EP0169737A2 - Boîtes ou cartons d'emballage - Google Patents

Boîtes ou cartons d'emballage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0169737A2
EP0169737A2 EP85305275A EP85305275A EP0169737A2 EP 0169737 A2 EP0169737 A2 EP 0169737A2 EP 85305275 A EP85305275 A EP 85305275A EP 85305275 A EP85305275 A EP 85305275A EP 0169737 A2 EP0169737 A2 EP 0169737A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lid
base part
box
hollow
wall portion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85305275A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0169737B1 (fr
EP0169737A3 (en
Inventor
William Robert Brown
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AUTOBAR VENDABEKA Ltd
Original Assignee
AUTOBAR VENDABEKA Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AUTOBAR VENDABEKA Ltd filed Critical AUTOBAR VENDABEKA Ltd
Priority to AT85305275T priority Critical patent/ATE60020T1/de
Publication of EP0169737A2 publication Critical patent/EP0169737A2/fr
Publication of EP0169737A3 publication Critical patent/EP0169737A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0169737B1 publication Critical patent/EP0169737B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/30—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for articles particularly sensitive to damage by shock or pressure
    • B65D85/32—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for articles particularly sensitive to damage by shock or pressure for eggs
    • B65D85/324—Containers with compartments made of pressed material

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the packaging of eggs, fruit and other articles and, more. particularly, to packaging boxes or cartons of the type comprising a hollow base part, which may be formed with one or more compartments or article receiving pockets for containing individual articles, and a hollow cover part or lid which is fastened over the open top of the base part to close the latter.
  • the base part may be moulded from fibre pulp or plastics material whilst the lid may be moulded from plastics material or cardboard.
  • the base part and lid may conveniently be thermoformed from sheet plastics material as a one or two-piece moulding.
  • Disposable packaging boxes for example, moulded from thin plastics sheet material normally have intricately profiled hollow lids in order to provide the lids with sufficient strength and rigidity to prevent them collapsing under load, with consequent damage to the contents, such as when the boxes are stacked during transit and for the purposes of retail display.
  • This type of box is described in our patent specification GB-B-2019815.
  • the lids of such boxes have unsufficient flat spaces or areas on which may be printed or otherwise reproduced advertising matter, decorative material, identification codes and other information and material required by suppliers.
  • Hollow lids may be produced with flat tops and peripheral walls for the presentation of printed information, but to achieve the required strength and rigidity the plastics sheet material must be of such a thickness as not to be a commercially viable proposition for a disposable package.
  • Other objects are to provide such a packaging box or carton in which the lid assembly has significant flat spaces or areas for the display of advertising matter and other information and which is adapted for ease of packing and closing by automatic machinery.
  • the present invention consists in a packaging box or carton in which a hollow base part is closed by a hollow lid fastened over the open top of the base part and comprising a substantially flat or planar top portion and a peripheral wall portion depending from the edge of the top portion and forming a corner therewith, characterised by means for locating the box or carton in aligned relation with a similar box with which it is stacked, and one or more bottom wall portions on the base part which, when the box is stacked upon a Similar box in aligned relation, rest on the corner of the hollow lid of the latter.
  • the invention enables the lid to be thermoformed as a low-cost moulding of thin plastics sheet material either separately or in one piece with a similar moulded base part.
  • the corner of the lid of the closed box provides strong support for a similar article filled closed box stacked on top in aligned relation therewith.
  • the peripheral wall portion or portions of the lid are provided with one or more hollow vertical ribs or pilaster ribs moulded on the outside or inside surfaces of the wall portion(s) so as to provide additional reinforcement, rigidity and vertical strength to the wall portion(s) of the lid, the said ribs or pilaster ribs preferably extending from the top of the lid to the rim where said ribs or pilaster ribs may rest their bottom parts upon Upwardly facing outer surface parts of the base part.
  • the peripheral bottom portions of a closed box May rest directly on the top portions of the or each rib or pilaster rib which abut the top of the lid of a box upon which the upper box rests.
  • the hollow base part comprises a pluraltiy of article receiving pockets and at least part of the or each bottom wall portion of one or more of the pockets adjacent the periphery of the base part is arranged to rest on the corner of the hollow lid of a similar box upon which the box is stacked in aligned relation.
  • the locating means may comprise one or more hollow lugs or ribs projecting upwardly from the top portion of the lid and arranged to engage with a cooperating peripheral wall portion of the base part or an article receiving pocket of a similar box stacked thereupon.
  • one or more grooves or recesses extending upwardly from the bottom wall portion(s) of the base part or the article receiving pockets thereof may be formed in the peripheral wall portion(s) of the base part or pockets for cooperation with the upwardly projecting lugs or ribs on the lid of a similar box.
  • the locating means comprises one or more hollow lugs projecting downwardly from the bottom wall portion(s) of the base part or the article receiving pockets thereof adjacent the periphery of the base part and arranged to engage outwardly facing parts of the peripheral wall portion of the lid of a simlar box upon which it is stacked.
  • the lid may have one or more grooves or recesses in its peripheral wall portion and extending downwardly from the top portion of the lid for cooperating with downwardly projecting locating lugs or ribs on the base part of a similar box.
  • a preferred form of the invention comprises a packaging box or carton for eggs which is of rectangular shape in plan and is moulded as a one-piece moulding of thin transparent plastics sheet material.
  • the hollow moulded base part is provided with two or more longitudinal rows of egg receiving pockets and is hingedly connected to and closed by a hollow lid which is fastened over the open top of the base part.
  • the lid advantageously comprises a substantially flat or planar top portion and at least one substantially flat or planar peripheral wall portion depending from the top portion so as to enable substanial printed means, such as, printed adhesively coated labels or blanks of paper or cardboard to be applied, in the manner described in EP-A-0119043, to the inside and/or outside surfaces of the lid so that relevant advertising matter, brand names and other information may be seen clearly on either or both the top portion and the peripheral wall portion of the lid.
  • a box or carton is adapted for ease of packing and closing by automatic machinery.
  • the base part and lid may have their rims opposite the hinge formed with fastening means, typically, press-stud type fastening devices, for fastening the two parts together in their closed positions.
  • posts may be formed between rows of article receiving pockets of the base part and project upwardly above the rim of the base part to provide additional support for the central parts of the top of the lid assembly.
  • the flat top of the lid is moulded with hollow posts which depend downwardly within the lid and engage with the tops of posts upstanding from the base part between the rows of article receiving pockets.
  • the adjacent ends of the posts of the lid and base part may simply rest one on the other or, alternatively, the end of one post may interengage with a recess or opening in the top of the cooperating post so as to restrain lateral movement of the lid relatively to the base part.
  • the eggbox is a one-piece moulding of transparent plastics sheet material.
  • it is fluid pressure formed or vacuum formed from high impact polystyrene sheet material.
  • It comprises a hollow base part 1 and hollow lid 2 both of generally rectangular shape in plan and joined together along mutually adjacent longitudinal rims by an integral web portion 3 serving as a hinge about which the lid 2 may be folded over the base part 1.
  • the package comprises two such boxes formed as an integral unit and joined together at mutually adjacent ends of the base parts and lids by small spaced plastics webs (not shown) which provide a line of weakness along which the package can be readily split into its two component boxes each containing, for examples- six eggs.
  • the two component boxes are mirror images of one another and therefore only one box is illustrated and will be described in detail.
  • the base part 1 comprises six egg receiving pockets 4 disposed in two mutually parallel rows extending longitudinally of the base part, that is parallel to the axis of the hinge formed by the web portion 3, with the pockets of the two rows arranged side-by-side.
  • the pockets 4 are defined by profiled or sculptured peripheral walls 5 of the base part, hollow posts 6 moulded between the pockets 4 at the centre of each array of four adjacent pockets, and hollow partitions 7 interconnecting these posts and the peripheral walls of the base part.
  • the peripheral walls 5 of the base part and the walls of the posts 6 and partitions 7 are so shaped that each pocket 4 is of a generally circular shape in section and is formed by upper and lower merging conical frustra 8,9.
  • the upper frustrum 8 has a nearly vertical conical wall structure, inclined only slightly downwardly and inwardly, whilst the conical wall of the lower frustrum 9 has a greater inclination than the upper frustrum.
  • Formed on the lower exterior of each lower frustrum is one or more projections 10 bulging outwardly of the base part.
  • Each projection 10 is preferably of generally triangular shape in plan with the broadest part thereof being integral with and forming a corner or nose of a bottom wall portion 11 which closes the bottom of each pocket 4.
  • the bottom wall portion 11 may be slightly recessed above the bottom of each pocket and serves as a protective cushion for the bottom of an egg.
  • a horizontal stiffening flange 12 which interconnects with the upper ends of the pockets, is formed about the rim of the base part. Along the side connected to the lid 2, this flange is integral with the web portion 3 forming the hinge.
  • the hollow posts 6 between the rows of article receiving pockets 4 project slightly proud of the rim.
  • the hollow lid 2 accommodates the upper ends of the eggs seated in the pockets 4 when it is folded about the web hinge 3 into an inverted closed position over the base part 1, as shown in Figure 2.
  • the lid 2 comprises a genrally flat or planar rectangular top portion 13 having substantially flat or planar side and end wall portions 14,15 moulded integrally with the edges of the flat top of the lid and forming an angle or corner 76 therewith.
  • These peripheral walls 14,15 are inclined slightly outwardly from the lid top 13 and terminate in a horizontal external stiffening flange 16 which extends about the rim of the lid and, along the side connected to the base part, is integral with the web hinge 3.
  • a series of four shallow hollow lugs or bosses 17 are moulded on the outside of the lid top 13 at each corner 18 and serve to engage with outwardly facing portions of the bottom sides of the pockets of another similar box which is stacked on the lid top in order to locate a stack of such boxes in aligned relation with the pockets 4 positioned on the periphery of the base part and each having at least the part of its bottom wall portion 11 defined by a nose 10 projecting over and resting on the angle or corner 76 formed by the top portion 13 and side and end wall portions 14,15 of the lid 2 to give increased stacking strength to the boxes.
  • the slot-like cavities 20 may extend transversely or parallel to the axis of the hinge 3.
  • the relative dispositions of the studs 19 and slot-like cavities 20 is such that when the lid 2 is hinged into its closed position without any relative transverse distortion of the parts 1,2 the studs 19 coincide with the portions of the slot-like cavities 20 and pressure on the top of the lid 2 engages the studs in the cavities to fasten the lid in its closed position.
  • the embodiment illustrated in Figure 4 provides alternative means for locating stacked boxes in which the hollow lid 2 comprises a generally flat or planar rectangular top portion 13 having substantially flat or planar side and end wall portions 14,15 moulded integrally with the edge of the top portion 13 to form an angle or corner 76 therewith.
  • the top portion 13 of the lid 2 is provided at each corner with an inwardly projecting rebate or groove 21 of preferably angular configuration, each groove 21 extending downwardly from the edge of the top portion 13 to the flange 16. Additionally, further shorter recesses or grooves 22 , this time of more curved shape, project inwardly at positions centrally of the side walls 13.
  • Each such groove 22 originates in the edge of the top portion 13 and extends downwardly to terminate, in a ledge, above the flange 16 of the lid 2.
  • the base part 1 has one or more pockets 4, each provided with at least one lug 23 projecting downwardly and outwardly from outer facing parts of the bottom wall portion 11, the or each lug 23 serving to engage with a corresponding groove 21,22 of another similar box upon which it is stacked in order to locate a stack of such boxes in aligned relation, with at least a part of a bottom wall portion 11 of one or more pockets resting on the angle or corner 76 of the hollow lid 2.
  • the box illustrated is provided with one or more shallow hollow ribs 24 which are moulded on the outside of the top portion 13 of the lid 2 and which serve to engage with bottom side parts or walls 5 of the or each pocket 4 of a box which is stacked on the lid top 13 in order to locate a stack of such similar boxes in aligned relation.
  • the bottom wall portion 11 of one or more pockets 4 rests on outwardly facing parts of the angle or corner 76 formed by the top portion 13 and the side and end walls 14,15 at the tops of recesses or grooves 22 which extend downwardly and generally vertically from the edge of the top portion 13 and taper end terminate short of the flange 16 of the hollow lid 2.
  • the grooves 22 are moulded in the side walls 14,15 which are adjacent to the top side portions of eggs located in the pockets 4 of the base part 1 of the closed box.
  • moulded integrally with the lid top portion 13 and generally along the longitudinal centreline of the hollow lid 2 and in positions opposite the two posts 46 of the base part 1, are two downwardly projecting hollow posts 27 which are of generally conical shape.
  • FIG. 6 provides a box having locating means for stacked boxes generally similar to the embodiment of Figure 4, except that the hollow lid 2, whilst having a generally flat or planar top portion 13, has only one side wall portion 14 substantially flat or planar.
  • This side wall portion 14 is parallel and adjacent to the hinge 3, whilst the other side and end walls 14,15 have intricately profiled and contoured surface parts which enable eggs to be better contained within the lid portion 2 if the egg-filled closed box is turned over on its side or even upside down, for example, to enable the scanning and reading of a "bar-code" normally used at retail checkouts to register the price of an article or, indeed, if the egg-filled box is accidently turned over.
  • Figure 7 illustrates, in section, two 066 boxes as shown in Figure 6 and stacked one upon the other, in which the improved stacking and locating means according to the invention comprises one or more shallow hollow lugs 23 projecting outwardly and downwardly from the outer surface parts of the bottom wall portion 11 of the pockets 4 and which engage with small grooves or recesses 22 moulded in at least one side wall portion 14,15 of the hollow lid 2 and which extend generally downwardly from the edge of the top portion 13 to terminate short of the flange 16.
  • These grooves 22 serve to form abutments on the inside of the wall portion(s) 14 and/or 15, the top parts of the or each abutment forming outwardly facing parts of the angle or corner 76 of the hollow lid 2 upon which cooperating outwardly facing parts of the bottom wall portion(s) 11 of the pocket 4 of the base part 1 of another similar eggbox which is stacked upon it to engage.
  • the embodiment illustrated in Figure 8 comprises a moulded plastics base part 40 and a separate cardboard lid 41.
  • the package comprises two base parts 40 formed as an integral unit and joined together at mutually adjacent longitudinal edges by small spaced plastic webs 43 which provide a line of weakness along which the base parts can be readily split into two components each containing, for example, twelve eggs, as shown.
  • the two component base parts are identical and therefore only one base part 40 is illustrated.
  • the hollow cardboard lid 41 has a generally flat or planar top 55 with integrally formed flat or planar peripheral walls 56,57 depending from the side and end edges of the top portion 55 to form an angle or corner 76 therewith, the peripheral walls 56,57 being inclined outwardly with respect to the top.
  • the opposite end walls 57 of the lid are formed with pairs of fastening apertures 58 which are arranged to cooperate with the fastening tabs 53 on the base part.
  • the peripheral walls 56,57 terminate in edges 64,65.
  • the base part 40 comprises twelve egg receiving pockets 44 disposed in three mutually parallel rows extending longitudinally of the base part. These pockets are defined by suitably profiled peripheral wall portions 45,46 and bottom wall portions 11. The peripheral wall portions are so configured that each pocket is generally part egg-shaped.
  • suitably shaped hollow posts 47 are moulded at the centre of each array of four adjacent pockets 44. Two adjacent posts 47 at opposite ends of the base part project above the rim of the base part in order to serve as a support for the underside of the lid assembly, as will be hereinafter more fully described.
  • Moulded on,the outsides of the pockets are hollow axial extending ribs 49 which serve to stiffen the pockets and act as cushion to protect the eggs against side blows or shocks.
  • each pocket is formed with an internal hollow boss (not shown) which serves as a protective cushion for the bottom of an egg and to stiffen the closed bottom of the pocket.
  • Each bottom wall portion 11 is also provided with at least one shallow hollow lug 23 depending from its outer surface.
  • the rim of the base part includes a horizontal outwardly projecting flange 50 which, at opposite ends 46 of the base part is connected to the upper ends of the adjacent egg receiving pockets 44 by short end wall portions 51.
  • the rim flange 50 Projecting inwardly from each end wall portion 51 of the base part, just below the rim flange 50 are a pair of hollow fastening tabs 53 for the lid.
  • the end wall profile of the base part is designed to form external hollow protruberances 54 which serve as stacking shoulders on the outsides of the ends of the base part for engaging with the tabs 53 on another similar base part.
  • the lid 41 is fitted onto the base part, whereupon the bottom edges 64,65 of the side walls 56,57 of the cardboard lid rest on the shoulders 52 inside the rim flange 50 of the base part and the central parts of the insert and lid are supported by the upstanding posts 47.
  • the end walls 57,46 of the lid and base part are flexed so that the fastening tabs 53 engage in the apertures 58 in the lid to fasten the lid in its closed position.
  • the cardboard lid 41 is firmly supported by the cardboard edges 64,65 and a series of such boxes may be stacked one on top of the other without risk of damage to the contents.
  • the insert lies closely adjacent or in contact With the corresponding parts of the lid so that the printed matter on the insert is readily visible through the lid.
  • the or each lug 23 on the bottom wall portion 11 serves to engage or juxtapose with outwardly facing top parts of the side and end wall portions 56,57 of a lid 4i of a similar box and, at least part of a cooperating bottom wall portion 11 of a peripheral pocket 44 of the base part 40 of the box, rests on the outside portion of the angle or corner 76 of the lid of the similar box upon which it is stacked to locate and stack such boxes in aligned relation.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Stackable Containers (AREA)
  • Packaging Frangible Articles (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Wrapping Of Specific Fragile Articles (AREA)
  • Supplying Of Containers To The Packaging Station (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
EP85305275A 1984-07-24 1985-07-24 Boîtes ou cartons d'emballage Expired - Lifetime EP0169737B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85305275T ATE60020T1 (de) 1984-07-24 1985-07-24 Verpackungsbehaelter oder -karton.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB848418888A GB8418888D0 (en) 1984-07-24 1984-07-24 Boxes/cartons
GB8418888 1984-07-24

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0169737A2 true EP0169737A2 (fr) 1986-01-29
EP0169737A3 EP0169737A3 (en) 1987-12-02
EP0169737B1 EP0169737B1 (fr) 1991-01-16

Family

ID=10564390

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85305275A Expired - Lifetime EP0169737B1 (fr) 1984-07-24 1985-07-24 Boîtes ou cartons d'emballage

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0169737B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE60020T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3581331D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB8418888D0 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4844263A (en) * 1988-02-19 1989-07-04 Hercules, Incorporated Food container
KR100646843B1 (ko) * 2006-02-09 2006-11-23 (주)그린 엔바이론텍 란 포장 용구
AT503453B1 (de) * 2006-03-20 2008-04-15 Ovotherm Internat Handels Gmbh Eierverpackung
US10266304B2 (en) 2016-06-23 2019-04-23 Chad Smith Stackable packaging units and methods for manufacturing the same
AT521477B1 (de) * 2019-03-05 2020-02-15 Messerle Gmbh Verpackung, insbesondere für Lebensmittel
EP3587290B1 (fr) * 2018-06-21 2023-09-27 Faerch Italy S.r.l. Couvercle de fermeture pour un récipient en matière plastique pour le conditionnement de produits alimentaires et/ou d'aliments et récipient associé

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3093286A (en) * 1961-01-24 1963-06-11 Mead Corp Molded foamed plastic egg carton
BE660896A (fr) * 1965-02-23 1965-07-01
GB1008481A (en) * 1961-12-18 1965-10-27 Keyes Fibre Co Egg carton
US3258187A (en) * 1965-03-29 1966-06-28 A & E Plastik Pak Co Carton with cam-latching lid
FR2190681A1 (fr) * 1972-06-26 1974-02-01 Kraft Willi
LU79834A1 (fr) * 1978-06-19 1979-02-02 Hinteregger P Conteneur
GB2019815A (en) * 1978-03-16 1979-11-07 Brown Co Ltd W R Boxes or packs for packaging eggs, fruit or other articles
GB2110649A (en) * 1981-01-06 1983-06-22 Brown William R Egg boxes
GB2115789A (en) * 1982-02-19 1983-09-14 Brown William R Egg boxes

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3093286A (en) * 1961-01-24 1963-06-11 Mead Corp Molded foamed plastic egg carton
GB1008481A (en) * 1961-12-18 1965-10-27 Keyes Fibre Co Egg carton
BE660896A (fr) * 1965-02-23 1965-07-01
US3258187A (en) * 1965-03-29 1966-06-28 A & E Plastik Pak Co Carton with cam-latching lid
FR2190681A1 (fr) * 1972-06-26 1974-02-01 Kraft Willi
GB2019815A (en) * 1978-03-16 1979-11-07 Brown Co Ltd W R Boxes or packs for packaging eggs, fruit or other articles
LU79834A1 (fr) * 1978-06-19 1979-02-02 Hinteregger P Conteneur
GB2110649A (en) * 1981-01-06 1983-06-22 Brown William R Egg boxes
GB2115789A (en) * 1982-02-19 1983-09-14 Brown William R Egg boxes

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4844263A (en) * 1988-02-19 1989-07-04 Hercules, Incorporated Food container
KR100646843B1 (ko) * 2006-02-09 2006-11-23 (주)그린 엔바이론텍 란 포장 용구
AT503453B1 (de) * 2006-03-20 2008-04-15 Ovotherm Internat Handels Gmbh Eierverpackung
US10266304B2 (en) 2016-06-23 2019-04-23 Chad Smith Stackable packaging units and methods for manufacturing the same
EP3587290B1 (fr) * 2018-06-21 2023-09-27 Faerch Italy S.r.l. Couvercle de fermeture pour un récipient en matière plastique pour le conditionnement de produits alimentaires et/ou d'aliments et récipient associé
AT521477B1 (de) * 2019-03-05 2020-02-15 Messerle Gmbh Verpackung, insbesondere für Lebensmittel
AT521477A4 (de) * 2019-03-05 2020-02-15 Messerle Gmbh Verpackung, insbesondere für Lebensmittel
US11396405B2 (en) 2019-03-05 2022-07-26 Messerle Gmbh Packaging, especially for food

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8418888D0 (en) 1984-08-30
EP0169737B1 (fr) 1991-01-16
DE3581331D1 (de) 1991-02-21
ATE60020T1 (de) 1991-02-15
EP0169737A3 (en) 1987-12-02

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