EP0176430B1 - Method and device for controlling the internal cylinder surface temperature of an internal-combustion engine - Google Patents

Method and device for controlling the internal cylinder surface temperature of an internal-combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0176430B1
EP0176430B1 EP85401783A EP85401783A EP0176430B1 EP 0176430 B1 EP0176430 B1 EP 0176430B1 EP 85401783 A EP85401783 A EP 85401783A EP 85401783 A EP85401783 A EP 85401783A EP 0176430 B1 EP0176430 B1 EP 0176430B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
temperature
liners
wall
controlling
cooling fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85401783A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0176430A1 (en
Inventor
Alain Devaux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MAN Energy Solutions France SAS
Original Assignee
Societe dEtudes de Machines Thermiques SEMT SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Societe dEtudes de Machines Thermiques SEMT SA filed Critical Societe dEtudes de Machines Thermiques SEMT SA
Publication of EP0176430A1 publication Critical patent/EP0176430A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0176430B1 publication Critical patent/EP0176430B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P11/00—Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01P1/00 - F01P9/00
    • F01P11/06—Cleaning; Combating corrosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/14—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B77/00—Component parts, details or accessories, not otherwise provided for
    • F02B77/04—Cleaning of, preventing corrosion or erosion in, or preventing unwanted deposits in, combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F01P2003/021—Cooling cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P11/00—Component parts, details, or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01P1/00 - F01P9/00
    • F01P11/06—Cleaning; Combating corrosion
    • F01P2011/066—Combating corrosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P2025/00—Measuring
    • F01P2025/08—Temperature
    • F01P2025/31—Cylinder temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

  • the minimum temperature of the jacket wall is maintained at a higher value, but this device does not allow this temperature to be controlled when the load increases and moreover, this minimum temperature cannot be adjusted according to the conditions. engine use.
  • a temperature sensor 6 is housed in the wall of the jacket 1, the active part 7 of this sensor being located opposite the zone Z 1 and in the thickness between the internal surface 1c and the cooling conduits 10. This sensor 6 measures, with respect to the zone Z i , the temperature of the surface 1 '. It is of course possible to install several sensors. This zone 2 1 receives only the oil flow which crosses the barrier of the scraper segments, which is insufficient to compensate for the attack of the acid at low temperature.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé de régulation de la température de la surface interne des chemises de cylindres d'un moteur Diesel refroidi par circulation d'un fluide réfrigérant et fonctionnant avec un combustible renfermant une proportion importante de composés soufrés, de manière à éviter l'usure corrosive de cette surface quelles que soient les conditions d'utilisation du moteur.The present invention relates to a method for regulating the temperature of the internal surface of the liners of cylinders of a diesel engine cooled by circulation of a refrigerant fluid and operating with a fuel containing a large proportion of sulfur compounds, so as to avoid the corrosive wear of this surface whatever the conditions of use of the engine.

Elle concerne également un dispositif de mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.It also relates to a device for implementing this method.

Les combustibles dérivés du pétrole les plus dégradés, et utilisés dans certains moteurs Diesel, ont l'inconvénient de renfermer une proportion importante de composés soufrés. L'eau générée par la combustion favorise sous certaines conditions de température et de pression la formation d'acide sulfurique. Cet acide corrode la paroi des chemises, abrégeant leur durée de vie.The most degraded petroleum fuels, used in certain diesel engines, have the disadvantage of containing a large proportion of sulfur compounds. The water generated by combustion favors the formation of sulfuric acid under certain temperature and pressure conditions. This acid corrodes the lining of shirts, shortening their lifespan.

L'expérimentation montre que, pour une température pariétale supérieure ou égale à 150°C et inférieure ou égale à 120°, l'usure corrosive reste faible ou nulle. Par contre, aux environs de 130°C, les effets conjugués de l'acide et de la température conduisent à une agressivité maximale.Experimentation shows that, for a wall temperature greater than or equal to 150 ° C and less than or equal to 120 °, the corrosive wear remains low or zero. On the other hand, around 130 ° C, the combined effects of acid and temperature lead to maximum aggressiveness.

Les moteurs Diesel modernes ont, dans la zone de la chemise la plus exposée, une température pariétale supérieure à 150° C lorsque le moteur est au voisinage de la pleine charge. Mais si le moteur est employé à charge partielle (25 % par exemple), ce flux thermique à travers la paroi de la chemise est divisé par trois, et comme le flux de réfrigération du moteur est maintenu à température constante par le dispositif de régulation conventionnel, il s'ensuit une chute importante de la température pariétale de chemise et il y a risque de corrosion sulfurique.Modern diesel engines have a wall temperature above 150 ° C in the most exposed jacket area when the engine is near full load. But if the engine is used at partial load (25% for example), this thermal flow through the wall of the jacket is divided by three, and as the cooling flow of the engine is maintained at constant temperature by the conventional regulating device , there follows a significant drop in the wall temperature of the jacket and there is a risk of sulfuric corrosion.

On connaît, notamment par le document GB-A-2 019 490, un dispositif permettant de limiter l'efficacité du refroidissement pour maintenir une température localement plus élevée de la paroi du cylindre. Ce dispositif consiste à déposer, dans les conduits de refroidissement, un matériau isolant destiné à réduire les échanges thermiques entre le fluide réfrigérant et la paroi des chemises.Is known, in particular from document GB-A-2 019 490, a device making it possible to limit the efficiency of cooling to maintain a locally higher temperature of the wall of the cylinder. This device consists in depositing, in the cooling conduits, an insulating material intended to reduce the heat exchanges between the refrigerant fluid and the wall of the liners.

A basses charges, la température minimale de la paroi des chemises est maintenue à une valeur plus élevée, mais ce dispositif ne permet pas de contrôler cette température lorsque la charge augmente et de plus, cette température minimale ne peut pas être ajustée en fonction des conditions d'utilisation du moteur.At low loads, the minimum temperature of the jacket wall is maintained at a higher value, but this device does not allow this temperature to be controlled when the load increases and moreover, this minimum temperature cannot be adjusted according to the conditions. engine use.

La présente invention a pour objet de supprimer ces inconvénients tout en réduisant au minimum les paramètres de régulation et leur traitement.The object of the present invention is to eliminate these drawbacks while minimizing the regulation parameters and their processing.

L'invention a pour objet un procédé de régulation de la température de la surface interne des chemises de cylindres d'un moteur Diesel refroidi par circulation d'un fluide réfrigérant, et fonctionnant avec un combustible renfermant une proportion importante de composés soufrés, caractérisé en ce que l'on régule la température du fluide réfrigérant pour maintenir la température de la surface interne des chemises égale à une température de consigne, et en ce que l'on choisit la température de consigne de telle sorte que la température de la surface interne des chemises se situe en dehors de la zone de température pour laquelle la corrosion par l'acide sulfurique existe, compte tenu des conditions d'utilisation du moteur.The subject of the invention is a method for regulating the temperature of the internal surface of the liners of cylinders of a diesel engine cooled by the circulation of a coolant, and operating with a fuel containing a large proportion of sulfur-containing compounds, characterized in what we regulate the temperature of the refrigerant to maintain the temperature of the inner surface of the liners equal to a set temperature, and in that we choose the set temperature so that the temperature of the inner surface jackets is outside the temperature zone for which corrosion by sulfuric acid exists, taking into account the conditions of use of the engine.

Avantageusement, on choisit la température de consigne de telle sorte que la température de la surface interne des chemises se situe au-dessus de la zone de température pour laquelle la corrosion par l'acide sulfurique existe.Advantageously, the set temperature is chosen so that the temperature of the inner surface of the liners is above the temperature zone for which corrosion by sulfuric acid exists.

L'invention a également pour objet un dispositif assurant une circulation d'un fluide réfrigérant à travers des conduits situés dans la paroi des chemises, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte des moyens de réglage de la température du fluide réfrigérant, un ou plusieurs capteurs de température logés dans la paroi des chemises de cylindres et associés aux moyens de réglage par l'intermédiaire d'une commande, la partie sensible du ou des capteurs de température étant située dans l'épaisseur de la paroi des chemises comprise entre la surface interne des chemises et les conduits.The invention also relates to a device ensuring the circulation of a coolant fluid through conduits located in the wall of the jackets, characterized in that it comprises means for adjusting the temperature of the coolant, one or more sensors temperature housed in the wall of the cylinder liners and associated with the adjustment means by means of a control, the sensitive part of the temperature sensor (s) being located in the thickness of the wall of the liners comprised between the internal surface shirts and conduits.

Il est décrit ci-après, à titre d'exemple et en référence aux dessins annexés, un dispositif conforme à l'invention.

  • La figure 1 représente en coupe une chemise d'un cylindre.
  • La figure 2 représente schématiquement un dispositif de circulation du fluide réfrigérant.
It is described below, by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, a device according to the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows in section a jacket of a cylinder.
  • FIG. 2 schematically represents a device for circulating the coolant.

Dans la figure 1, une chemise 1, possédant une surface interne 1' entourée de conduits de circulation 10 d'un fluide réfrigérant, est fermée par une culasse 8 partiellement représentée. Un piston 2, muni d'une jupe 9, est représenté à son point mort haut.In FIG. 1, a jacket 1, having an internal surface 1 'surrounded by conduits for circulation of a refrigerant, is closed by a cylinder head 8 partially shown. A piston 2, provided with a skirt 9, is shown at its top dead center.

Le piston 2 comporte côté culasse un segment coup de feu 3, et côté jupe deux segments compresseurs 4 et deux segments râcleurs 4A, 4B. La zone Z1 représente la partie annulaire de la surface l'qui est en regard de l'espace séparant le dessus du segment coup de feu du dessous du dernier segment râcleur 4B lorsque le piston est au point mort haut.The piston 2 comprises on the breech side a shot segment 3, and on the skirt side two compressor segments 4 and two scraper segments 4A, 4B. Zone Z 1 represents the annular part of the surface which is opposite the space separating the top of the gun segment from below the last scraper segment 4B when the piston is in top dead center.

Un capteur de température 6 est logé dans la paroi de la chemise 1, la partie active 7 de ce capteur étant située en regard de la zone Z1 et dans l'épaisseur comprise entre la surface interne l'et les conduits de refroidissement 10. Ce capteur 6 mesure, en regard de la zone Zi, la température de la surface 1'. On peut bien entendu, installer plusieurs capteurs. Cette zone 21 ne reçoit que le débit d'huile qui franchit le barrage des segments râcleurs, ce qui est insuffisant pour compenser l'attaque de l'acide à basse température.A temperature sensor 6 is housed in the wall of the jacket 1, the active part 7 of this sensor being located opposite the zone Z 1 and in the thickness between the internal surface 1c and the cooling conduits 10. This sensor 6 measures, with respect to the zone Z i , the temperature of the surface 1 '. It is of course possible to install several sensors. This zone 2 1 receives only the oil flow which crosses the barrier of the scraper segments, which is insufficient to compensate for the attack of the acid at low temperature.

La zone Z2 représente la partie annulaire de la surface l'située côté jupe sous le dernier des segments râcleurs 4B.Zone Z 2 represents the annular part of the surface located on the skirt side under the last of the scraper segments 4B.

Cette zone Z2 reçoit une quantité importante d'huile basique de graissage.This zone Z 2 receives a large quantity of basic lubricating oil.

La figure 2 montre schématiquement les éléments principaux d'un dispositif de régulation permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé. La chemise 1 est refroidie par une circulation 11 d'un fluide réfrigérant traversant les conduits 10 représentés en figure 1. Ce circuit comprend une pompe 12 et des moyens de réglage 13,14,15 de la température du fluide réfrigérant. Ces moyens de réglage sont une vanne 13 actionnée par un moteur 13', un échangeur de chaleur 14 et un conduit 15, la vanne 13 permettant de dériver tout ou partie du fluide réfrigérant dans le conduit 15. Le moteur 13' actionne cette vanne sous l'action d'une commande 16 reliée au moteur par une liaison électrique, pneumatique ou hydraulique 19. Cette commande 16 agit en fonction de l'écart du paramètre de température du capteur 6 avec une température de consigne 18 par la liaison 17. La température de consigne 18 peut être ajustée en fonction de l'utilisation du moteur, en particulier en fonction de la qualité du combustible utilisé et de sa teneur en composés soufrés.Figure 2 shows schematically the main elements of a regulation device allowing the implementation of the method. The jacket 1 is cooled by a circulation 11 of a coolant passing through the conduits 10 shown in FIG. 1. This circuit includes a pump 12 and means 13,14,15 for adjusting the temperature of the coolant. These adjustment means are a valve 13 actuated by a motor 13 ', a heat exchanger 14 and a conduit 15, the valve 13 making it possible to divert all or part of the refrigerant fluid in the conduit 15. The motor 13' actuates this valve under the action of a control 16 connected to the engine by an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic connection 19. This control 16 acts as a function of the difference in the temperature parameter of the sensor 6 with a set temperature 18 by the connection 17. The setpoint temperature 18 can be adjusted according to the use of the engine, in particular according to the quality of the fuel used and its content of sulfur compounds.

Une opération de régulation s'effectue de la manière suivante:A regulation operation is carried out as follows:

Lorsque le moteur est à pleine charge ou au voisinage de la pleine charge, le flux thermique est maximum dans la zone Zl. Cette zone est maintenue à une température de 150°C par exemple par les moyens de réglage de la température du fluide réfrigérant. L'action de l'acide sulfurique est alors maintenue à son niveau le plus bas.When the engine is at full load or in the vicinity of full load, the heat flux is maximum in zone Z l . This zone is maintained at a temperature of 150 ° C., for example by the means for adjusting the temperature of the coolant. The action of sulfuric acid is then kept at its lowest level.

Si la charge du moteur diminue, la baisse de température mesurée par le capteur 6 engendre une réaction de la commande 16, provoquant une diminution du débit du fluide réfrigérant dans l'échangeur de chaleur 14 grâce à la vanne 13 qui dérive alors une partie du fluide dans le conduit 15. La température du fluide réfrigérant augmente, donc la quantité de chaleur évacuée de la zone Z1 par les conduits 10 diminue en conséquence. Ceci a donc pour effet de maintenir la température de la zone dangereuse à une valeur suffisante pour conserver une action minimale de l'acide sulfurique.If the engine load decreases, the drop in temperature measured by the sensor 6 generates a reaction of the control 16, causing a decrease in the flow rate of the coolant in the heat exchanger 14 thanks to the valve 13 which then drifts part of the fluid in the conduit 15. The temperature of the refrigerant increases, therefore the quantity of heat evacuated from the zone Z 1 by the conduits 10 decreases accordingly. This therefore has the effect of maintaining the temperature of the danger zone at a value sufficient to maintain a minimal action of sulfuric acid.

Claims (3)

1. A method for controlling the temperature of the inside surface of the cylinder liners of a diesel engine which is cooled by circulating a cooling fluid and which burns a fuel that includes an important proportion of sulphurous compounds, characterized in that the temperature of the cooling fluid is controlled in such a manner as to maintain the temperature of the inside surface of the cylinder liners at a set point temperature, and that the set point temperature is chosen such that the temperature of the inside surfaces of the liners is kept outside the temperature range, within which corrosion by sulphuric acid occurs, taken into account the working conditions of the engine.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the set point temperature is chosen such, that the temperature of the inside surfaces of the liners is above the range of temperatures in which sulphuric acid corrosion occurs.
3. An arrangement enabling the implementation of the method according to claim 1 or 2, adapted to ensure the circulation (11) of a cooling fluid through ducts (10) provided in the wall of the liners, characterized in that it comprises means (13,14,15) for controlling the temperature of the cooling fluid and one or more temperature sensors (6) located in the wall of the cylinder liners and associated with the control means via a command unit (16), the sensitive part of the or each temperature sensor being located in the thickness of the liner wall comprised between the inside surface (1') of the liner and the ducts (10).
EP85401783A 1984-09-20 1985-09-16 Method and device for controlling the internal cylinder surface temperature of an internal-combustion engine Expired EP0176430B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8414452A FR2570439B1 (en) 1984-09-20 1984-09-20 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE CYLINDER LINERS OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
FR8414452 1984-09-20

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0176430A1 EP0176430A1 (en) 1986-04-02
EP0176430B1 true EP0176430B1 (en) 1989-01-25

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ID=9307903

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85401783A Expired EP0176430B1 (en) 1984-09-20 1985-09-16 Method and device for controlling the internal cylinder surface temperature of an internal-combustion engine

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US4662321A (en)
EP (1) EP0176430B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6183447A (en)
BR (1) BR8504618A (en)
DE (1) DE3567937D1 (en)
DK (1) DK158240C (en)
FI (1) FI82292C (en)
FR (1) FR2570439B1 (en)

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JP2690894B2 (en) * 1987-04-27 1997-12-17 三菱重工業株式会社 Internal combustion engine cooling system
WO1992005347A1 (en) * 1990-09-19 1992-04-02 Drobyshevsky Cheslav Bronislav Method and device for controlling the thermal condition of an internal combustion engine
US5299538A (en) * 1992-06-26 1994-04-05 Detroit Diesel Corporation Internal combustion engine block having a cylinder liner shunt flow cooling system and method of cooling same
US5505167A (en) * 1993-05-05 1996-04-09 Detroit Diesel Corporation Internal combustion engine block having a cylinder liner shunt flow cooling system and method of cooling same
US5596954A (en) * 1993-05-05 1997-01-28 Detroit Diesel Corporation Internal combustion engine block having a cylinder liner shunt flow cooling system and method of cooling same
DK170447B1 (en) * 1993-05-26 1995-09-04 Man B & W Diesel Gmbh Process and internal combustion engine
US5657722A (en) * 1996-01-30 1997-08-19 Thomas J. Hollis System for maintaining engine oil at a desired temperature
EP0814243B1 (en) * 1996-06-20 2003-04-16 Wärtsilä Schweiz AG Cooling system for the cylinder jacket of an internal combustion engine
DE19835581A1 (en) * 1998-08-06 2000-02-17 Daimler Chrysler Ag Internal combustion engine with a crankcase fitted with a temperature detector for regulating the volume flow of a cooling agent according to temperature has cylinders cooled by this cooling agent.
CA2555579A1 (en) * 2004-02-09 2005-08-25 Benmaxx, Llc Fluid-cooled cylinder liner
US7191770B1 (en) 2005-06-07 2007-03-20 Brunswick Corporation Insulated cylinder liner for a marine engine
US8375711B2 (en) 2009-01-19 2013-02-19 Vaculift, Inc. Compact vacuum material handler
CN107882634B (en) * 2017-12-12 2024-01-12 威海怡和专用设备制造有限公司 Vehicle-mounted ship internal combustion engine non-disassembly cleaning system
US11280291B2 (en) * 2019-12-31 2022-03-22 Mahle International Gmbh Cylinder liner with temperature sensor

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2019490A (en) * 1978-04-25 1979-10-31 Sulzer Ag Improvements in or Relating to Cylinder Liners for Internal Combustion Engines

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2570439B1 (en) 1989-03-31
FI82292C (en) 1995-01-17
DK158240B (en) 1990-04-16
DE3567937D1 (en) 1989-03-02
BR8504618A (en) 1986-07-15
FR2570439A1 (en) 1986-03-21
US4662321A (en) 1987-05-05
EP0176430A1 (en) 1986-04-02
DK425685D0 (en) 1985-09-19
FI853591A0 (en) 1985-09-18
FI82292B (en) 1990-10-31
DK425685A (en) 1986-03-21
FI853591L (en) 1986-03-21
JPS6183447A (en) 1986-04-28
DK158240C (en) 1990-09-24

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