EP0172452B1 - Apparatus for transmitting information from a well to the surface during drilling - Google Patents

Apparatus for transmitting information from a well to the surface during drilling Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0172452B1
EP0172452B1 EP85109490A EP85109490A EP0172452B1 EP 0172452 B1 EP0172452 B1 EP 0172452B1 EP 85109490 A EP85109490 A EP 85109490A EP 85109490 A EP85109490 A EP 85109490A EP 0172452 B1 EP0172452 B1 EP 0172452B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transmitter unit
information data
pipe string
transmitter
drill pipe
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85109490A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0172452A1 (en
Inventor
Ulrich Dr.-Ing. Hense
Volker Dr. Ing. Krüger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baker Hughes Holdings LLC
Original Assignee
Norton Christensen Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Norton Christensen Inc filed Critical Norton Christensen Inc
Publication of EP0172452A1 publication Critical patent/EP0172452A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0172452B1 publication Critical patent/EP0172452B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B4/00—Drives for drilling, used in the borehole
    • E21B4/02—Fluid rotary type drives
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/12—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling
    • E21B47/14—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves
    • E21B47/18—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry
    • E21B47/20—Means for transmitting measuring-signals or control signals from the well to the surface, or from the surface to the well, e.g. for logging while drilling using acoustic waves through the well fluid, e.g. mud pressure pulse telemetry by modulation of mud waves, e.g. by continuous modulation

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for the remote transmission of information from a borehole to the surface of the earth during the operation of a drilling device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Known devices of this type combine the devices for information data acquisition and the processor for converting the information data into a sequence of electrical control signals in the same housing insert or in separate, immediately adjacent housing inserts, e.g. can be galvanically coupled to one another by means of plug connections.
  • such an arrangement is only suitable for devices for recording such data that do not occur, or do not occur very selectively, as is the case e.g. applies to inclination, azimuth, temperature or pressure.
  • the object on which the invention is based is to also transmit information which is locally bound or which is to be recorded remotely by the processor, taking into account the special features of the operating conditions present in the drill pipe string.
  • the inventive design of the device enables data transmission from devices for information data acquisition to the processor even under those conditions in which the cable routing for a direct connection would require considerable manufacturing and / or assembly work or which would be susceptible to faults due to the rough underground drilling conditions.
  • the possible combinations of devices for information data acquisition with processors are expanded.
  • FIG. 1 An embodiment of the object of the invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a longitudinal section through a drill located in a borehole.
  • the drilling device comprises a drill pipe string, designated as a whole by 1, with an inner flushing channel 2.
  • flushing liquid is pumped down through the inner flushing channel 2 by means of a pump 3, which passes through a drilling turbine 4 on its way to the bottom of the borehole and through nozzles one of the drilling turbine 4 driven rotary drill bit 5 exits into the borehole 6 and returns to the earth's surface through the annular space 7 surrounding the drill pipe string 1.
  • the turbine 4 there is a device, designated as a whole by 8, for the remote transmission of information, which comprises a structural unit 9 and a device for information data acquisition 10, which is separated spatially and locally from the structural unit 9.
  • the section 9 comprises in section 11 a series of devices for information data acquisition, such as Inclination and azimuth, and a processor section 12, in which the information data acquired by the devices arranged in section 11 are converted into a sequence of electrical control signals which a transmitter unit 13 controls for generating pressure pulses 14 in the flushing liquid flowing down through the inner flushing channel 2.
  • the pressure pulses generated in this way propagate upwards, where they are detected on the surface of the earth by means of a pressure sensor 15 and fed to a measured value output and processing unit 16.
  • a generator or a battery pack which is accommodated in a section of this structural unit, serves for the underground power supply of the structural unit 9.
  • the processor of the device for remote data transmission accommodated in section 12 of the unit 9 is capable of processing, in addition to the information data transmitted from the devices accommodated in section 11, the information data of at least one further device 10 that is remote from the unit 9.
  • the device 10 serves to record the speed of the turbine 4.
  • This device 10 comprises in particular a shaft 18 which is connected to the rotor 19 of the turbine 4 in a suitable manner, such as e.g. is connected by a clutch and possibly a gear.
  • a transmitter unit 20 is mechanically controlled by means of the shaft 18, which consists of a rotary slide valve 21 connected to the shaft 18 and a fixed diaphragm 22 which can be covered by the rotary slide valve 21 via a predetermined central angle.
  • this transmitter unit continuous pressure pulses 24 are generated in the flushing liquid flowing through the inner flushing channel 2 below the unit as a transmission path 25, which also advance into the region of the unit 9 and there from a receiver unit in the form of a pressure transducer 23 assigned to the processor arranged in section 12 is recorded.
  • the processor can further process the information data thus obtained by means of the separate transmission link 25 in the same way as it does with the information data that are supplied to it by the devices accommodated in section 11.
  • the information data thus obtained can then be transmitted in coded form to the surface of the earth by means of the pressure pulses 14 generated by the transmitter 13.
  • the pressure pulses 24 emitted by the transmitter unit 20 are preferably selected in the frequency spectrum differently from the frequency spectrum of the pressure pulses 14.
  • a higher transmission frequency of the pressure pulses 24 generated by the transmitter unit 20 is preferably selected than the frequency of the pressure pulses 14 corresponds.
  • the pressure pulses 14 can be easily separated from the pressure pulses 24 on the surface of the earth by frequency selection means.
  • the pressure pulses 24 experience greater damping than the pressure pulses 14, so that with a sufficient frequency spacing, the decrease in the amplitude of the pressure pulses 24 is also significantly greater than that of the pressure pulses 14.
  • the choice of different frequency spectra of the pressure pulses 24 and 14 also avoids a possible disruptive reaction effect of pressure pulses of opposite polarity generated by the transmitter 13 and acting on the pressure transducer in comparison to the pressure pulses 14.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Geophysics (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Fernübertragung von Informationen aus einem Bohrloch zur Erdoberfläche während des Betriebs eines Bohrgerätes gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a device for the remote transmission of information from a borehole to the surface of the earth during the operation of a drilling device according to the preamble of claim 1.

Bekannte Vorrichtungen dieser Art vereinigen die Geräte zur Informationsdatenerfassung und den Prozessor zum Umwandeln der Informationsdaten in eine Folge elektrischer Steuersignale in demselben Gehäuseeinsatz oder in getrennten, unmittelbar aneinander grenzenden Gehäuseeinsätzen, die z.B. durch Steckverbindungen galvanisch miteinander koppelbar sind. Eine derartige Anordnung eignet sich aber nur für Geräte zur Erfassung solcher Daten, die nicht oder nicht ausgesprochen selektiv ortsgebunden auftreten, wie es z.B. für Inklination, Azimuth, Temperatur oder Druck zutrifft.Known devices of this type combine the devices for information data acquisition and the processor for converting the information data into a sequence of electrical control signals in the same housing insert or in separate, immediately adjacent housing inserts, e.g. can be galvanically coupled to one another by means of plug connections. However, such an arrangement is only suitable for devices for recording such data that do not occur, or do not occur very selectively, as is the case e.g. applies to inclination, azimuth, temperature or pressure.

Die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe besteht darin, auch ortsgebundene oder von dem Prozessor örtlich abgesetzt zu erfassende Informationsdaten unter Berücksichtigung der Besonderheiten der im Bohrrohrstrang vorliegenden Einsatzbedingungen zu übertragen.The object on which the invention is based is to also transmit information which is locally bound or which is to be recorded remotely by the processor, taking into account the special features of the operating conditions present in the drill pipe string.

Diese Aufgabe wird nach der Erfindung durch eine Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung gemäss den Merkmalen im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved according to the invention by designing the device according to the features in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Die erfindungsgemässe Ausgestaltung der Vorrichtung ermöglicht die Datenübertragung von Geräten für die Informationsdatenerfassung zu dem Prozessor auch unter solchen Bedingungen, bei denen die Kabelführung für eine direkte Verbindung einen erheblichen Herstellungs- und/oder Montageaufwand erfordern würde, oder die wegen der rauhen untertägigen Bohrbedingungen störanfällig wäre. Ausserdem werden auch die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten von Geräten zur Informationsdatenerfassung mit Prozessoren erweitert.The inventive design of the device enables data transmission from devices for information data acquisition to the processor even under those conditions in which the cable routing for a direct connection would require considerable manufacturing and / or assembly work or which would be susceptible to faults due to the rough underground drilling conditions. In addition, the possible combinations of devices for information data acquisition with processors are expanded.

Hinsichtlich weiterer Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung wird auf die Ansprüche 2 bis 6 verwiesen.With regard to further refinements of the invention, reference is made to claims 2 to 6.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel des Gegenstandes der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung veranschaulicht, die einen Längsschnitt durch ein in einem Bohrloch befindliches Bohrgerät zeigt. Das Bohrgerät umfasst einen als Ganzes mit 1 bezeichneten Bohrrohrstrang mit einem inneren Spülungskanal 2. Während des Betriebs des Bohrgerätes wird mittels einer Pumpe 3 Spülungsflüssigkeit durch den inneren Spülungskanal 2 abwärts gepumpt, die auf ihrem Wege zur Bohrlochsohle eine Bohrturbine 4 passiert und durch Düsen eines von der Bohrturbine 4 angetriebenen Drehbohrmeissels 5 in das Bohrloch 6 austritt und durch den den Bohrrohrstrang 1 umgebenden Ringraum 7 zur Erdoberfläche zurückkehrt.An embodiment of the object of the invention is illustrated in the drawing, which shows a longitudinal section through a drill located in a borehole. The drilling device comprises a drill pipe string, designated as a whole by 1, with an inner flushing channel 2. During the operation of the drilling device, flushing liquid is pumped down through the inner flushing channel 2 by means of a pump 3, which passes through a drilling turbine 4 on its way to the bottom of the borehole and through nozzles one of the drilling turbine 4 driven rotary drill bit 5 exits into the borehole 6 and returns to the earth's surface through the annular space 7 surrounding the drill pipe string 1.

Oberhalb der Turbine 4 befindet sich eine als Ganzes mit 8 bezeichnete Vorrichtung zur Fernübertragung von Informationen, die eine Baueinheit 9 sowie ein Gerät zur Informationsdatenerfassung 10 umfasst, das räumlich und örtlich von der Baueinheit 9 abgesetzt ist. Die Baueinheit 9 umfasst im Abschnitt 11 eine Reihe von Geräten zur Informationsdatenerfassung, wie z.B. Inklination und Azimuth, und einen Prozessorabschnitt 12, in dem die von den im Abschnitt 11 angeordneten Geräten erfassten Informationsdaten in eine Folge elektrischer Steuersignale umgewandelt werden, die eine Gebereinheit 13 zur Erzeugung von Druckpulsen 14 in der durch den inneren Spülungskanal 2 abwärts strömenden Spülungsflüssigkeit steuert.Above the turbine 4 there is a device, designated as a whole by 8, for the remote transmission of information, which comprises a structural unit 9 and a device for information data acquisition 10, which is separated spatially and locally from the structural unit 9. The section 9 comprises in section 11 a series of devices for information data acquisition, such as Inclination and azimuth, and a processor section 12, in which the information data acquired by the devices arranged in section 11 are converted into a sequence of electrical control signals which a transmitter unit 13 controls for generating pressure pulses 14 in the flushing liquid flowing down through the inner flushing channel 2.

Die auf diese Weise erzeugten, mit 14 bezeichneten Druckpulse pflanzen sich nach oben hin fort, wo sie an der Erdoberfläche mittels eines Druckwertaufnehmers 15 erfasst und einer Messwertausgabe und Verarbeitungseinheit 16 zugeführt werden. Zur untertägigen Stromversorgung der Baueinheit 9 dient ein in einem Abschnitt dieser Baueinheit untergebrachter Generator oder ein Batteriepaket.The pressure pulses generated in this way, designated by 14, propagate upwards, where they are detected on the surface of the earth by means of a pressure sensor 15 and fed to a measured value output and processing unit 16. A generator or a battery pack, which is accommodated in a section of this structural unit, serves for the underground power supply of the structural unit 9.

Der in Abschnitt 12 der Baueinheit 9 untergebrachte Prozessor der Vorrichtung zur Datenfernübertragung ist in der Lage, ausser den von dem im Abschnitt 11 untergebrachten Geräten übermittelten Informationsdaten auch die Informationsdaten zumindest eines weiteren, örtlich von der Baueinheit 9 abgesetzten Gerätes 10 zu verarbeiten. Im vorliegenden Fall dient das Gerät 10 zur Erfassung der Drehzahl der Turbine 4. Dieses Gerät 10 umfasst im einzelnen eine Welle 18, die mit dem Rotor 19 der Turbine 4 in geeigneter Weise, wie z.B. durch eine Kupplung und gegebenenfalls ein Getriebe verbunden ist.The processor of the device for remote data transmission accommodated in section 12 of the unit 9 is capable of processing, in addition to the information data transmitted from the devices accommodated in section 11, the information data of at least one further device 10 that is remote from the unit 9. In the present case, the device 10 serves to record the speed of the turbine 4. This device 10 comprises in particular a shaft 18 which is connected to the rotor 19 of the turbine 4 in a suitable manner, such as e.g. is connected by a clutch and possibly a gear.

Mittels der Welle 18 wird eine Sendereinheit 20 mechanisch gesteuert, die aus einem mit der Welle 18 verbundenen Drehschieber 21 und einer von dem Drehschieber 21 über einen vorgegebenen Zentriwinkel verdeckbaren feststehenden Blende 22 besteht. Mittels dieser Sendereinheit werden in der durch den inneren Spülungskanal 2 unterhalb der Baueinheit strömenden Spülungsflüssigkeit als Übertragungsstrecke 25 kontinuierliche Druckpulse 24 erzeugt, die auch in den Bereich der Baueinheit 9 fortschreiten und dort von einer Empfängereinheit in Form eines dem im Abschnitt 12 angeordneten Prozessor zugeordneten Druckwertaufnehmers 23 erfasst wird. Der Prozessor kann die so mittels der gesonderten Übertragungsstrecke 25 erhaltenen Informationsdaten in gleicher Weise weiterverarbeiten, wie er es mit den Informationsdaten durchführt, die ihm von den im Abschnitt 11 untergebrachten Geräten zugeführt werden. Die so erhaltenen Informationsdaten können dann in codierter Form durch die mittels des Gebers 13 erzeugten Druckpulse 14 zur Erdoberfläche übertragen werden.A transmitter unit 20 is mechanically controlled by means of the shaft 18, which consists of a rotary slide valve 21 connected to the shaft 18 and a fixed diaphragm 22 which can be covered by the rotary slide valve 21 via a predetermined central angle. By means of this transmitter unit, continuous pressure pulses 24 are generated in the flushing liquid flowing through the inner flushing channel 2 below the unit as a transmission path 25, which also advance into the region of the unit 9 and there from a receiver unit in the form of a pressure transducer 23 assigned to the processor arranged in section 12 is recorded. The processor can further process the information data thus obtained by means of the separate transmission link 25 in the same way as it does with the information data that are supplied to it by the devices accommodated in section 11. The information data thus obtained can then be transmitted in coded form to the surface of the earth by means of the pressure pulses 14 generated by the transmitter 13.

Um eine störende Beeinflussung der die Druckpulse 14 auswertenden Einheit 16 zu vermeiden, werden vorzugsweise die von der Sendereinheit 20 ausgesandten Druckpulse 24 im Frequenzspektrum verschieden von dem Frequenzspektrum der Druckpulse 14 gewählt. Vorzugsweise wird eine höhere Übertragungsfrequenz der von der Sendereinheit 20 erzeugten Druckpulse 24 gewählt, als der Frequenz der Druckpulse 14 entspricht. Dadurch lassen sich an der Erdoberfläche durch Frequenzselektionsmittel die Druckpulse 14 in einfacher Weise von den Druckpulsen 24 trennen. Ausserdem erfahren die Druckpulse 24 aufgrund des Tiefpasscharakters der Übertragungsstrecke für Druckpulse innerhalb der durch den inneren Spülungskanal 2 strömenden Spülungsflüssigkeit eine stärkere Dämpfung als die Druckpulse 14, so dass bei genügendem Frequenzabstand auch die Amplitudenabnahme der Druckpulse 24 wesentlich stärker ist, als die der Druckpulse 14.In order to avoid a disturbing influence on the unit 16 evaluating the pressure pulses 14, the pressure pulses 24 emitted by the transmitter unit 20 are preferably selected in the frequency spectrum differently from the frequency spectrum of the pressure pulses 14. A higher transmission frequency of the pressure pulses 24 generated by the transmitter unit 20 is preferably selected than the frequency of the pressure pulses 14 corresponds. As a result, the pressure pulses 14 can be easily separated from the pressure pulses 24 on the surface of the earth by frequency selection means. In addition, due to the low-pass character of the transmission path for pressure pulses within the flushing liquid flowing through the inner flushing channel 2, the pressure pulses 24 experience greater damping than the pressure pulses 14, so that with a sufficient frequency spacing, the decrease in the amplitude of the pressure pulses 24 is also significantly greater than that of the pressure pulses 14.

Durch die Wahl verschiedener Frequenzspektren der Druckpulse 24 und 14 lässt sich auch ein eventueller störender Rückwirkungseffekt von durch den Geber 13 erzeugten und auf den Druckaufnehmer wirkenden Druckpulsen umgekehrter Polarität im Vergleich zu den Druckpulsen 14 vermeiden.The choice of different frequency spectra of the pressure pulses 24 and 14 also avoids a possible disruptive reaction effect of pressure pulses of opposite polarity generated by the transmitter 13 and acting on the pressure transducer in comparison to the pressure pulses 14.

Claims (6)

1. An apparatus for transmitting information from a well bore to the surface during the operating of drilling equipment which comprises a rotary drill bit, a drill pipe string and a pump conveying a drilling fluid downwards in the flow passage of the drill pipe string - through the rotary drill bit - and upwards in the annular space of the well bore surrounding the drill pipe string, consisting of equipment disposed in the drill pipe string for the information data acquisition, a processor for converting the information data into a sequence of electrical control signals and a transmitter for producing pressure pulses in the downwardly directed flow of the drilling fluid depending on the control signals, characterised in that a cable-less transmission path (25) comprising its own transmitter unit (20) and receiver unit (23) is formed at least between one device (10) for detecting the information data and the processor (12).
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterised in that the medium of the transmission path (25) is formed by the drilling fluid acted upon by pressure from the transmitter unit (20).
3. An apparatus according to claim 2, characterised in that the frequency spectrum transmitted by the transmitter unit (20) is different from that of the transmitter (13) for producing pressure pulses in the downwardly directed flow of the drilling fluid, at an above-ground pressure-value pick-up (15).
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, characterised in that the frequency spectrum transmitted by the transmitter unit (20) is higher.
5. An apparatus according to any of the claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the device (10) is a revolution pick-up (18) for a direct drive (4) of the bit.
6. An apparatus according to any of the claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the transmitter unit (20) represents a rotary slide valve (21, 22).
EP85109490A 1984-08-06 1985-07-27 Apparatus for transmitting information from a well to the surface during drilling Expired EP0172452B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3428931A DE3428931C1 (en) 1984-08-06 1984-08-06 Device for the remote transmission of information from a borehole to the surface of the earth during the operation of a drilling rig
DE3428931 1984-08-06

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0172452A1 EP0172452A1 (en) 1986-02-26
EP0172452B1 true EP0172452B1 (en) 1988-01-27

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EP85109490A Expired EP0172452B1 (en) 1984-08-06 1985-07-27 Apparatus for transmitting information from a well to the surface during drilling

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US (1) US4698794A (en)
EP (1) EP0172452B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6149096A (en)
CA (1) CA1235313A (en)
DE (1) DE3428931C1 (en)

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US4103281A (en) * 1976-09-29 1978-07-25 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Measuring-while-drilling system having motor speed detection during encoding
US4293936A (en) * 1976-12-30 1981-10-06 Sperry-Sun, Inc. Telemetry system
CA1098202A (en) * 1976-12-30 1981-03-24 Preston E. Chaney Telemetry system
DE3113749C2 (en) * 1981-04-04 1983-01-05 Christensen, Inc., 84115 Salt Lake City, Utah Device for the remote transmission of information from a borehole to the surface of the earth during the operation of a drilling rig
CA1188979A (en) * 1981-11-09 1985-06-18 Ross E. Smith Pump noise filtering apparatus for a borehole measurement while drilling system utilizing drilling fluid pressure sensing and drilling fluid velocity sensing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1235313A (en) 1988-04-19
US4698794A (en) 1987-10-06
JPS6149096A (en) 1986-03-10
EP0172452A1 (en) 1986-02-26
DE3428931C1 (en) 1985-06-05

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