drive motor 130 via a reduction gear 129, the output shaft 133 of which is in drive connection with the main shaft 123. The regrind outlet 131 is arranged airtight and watertight. Two handles 132 are arranged diametrically opposite one another on the grinding disc housing

Figures 8 and 9 show details of the lower grinding disc 1 ₁₄ . This grinding disc 114 has a radially outwardly rising surface 134 and on the outer edge the saw blades 112 are inserted in grooves 135 and secured by screws 113.

Figures 10 and 11 show details of the upper stationary grinding disc. This upper grinding disk 111, which is suspended in height-adjustable manner from the cover plate ₁ 09 by screws 136, has a lower conical surface 137 which has a groove 135 on the circumference into which the saw blades 112 are inserted and secured by screws 113.

Figures 12 and 13 show details of the grinding disc housing. The upper illustration in FIG. 12 shows a top view from above, specifically without a cover plate. The upper and lower cover plates 138 are soldered to the peripheral wall 140 by means of a silver solder

FIG. 14 shows some shapes of the saw blades that can be used for the upper and lower grinding disks 111 and 114, respectively. As can be seen from FIG. 14, the tooth tips are rounded and the tooth base is also determined by curves. As can be seen from FIG. 1 ₄ , the saw blades ₁₁ 2a, ₁₁ 2b and 1 ₁ 2c differ in the height and number of teeth per unit length. The saw blade 112a has six teeth per 2.45 cm, the saw blade 1 ₁ 2b ten Teeth per 2.5 ₄ cm, and saw blade 112 has 16 teeth per 2.54 cm. The steep flank has an angle of 55 ° with respect to the horizontal, and the flat flank has an angle of 25 °.

The grinding device according to the invention is suitable for wet grinding, semi-wet grinding and dry grinding of wheat and other cereals, but also of spices, soft minerals and chemicals. The novel grinding device is accordingly applicable both in the food production industry for the production of flour, but also for the reduction of a large number of products, for example seeds (with the exception of ginger), and also of chemicals and light minerals.

The grinding is effected by the two grinding disks ₁ 11, 11 _4, in which the arc-shaped blades are respectively clamped with the interposition of a spacer. The grinding disks have radially extending webs 141 or depressions on the opposite surfaces 134 and 137.

Due to the special design, there is a constant air flow that creates an air cushion, which ensures smooth shredding and grinding at low temperatures. This is particularly important in flour production, where damage to the glutamine must be avoided. in practice the three different saw blades 112a, 112b and 112c are used. The saw blades are used in wheat grinding to increase the extraction rate and to reduce the ash content while reducing the drive power. The saw blades can be exchanged simply by loosening the screws 136 and they have the same service life as the corrugations in the usual mills. However, the replacement costs are significantly lower because the wear only affects the saw blades.

It can be driven by a diesel engine, electric motor or other energy sources.

Claims (12)

_1st Process for the treatment of cereals, characterized in that the peeling process is time-controlled using a predetermined moisture content, the moisture penetrating into the outer part of the grain into the Testa layer during the fractionation process, so that several tempering processes are carried out if necessary, the maximum moisture content is 16% before the grinding process begins, which can be carried out as wet grinding, semi-wet grinding or dry grinding. 2. Device for carrying out the peeling process according to claim 1,
characterized in that a feed device (10, ₁ 4) is arranged above the inlet end of a drum ( ₁ 8) rotating with a horizontal axis, that the roller carries blades which are slightly inclined in the longitudinal direction, that the roller is surrounded by a cylindrical screen to form a working ring gap which has peeling tools in the upper section and an outlet screen in the lower section,
that the umbrella part extending over the upper half has peeling tools (54) in the form of twisted wires of square cross section, which are arranged on the inside of the screen at a distance from each other and
that the knives on the roller circumference are arranged in two groups (18, 19) which have a different slope for the purpose of delaying the movement. 3. Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that on the discharge side of the drum a pivotable about an upper horizontal joint (38) door (40) is arranged, which opens under the pressure of the conveyed peeled good
that the suction side of a blower (80; 66) is connected at the discharge end and is used to remove fractions,
that a shell outlet (42) is arranged under the screen jacket (22) and
that a screw conveyor (34) is arranged in the collecting device for the shells. _4th Apparatus according to claims 2 and 3, characterized in that at least one, preferably two diametrically opposite stirring tools or scraping tools (50; 70) are arranged at the discharge end of the drum. 5. Device according to claims 2 to 4, characterized in that an outer cover (88) is arranged on the discharge side, which forms a drainage chamber 6. Device according to one of claims 2 to 5,
characterized in that a Z-shaped flange (72) is connected to the outlet end of the shield cylinder (68) and forms an outlet chamber in which the stirring tools (70) rotate. 7 _- device for carrying out the grinding process according to claim 1,
characterized in that an upper stationary grinding disc (111) and a lower rotating grinding disc (114) are arranged within a housing, the grinding gap of which is equipped with saw blades (112) and which are arranged with a vertical axis,
that the saw blades (112) are arranged in a circumferential groove of the grinding disks (111, 114),
that the saw blades (112) are detachably fastened by radial clamping screws in the circumferential groove and
that the saw blades with spacers inserted between them are arranged in the aligned grooves of the upper and lower grinding disks. 8. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that the grinding disks are recessed inwards from the edge of the axially directed circumferential groove. 9. Device according to claims 7 and 8, characterized in that the upper grinding disc (111) is suspended from a central pipe socket (110), via which the material to be loaded is ground,
that the outlet end of a screw conveyor (103) is arranged above the open end of the tube (110), a feed hopper (101) is arranged above the inlet end thereof,
that a water inlet pipe ( ₇ ) is guided through the inside of the pipe (10),
that the water inlet pipe (107) is fed from a water container (104) arranged above the device via a valve (106) and
that the tube (110) hangs on an adjusting nut (108) which can be screwed onto an external thread of the tube and is supported on the outside of the housing cover 10. The device according to claim 7,
characterized in that the lower grinding disc ( ₁₁₄ ) is carried by an adapter sleeve (118) which runs in a sealing manner (117) in the housing base (116) and is fixed on the upper end of a vertical drive shaft (23) ₁₁ . Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the saw blades have rounded teeth and
that the tooth gaps are rounded, so that there is a waveform 12. The apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the grinding disks have radially directed webs or depressions on their conical surfaces.

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