EP0172668A1 - Organe de fixage par fusion pour copieurs électrostatographiques - Google Patents

Organe de fixage par fusion pour copieurs électrostatographiques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0172668A1
EP0172668A1 EP85305265A EP85305265A EP0172668A1 EP 0172668 A1 EP0172668 A1 EP 0172668A1 EP 85305265 A EP85305265 A EP 85305265A EP 85305265 A EP85305265 A EP 85305265A EP 0172668 A1 EP0172668 A1 EP 0172668A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
parts
weight
roll
fuser
fuser member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85305265A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0172668B1 (fr
Inventor
Clifford O. Eddy
Arnold W. Henry
David Battat
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Publication of EP0172668A1 publication Critical patent/EP0172668A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0172668B1 publication Critical patent/EP0172668B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
    • G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
    • G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
    • G03G15/2053—Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating
    • G03G15/2057—Structural details of heat elements, e.g. structure of roller or belt, eddy current, induction heating relating to the chemical composition of the heat element and layers thereof

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a novel fuser or fixing member for electrostatographic copiers.
  • thermal energy for fixing toner images onto a support member
  • thermal fusing of electroscopic toner images have been described in the prior art. These methods include providing the application of heat and pressure substantially concurrently by various means: a roll pair maintained in pressure contact; a flat or curved plate member in pressure contact with a roll; a belt member in pressure contact with a roll; and the like. Heat may be applied by heating one or both of the rolls, plate members or belt members. The fusing of the toner particles takes place when the proper combination of heat, pressure and contact time are provided. The balancing of these parameters to bring about the fusing of the toner particles is well known in the art, and they can be adjusted to suit particular machines or process conditions.
  • both the toner image and the support are passed through a nip formed between the roll pair, or plate or belt members.
  • the concurrent transfer of heat and the application of pressure in the nip effects the fusing of the toner image onto the support. It is important in the fusing process that no offset of the toner particles from the support to the fuser member takes place during normal operations. Toner particles offset onto the fuser member may subsequently transfer to other parts of the machine or onto the support in subsequent copying cycles, thus increasing the background or interfering with the materials being copied there.
  • Hot offset occurs when the temperature of the toner is raised to a point where the toner particles liquify and a splitting of the molten toner takes place during the fusing operation.
  • Cold offset may be caused, even at the temperatures below the molten point of the toner, by such factors as imperfections in the surface of the fusing members; by the toner particles being insufficiently adhering to the support; by electrostatic forces which may be present; etc.
  • the substrate e.g. a sheet of paper
  • the substrate may curl and/or adhere to the heated fuser.
  • adhering paper will tend to wrap itself around the fuser and thus prevent the fuser from performing its intended operations in subsequent copying cycles.
  • adhering paper must be generally removed by hand, resulting in much manual labor and machine downtime.
  • the heated member in a fusing system with a covering of a heat-resistant, release material on its outer surface. Coupled to such a heated member is a backup or pressure member covered with a heat-resistant, flexible material. The nip is formed by the flexible material under pressure contact with the heated member.
  • the heat resistant release materials for the fuser members include polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone rubber, fluorocarbon elastomers and the like.
  • a suitable offset preventing liquid may be used on the fuser member to minimize or avoid "offsetting”. Silicone oils are widely used as the offset preventing or release agent.
  • the pressure member may be made of such materials as silicone rubber and polyfluoroethylenepropylene.
  • a fixing roll for electrophotography having a surface layer made of a diorganopolysiloxane having silanol groups at the molecular terminals, a diorganopolysiloxane having trialkylsilyl groups at the molecular terminals, an alkoxy-containing silane, a metal salt of an organic acid as the crosslinking catalyst, a powdery calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and titanium dioxide.
  • U.S. Patent 4,373,239 describes a fuser with a thermally conductive and resiliently compressible material having high thermomechanical strength and good release properties which is made from a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of alpha omega-hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) having a number average molecular weight of about 5,000 to 20,000, about 128 to 250 parts by weight of finely divided tabular alumina, about 13 to 60 parts by weight of finely divided iron oxide, about 6 to 9 parts by weight of a crosslinking agent, and about 0.25 to 1.8 parts by weight of a crosslinking catalyst.
  • PDMS alpha omega-hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane
  • the composition may be cured and coated onto a fuser member at a thickness about 10 to 100 mils.
  • the pitting is caused by the fact that paper is more abrasive than the surface of the pressure roll used in the initial roll to roll testing.
  • a theoretical analysis has indicated that in the fusing operation the paper initially slips relative to the fuser roll in one direction at the entrance of the paper to the nip formed between the fuser roll and the pressure roll then becomes locked in speed with the speed of the fuser roll because it is driven through the nip and then further slips in a direction opposite at the exit of the nip. It is believed that the pitting is caused by a fretting (the action of wearing away) fatigue type of failure arising from micro-slip between the surface of the rubber-covered roll and the paper.
  • thermally conductive fuser member for use in electrostatographic reproducing apparatus is provided.
  • the fusing surface of the fusing member comprises a resiliently compressible material which has dramatically improved pitting resistance and fusing life.
  • the fusing surface comprises the crosslinked product of a composition comprising 100 parts by weight of alpha omega-hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane, from about 230 to 300 parts by weight tabular alumina, about 13 to 60 parts by weight of finely divided iron oxide particles together with effective amounts of a crosslinking agent and a crosslinking catalyst.
  • the tabular alumina is present in an amount of about 266 parts by weight.
  • the alpha, omega-hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane has a number average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 20,000.
  • the composition is cured and coated onto a fuser member at a thickness of from about 10 to 100 mils.
  • the tabular alumina is about 325 mesh in size.
  • Figure 1 shows a fuser roll 10 made with an outer layer of the composition of the present invention.
  • the fuser member shown in Figure 1 is in the form of a roll, it is to be understood that the present invention is applicable to fuser members of other shapes, such as plates or belts.
  • the fuser roll 10 is composed of a core 11 having coated thereon a thin layer 12 of the composition of the present invention.
  • the core 11 may be made of various metals such as iron, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, etc., and various synthetic resins. We prefer to use aluminum as the material for the core 11, although this is not critical.
  • the core His hollow and a heating element (not shown) is generally positioned inside the hollow core to supply the heat for the fusing operation.
  • Heating elements suitable for this purpose are known in the prior art and may comprise a quartz heater made of a quartz envelope having a tungsten resistance heating element disposed internally thereof.
  • the method of providing the necessary heat is not critical to the present invention, and the fusing member can be heated by internal means, external means or a combination of both. All heating means are well known in the art for providing sufficient heat to fuse the toner to the support.
  • the composition of layer 12 will be described in detail below.
  • the fuser roll 10 is shown in a pressure contact arrangement with a backup or pressure roll 13.
  • the pressure roll 13. comprises a metal core 14 with a layer 15 of a heat-resistant material.
  • both the fuser roll 10 and the pressure roll 13 are mounted on shafts (not shown) which are biased so that the fuser roll 10 and the pressure roll 13 are pressed against each other under sufficient pressure to form a nip 16. It is in this nip that the fusing or fixing action takes place.
  • One of the ways of obtaining high quality copies produced by the fuser assembly is when the nip is formed by a relatively hard and unyielding layer 15 with a relatively flexible layer 12. In this manner, the nip is formed by a slight deformation in the layer 12 due to the biasing of fuser roll 10 and the pressure roll 13.
  • the layer 15 may be made of any of the well known materials such as polyfluoroethylenepropylene or silicone rubber.
  • Figure 3 shows a pressure contact heated fuser assembly having a sheet of a support material 17, such as a sheet of paper, bearing thereon toner image 18 passing the fuser roll 10 and pressure roll 13.
  • a support material 17 such as a sheet of paper
  • toner image 18 passing the fuser roll 10 and pressure roll 13.
  • an intermediate oil-feeding member 19 from which an offset preventing fluid or release agent 20 is applied to the fuser roll 10.
  • release agents are known to the art and may be, for example, a silicone oil.
  • the intermediate oil feeding member 19 also performs the function of cleaning the fuser roll 10.
  • the release agent 20 in sump 21 is fed to the oil feeding member 19 through another intermediate oil feeding member 22 and a feeding roll 23.
  • the pressure roll 13 is in contact with a cleaning member 24 mounted on a supporting member 25.
  • a novel fuser member which is particularly suited for use in the heat fixing of toner images in an electrostatographic copying machine.
  • the coating on the fuser member of the present invention has improved resistance to pitting and dramatically improved useful life over prior art devices.
  • it has high thermomechanical strength, is flexible and conformable so that it can form a nip with a relatively hard pressure roll, and possesses outstanding release properties.
  • We have found that the extent of slippage In the nip region and the intensity of a shear are a function of the input strain energy per cycle (due to loading between the fuser roll and the pressure roll) In the fuser roll rubber.
  • the input strain energy per cycle in the fuser roll is a function of the hardness of the fuser roll rubber. With increase in hardness of the fuser roll rubber, the input strain energy per cycle becomes less because the nip formed between the fuser roll and the pressure roll is smaller resulting in a reduced interaction between the two rolls causing the strain to be reduced. We have also found that if you minimize the ratio of the input strain energy per cycle to total strain energy to rupture, that the fuser roll resistance to pitting and thereby failure will be Increased.
  • this increase in hardness in the fuser roll may be achieved with the addition of substantial quantities of additional tabular alumina to the fuser roll composition and at the same time contributes to an increase in the mechanical integrity of the rubber strength in terms of total strain energy to rupture (ultimate elongation X maximum tensile strength) and tear strength.
  • the coating composition comprises;
  • the alpha omega hydroxypolydimethylsiloxane is believed to have the structural formula: wherein n is an integer whose magnitude depends on the number average molecular weight of the disilanol.
  • n is an integer whose magnitude depends on the number average molecular weight of the disilanol.
  • n is an integer whose magnitude depends on the number average molecular weight of the disilanol.
  • a disilanol having a number average molecular weight between 5,000 and 20,000. In commercially available materials, this number average molecular weight corresponds roughly to materials having an average viscosity ranging from about 500 centistokes (Cstk) to about 3,500 Cstk.
  • the material Is of relatively short chains and therefore contains more active sites at the end of the chains for crosslinking during the curing step. This yields a material which contains too high a crosslinking density, and which is relatively hard and brittle and not suited for the purposes of the present invention.
  • the cured composition does not have sufficient crosslinking density to attain maximum strength and fatigue resistance, and therefore does not have sufficiently long operational life.
  • the siloxane functions as a binder to hold the thermally conducting material providing overall structural Integrity and elastomeric conformability. Furthermore, it preferably has a surface tension of from about 20 to 22 dynes per square centimeter to provide adequate release properties and is thermally stable up to a temperature of about 400°F with good thermal aging at elevated temperatures.
  • the tabular alumina is incorporated in the composition to both Improve the thermal conductivity of the composition as well as provide mechanical strength to the fuser member.
  • Tabular alumina is a sintered alumina that has been heated to a temperature slightly below 3700°F, the fusion point of aluminum oxide.
  • the name “tabular” comes from the fact that the material Is composed predominatly of table-like crystals. As previously Indicated, the material is characterized by good thermal conductivity and chemical inertness.
  • the size of the tabular alumina used is important, it being finely divided and not being larger than about 100 mesh in size. At the present time the finest size tabular alumina commercially available is 325 mesh corresponding to a maximum size of about 44 micrometers. We have found this tabular alumina to be very suitable for the purposes of the present invention.
  • iron oxide which has a particle size in the range of submicron up to about 1 micrometer in its number average particle size.
  • iron oxide is commercially available in a 0.4 micrometer size, and we have found this to be satisfactory.
  • the amount of the iron oxide employed is an important factor. It is believed that the iron oxide serves the function of a reinforcing agent in the composition. We have found between about 13 to 60 parts by weight iron oxide per 100 parts by weight of the disilanol polymer to be suitable. Using insufficient amounts of iron oxide will result in a composition which is relatively low in mechanical strength and has poor swell characteristics under mechanical stress and in the presence of typical release agents.
  • crosslinking agent used in the composition for coating the fuser member of the present invention is for the purpose of obtaining a material with sufficient crosslink density to attain maximum strength and fatigue resistance.
  • crosslinking agents which are suitable for the purposes of the present invention include: esters of orthosilicic acid; esters of polysilicic acid; and alkyltrialkoxy silanes.
  • suitable crosslinking agents include: tetramethylorthosilicate; tetraethylorthosilicate; 2-methoxyethylailicate; tetrahydrofurfurylsilicate; ethylpolysilicate; butylpolysilicate; etc.
  • Other suitable crosslinking agents are known to the art.
  • the amount of the crosslinking agent employed is not critical, as long as sufficient amount is used to completely crosslink the active end groups on the disilanol polymers used. In this respect, the amount of crosslinking agent required depends on the number average molecular weight of the disilanol polymer employed. With the higher average molecular weight polymer, there are fewer active end groups present and thus a lesser amount of the crosslinking agent is required, and vice versa. When excess amounts of a crosslinking agent are used, the excess is easily removed from the cured composition.
  • disilanol polymer of a number average molecular weight of between about 5,000 to 20,000
  • the amount to be used should be adjusted stoichiometrically to provide a sufficient amount of the crosslinking agent for the reactive end groups in the disilanol polymer.
  • Such catalysts are well known in the art and they include: the amines and carboxylic salts of many metals, such as lead, zinc, zirconium, antimony, iron, cadmium, tin, barium, calcium, and manganese; particularly the naphthenates, octoates, hexoates, laurates and acetates.
  • suitable catalysts include: stannous octoate; dibutyltin dilaurate; dibutyltin diacetate; and dibutyltin dicaproate. Bia(dibutylchlorotin) oxide and similar compounds can be also used.
  • the extent of slippage region and intensity of the shear are a function of the input strain energy per cycle (loading between the two rolls in the fuser roll coating).
  • the input strain energy per cycle is a function of hardness. Therefore by increasing the hardness the input strain energy per cycle becomes lower because the nip is smaller and therefore the interaction causing strain Is reduced.
  • the effect of changing rubber hardness in the fuser roll on peak surface strain (elongation) and input strain energy per cycle is Indicated at Figure 4a and 4b. Both peak surface strain (elongation of the rubber) and input strain energy per cycle go down as rubber modulus is increased. Both peak surface strain and input strain energy per cycle also decrease as rubber thickness is increased. However the peak surface strain exhibits a relatively weak dependence on rubber thickness. On this basis by increasing the rubber overcoat hardness, it is possible to reduce the input strain energy per cycle and the peak surface strain effectively.
  • FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d and 5e indicate representative physical property measurements of fuser roll materials as a function of alumina content.
  • the data was compiled from a pad of material comprised of the crosslinked product of a mixture of about 70 parts by weight of Rhodorsll 48V3500 which is believed to be an alpha, omega hydroxy polydimethyl siloxane having an average viscosity of 3500 centistokes available from Rhone-Paulenc Company and 30 parts by weight of Rhodorsil 48V750 which is also believed to be an alpha, omega hydroxy polydimethyl siloxane having an average viscosity of 750 centistokes available from Rhone-Paulenc Company to which was added 37.8 parts by weight of finely divided iron oxide (R2899R available from Pfizer), 15 parts by weight of tetraethyl ortho silicate and 1 part by weight of dibutyltin d
  • Tabular alumina (T61-325) available from Alcoa was added in amounts of 100, 200 and 300 parts per 100 parts by weight of the disilanol mixture.
  • the plot of stress versus strain for these materials closely approximates a linear variation, therefore the product of one half the tensile strength times the maximum elongation is appropriate to use as a measure of the total strain energy to rupture of the material.
  • the variation in total strain energy to rupture with respect to alumina is illustrated in Figure 6. It may be observed that the total strain energy to rupture increases initially as filler content increases reaching a peak at around 200 parts of alumina per 100 parts of disilanol and thereafter falls.
  • hot offset temperature is the temperature at which the toner particles liquify and splitting of the molten toner takes place during the fusing operation.
  • Minimum temperature is the lowest temperature at which the toner can be raised and still have a satisfactory fix of the toner to the copy substrate. Also as may be observed, with continued reference to Figure 6 with ratios of tabular alumina lower than about 230 parts per 100 parts of disilanol the ratio of strain energy per cycle to total strain energy to rupture tends to increase thereby reducing the number of cycles that the fuser roll may be used prior to pitting failure.
  • the EC-4952DXL is believed to contain 100 parts of an alpha, omega, hydroxy polydimethyl siloxane having a number average molecular weight between 5000 to 20,000 plus crosslinking agent which is believed to be a trialkoxy or tetra-alkoxy or condensed tetra-alkoxy silane believed to be present in a 5 to 10 parts/100 disilanol crosslinking agent; 188 parts of a tabular alumina believed to be In the 100 to 325 mesh size range, and 25 parts of a finely divided iron oxide believed to be In the size range of 0.4 micrometers to 1.0 micrometers.
  • the resultant mixed material is believed to have the following final composition: 100 parts of alpha, omega hydroxy polydimethyl siloxane of 5000 to 20,000 number average molecular weight plus 5 to 10 parts per 100 concentration of the crosslinking agent, 266 parts of the tabular alumina in the 100 to 325 mesh size range, and 25 parts of a finely divided iron oxide in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 micrometers.
  • a tin soap catalyst believed to be bis(dibutylchlorotin) oxide in the amount of 0.2 parts catalyst to 100 parts of the mixture.
  • the mixture and catalyst were brought together in a continuous mixing device which metered the two streams of compound and catalyst in the above ratio before being pumped into moulds for curing in pads and onto fuser rolls.
  • Test pads so prepared provided the following physical property average results for ten samples.
  • fuser rolls so obtained were placed in 15 Xerox 1075 duplicators to be tested for pitting failure. All rolls worked satisfactorily fusing toner Images on cut copy sheets and did not exhibit pitting failure until 500,000 copies or in excess thereof had been fused.
  • fuser rolls prepared with the same formulation and in the same manner except that only 188 parts of tabular alumina were present in the formulation were tested in Xerox 1075 duplicators and exhibited a pitting failure at an average of about 250,000 copies. This result was achieved as an average failure rate for about 10,000 rolls.
  • the load on the fuser roll may be maintained constant without altering fusing fix. Accordingly with increased fuser roll hardness a smaller nip between the fuser roll and the pressure roll may be used resulting in reduced input strain energy per cycle and thereby reducing the ratio of the input strain energy per cycle to the total strain energy to rupture.
  • a dramatic improvement in fuser roll resistance to pitting failure is achieved.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
EP19850305265 1984-08-01 1985-07-24 Organe de fixage par fusion pour copieurs électrostatographiques Expired EP0172668B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US63687684A 1984-08-01 1984-08-01
US636876 1984-08-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0172668A1 true EP0172668A1 (fr) 1986-02-26
EP0172668B1 EP0172668B1 (fr) 1989-06-07

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EP19850305265 Expired EP0172668B1 (fr) 1984-08-01 1985-07-24 Organe de fixage par fusion pour copieurs électrostatographiques

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EP (1) EP0172668B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS6141163A (fr)
DE (1) DE3570934D1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0457454A1 (fr) * 1990-05-16 1991-11-21 Dow Corning Corporation Revêtement de protection pour éléments électriques

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63104072A (ja) * 1986-10-21 1988-05-09 I S T:Kk 定着ロ−ル

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3848305A (en) * 1972-12-26 1974-11-19 Ibm Roll for contact fusing thermoplastic particles to substrates
EP0035362A1 (fr) * 1980-02-27 1981-09-09 Xerox Corporation Organe de fusion thermoconducteur
GB2097725A (en) * 1981-05-04 1982-11-10 Xerox Corp Fusing toner images

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3848305A (en) * 1972-12-26 1974-11-19 Ibm Roll for contact fusing thermoplastic particles to substrates
EP0035362A1 (fr) * 1980-02-27 1981-09-09 Xerox Corporation Organe de fusion thermoconducteur
GB2097725A (en) * 1981-05-04 1982-11-10 Xerox Corp Fusing toner images

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 94, 18th May 1981, page 45, no. 157881b, Columbus, Ohio, US; & JP - A - 81 00 834 (SHOWA DENKO K.K.) 07-01-1981 *
PATENTS ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 4, no. 131 (P-27) [613], 13th September 1980; & JP - A - 55 81 377 (TOKYO SHIBAURA DENKI K.K.) 19-06-1980 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0457454A1 (fr) * 1990-05-16 1991-11-21 Dow Corning Corporation Revêtement de protection pour éléments électriques

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3570934D1 (en) 1989-07-13
EP0172668B1 (fr) 1989-06-07
JPS6141163A (ja) 1986-02-27

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