EP0163479B1

EP0163479B1 - Ground control

Info

Publication number: EP0163479B1
Application number: EP85303580A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Warwick Hutchins
Original assignee: HELIX CABLES INTERNATIONAL Pty Ltd
Current assignee: HELIX CABLES INTERNATIONAL Pty Ltd
Priority date: 1984-05-22
Filing date: 1985-05-21
Publication date: 1990-08-29
Anticipated expiration: 2005-05-21
Also published as: EP0163479A2; EP0163479A3

Description

This invention relates to an improved wire strand for cable bolting applications, its method of manufacture and apparatus therefor.
The technique of cable bolting is well known in the mining industry and will only be described briefly as background.
Cable bolts normally comprise flexible strands of high tensile, stress-relieved steel cable which normally have a single central wire and six wires laid thereabouts in parallel spirals. Whilst this particular formation is stated to be normal, there are other strands used in this application which have as many as 19 or 37 wires which have a single central wire and the remainder wrapped thereabout.
In the simplest form of cable bolt, the cable bolt may be provided with retaining means which comprise a pair of arms of wire held to the cable adjacent to its leading end and/or at various positions along its length, the arms extending outwardly and 'rearwardly' from the cable bolt, the arrangement being such that the cable can be placed into a bore hole of, say, 50 to 70 millimetres in diameter and axial movement from the hole is restricted by these outwardly directed arms, which contact the bore hole wall on such outward axial movement of the cable. These arms do not assist in the operation of the cable bolt, but simply act to retain this until grouting is effected. The bore hole is then filled with a cement grout.
More usually, in practical applications, the cable bolt may comprise a pair of strands which may be interconnected in a spaced manner at distances along the length of the bolt and in some applications each strand may have at predetermined distances along its length a barrel located thereabouts to increase the effective diameter of the strand. In some practical forms each individual strand may be provided with indents or the like along its length to assist the frictional interengagement with the grout column.
Cable bolts can be used in a number of different applications in mines, such as for underground stoping, for pillar support, for development support, and in open pit applications. Generally, holes are drilled through the ground normally into more solid strata into which the bolts are passed and located by the grouting.
Normally it is not necessary to pre-tension the bolts, but they do come into tension when there is any movement of the strata. In an area which is to be stabilised, the bolts are located in a pattern which is determined largely by the geological formation, to stabilise the wall or roof into which the bolts are passed.
In some mining applications the bolts pass through the ore body to be mined and as this portion of the body is removed by blasting so the bolts are exposed, and they can then be cut off if necessary.
In other applications the bolts pass through unstable material which is not part of the ore body and, by stabilising this, prevent materials from mixing with the ore body thereby diluting the ore, increasing the volume to be treated and accordingly increasing the cost of winning the mineral values.
A major factor in the effectiveness of cable bolts is in the friction between the bolt and the grout, and if this can be increased there is an increase in the force necessary to cause breaking away of adjacent material and, in the optimum, it would be desirable that bolt support a load effectively up to its tensile strength before the adjacent rock separates therefrom.
From the 'SCHWEIZERISCHE BAUZEITUNG", vol. 93, no. 26, 26.06.1975 (cf. especially page 410, column 2, lines 31-36), a cable bolt is known in which the wires of said cable bolt, over at least part of its length are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has an area of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from another, and areas where the wires lie closely adjacent.
DE-A-2 755 454 discloses an anchoring for steel cables formed by spreading the wires under plastic deformation to provide a pear shaped or onion shaped body terminated by inwardly curved end portions of the wires, the structure so formed being embedded in concrete or other grout to achieve anchoring.
It is an object of the invention to provide a strand for cable bolts which has improved properties beyond those previously obtainable, using the same weight of material.
From one aspect the invention provides a method of making a cable bolt formed from one or more strands composed of a plurality of helically laid wires in which the wires of the cable bolt, over at least part of its length, are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has alternate areas of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and areas where the wires lie closely adjacent, said method being characterised by the steps of first destranding the helically laid wires, then locating the wires in separate elongate receiving members, holding the wires adjacent one end and twisting the wires together in a direction opposite to the original twist, so that, over at least part of its length, there is provided a cable bolt which has said alternate areas of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and said areas where the wires lie closely adjacent.
From another aspect the invention provides an apparatus for making a cable bolt formed from one or more strands composed of a plurality of helically laid wires, in which the wires of the cable bolt, over at least part of its length, are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist, and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has alternate areas of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and areas where the wires lie closely adjacent, said apparatus being characterised by a base, a plurality of elongate wire receiving members mounted for axial movement along the base and adapted to receive at least the number of wires required in the finished cable bolt, the wire receiving members being rotatable, as a group, about an axis parallel to those of the individual wire receiving members, by axial movement of said wire receiving members relative to said base, a headstock in which one end of wires received in the receiving members can be held, and a gear to rotate the wire receiving members whilst there is relative axial movement between the headstock and the wire receiving members, so as to twist said wires together in a direction opposite to the original twist and thereby form said areas of enlarged diameter.
The invention also provides a cable bolt of high tensile strength for ground control comprising a plurality of individually twisted wires of a constant pitch which throughout the length of the bolt are twisted in the direction opposite to the original twist of the wires at spaced regions along the bolt so as to provide between the ends of the bolt a plurality of successive areas of enlarged diameter wherein the wires are spaced, one from the other, and are separated by nodes therebetween wherein the wires lie closely adjacent to one another, said nodes being of short length as compared with the lengths of the areas of enlarged diameter.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood and put into practice, we shall describe one embodiment of the invention which is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:-

Fig. 1 is a side elevation of the apparatus of the invention;
Fig. 2 is a plan view along line 2-2 of Fig. 1 showing the head stock of the apparatus;
Fig. 3 is a partial section looking at the headstock along line 3-3 of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a view of the area marked as 4 on Fig. 1 and shows the drive means to move the turret assembly;
Fig. 5 is a plan view along line 5-5 of Fig. 1 which shows the leading end of the turret assembly and, specifically, one of the trolleys or trucks used therewith;
Fig. 6 is a view of the trolley or truck of Fig. 5 looking along line 6-6 of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a plan view along line 7-7 of Fig. 1 and shows a further part of the turret assembly and, specifically, the driven part of the turret assembly;
Fig. 8 is a view along line 8-8 of Fig. 7 showing the means whereby the turret assembly is rotated as the trolleys or trucks thereof move along the apparatus;
Fig. 9 is a side elevation view of the cable bolt material made in accordance with the invention;
Fig. 10 is an enlarged view of one node of the cable bolt of Fig. 9;
Fig. 11 is a sectional view along line 11-11 of Fig. 10 looking in the direction of the arrows and showing the substantial spacing of the wires;
Fig. 12 is a view along line 12-12 of Fig. 10 showing the close bunching of the wires at the point of intersection;
Fig. 13 is a view similar to Fig. 9 showing a different form of cable bolt material of the invention; and
Fig. 14 is a graph showing the performance of the cable bolt of the invention in operation relative to previous conventional cable bolts made of strand material.

In this description we shall use terminology conventionally used in the industry. A cable bolt is flexible, and normally comprises one or two strands of high tensile, stress-relieved steel cable. Each strand consists of a number of wires, conventionally seven, of which the centre wire runs straight through the strand and the outer wires are helically wound around the centre wire in close contact, so that any section of the strand shows the centre wire surrounded by six outer wires each of which is in contact with its two adjacent wires and the centre wire.
Each wire may be smooth but, preferably, to increase the frictional engagement between the wire and the grouting in which the cable bolt is embedded, the wire may have indents or the like along its length.
Normal cable bolts are terminated at each end, either by a ductile member which is deformed around the bolt, or by a barrel and wedge.
In this specification, in order to differentiate the reformed strands from the initial strands from which they are formed, we shall describe the reformed strands as cable bolts or cable bolt lengths.
Further, whilst in this specification we describe a batch process for the formation of cable bolts, it will be appreciated that the cable bolts could be made in a continuous process.
Referring firstly to Fig. 1, the table or bed 10 illustrated is designed for batch treatments of cable bolt lengths and has a length which is approximately twice the length of the strands.
Basically, the operative portion of the apparatus comprises a headstock 20 at one end of the table and a trolley-mounted turret arrangement 30 which is adapted to move forwardly and rearwardly along the table and which is driven by a drive means 40.
Referring firstly to the headstock, this is built about a pair of chucks or collets 21, each of which is adapted to receive a wire strand 22 in an engagement whereby the strand can be rotated about its axis.
Each chuck 21 is mounted for rotation, and for this purpose is provided about its periphery with spur gear 23. These spur gears are connected by a chain 24 to a driving gear 25 which, in turn, is driven by motor 26 through gears 27, 28 which are interconnected by chain 29, gear 28 driving shaft 15 to which gear 28 is connected.
The whole of the headstock assembly is mounted on a carriage 16 having wheels 17 which engage with the flanges 11 of the table 10.
The turret assembly 30 consists of a number of trolleys or trucks 31, each of which has flanged wheels 32 which ride on the flanges 11 of the table 10, and a single trolley or truck 33 which is located behind the first of the trolleys 31 and which is different in construction from the earlier trolleys.
Referring first to Figs. 5 and 6, each trolley 31 is provided with a receiving member 34 which is mounted for rotation on idlers 35 and which is retained against axial movement by these idlers. Located in and passing through apertures in the receiving member, there are a number of peripherally arranged tubes 36. As illustrated there are some twelve of these, and a pair of central tubes 37.
The trolley 31 shown in Fig. 5 is, in fact, the leading or front trolley most adjacent the headstock 20. As can be seen from the left side of Fig. 5, the tubes 36 terminate at slightly different distances, as will be described hereinafter, and the central tubes 37 are located in a surround 38 which extends forwardly of the various tubes.
It will be appreciated then that the tubes 36, 37 and the surround 38 extend rearwardly through each of the trolleys 31, and through the trolley 33, and the total length of these tubes is approximately equal to the total length of the wire strands to be used.
As mentioned, the trolley 33 differs from the other trolleys in that, in this case, the receiving member 50, whilst mounted on rollers 35 in a manner similar to the receiving members 34, and whilst having an internal configuration the same as the earlier described members, has an external spur gear 51 which is driven by a chain 52 from a gear 53 which is rotated through a gear box 56 by rotation of a shaft 57 driven by a pinion 54 which moves along a rack 55 formed on the table 10.
This is the position illustrated in Fig. 8, and it will be appreciated that as the trolleys 31 and 33 move along the table, so the pinion 54 will rotate causing rotation of the receiving member 50 and thus rotation of the whole of the set of tubes and other receiving members located on the trolleys.
It is possible to rotate the shaft 57 so that the pinion 54 becomes disengaged from the rack and, as illustrated, we provide a lever arm 59 which extends forward to the front trolley 31 which has a handle 60 formed thereon, the arrangement being such that, on rotation of the handle, the arm 59 rotates causing partial rotation of the pinion 54 and the disengagement of this from the rack 55.
The trolley can be moved forwardly and rearwardly along the table, respectively towards and away from the headstock, by the drive means 40 illustrated in Fig. 4.
The drive means includes a motor 41 which drives a pulley 42 by means of chain 43 and spur gears 44, 45. The pulley 42 is in connection with an endless cable 46 which passes over idler roller 47, as illustrated in Fig. 4, and over a similar idler roller, not illustrated, adjacent the end of the apparatus opposite the headstock.
The cable 46 is in connection with the trolleys of the turret assembly, whereby, depending upon the direction of rotation of the motor 41 or the setting of the gear box, the turret assembly can be moved towards or away from the headstock 20.
In operation, the turret assembly is moved to the end of the table away from the headstock, by means of the motor 41 and cable 46, and the strands to be converted into the strand of the invention are laid along the table. One end of each of these strands is connected to one of the chucks 21.
The turret assembly is moved until the free ends of the strands are closely adjacent the surround 38, the ends of both strands are partially destranded, and the individual wires are each placed into one of the tubes 36 or 37.
It will be seen that, because the ends of these tubes terminate at different distances, the wires can be sequentially passed into the tubes so there is no difficulty in locating the wires.
The pinion 54 is moved away from the rack 55 by operation of the handle 60, and the turret assembly is caused to move towards the headstock, by operation of the motor 41 causing movement of the cable 46. At the same time, the motor 26 of the headstock is operated so as to tend to unwind the strands in the chucks 21.
Thus, unwinding takes place at a speed which is comensurate with the speed of movement of the turret trolleys so that the wires are, at all times, each fed into their associated tube in a straight line.
Of course, there will tend to be variation from this but, generally, the wires can be readily fed and the wires are held in the tubes.
It will be appreciated that the wires in the tubes are under substantial restraint as each wire would normally attempt to assume a spiral formation similar to the position of the wire in the original strands.
When both strands are effectively untwisted, the ends of the strands adjacent the headstock may remain in their normal condition or, if required, the headstock could be caused to move towards the end of the turret assembly so that a very substantial part of the total length of each wire strand is unwound.
In order to form the cable bolt of the invention, it is then necessary to restrand the wires with the twist being in the direction opposite that of the original strands.
Before describing this we will state that, in the preferred embodiment, we have taken two strands and destranded these by location of the wires of the strands in the tubes with the two centre wires being into the two centre tubes 37. However, it will be appreciated that the invention could equally well be applied to a single strand or, if it is desired, not all of the wires of each of the strands may be used.
We prefer to use the wires of two strands simply to make a cable bolt which, as will be described later, has characteristics equivalent to conventional cable bolts comprised of two spaced strands, as previously discussed.
Once the destranding is complete, the pinion 54 is brought into engagement with the rack 55 and, thus, when the turret trolleys 31 and 33 commence to move away from the headstock 20, the receiving member 50 is caused to rotate and rotation of this causes a corresponding rotation of the tube 36, 37 and the other receiving members 34.
This direction of rotation of the receiving member 50 is opposite to the direction of rotation of the chucks 21 during the unravelling.
The speed of rotation may be such that the required end result is achieved by the rotation of the receiving member 50, and thus the tubes and other receiving members.
This result is well illustrated in Fig. 9 to 12.
We have found that the completed cable bolt has a series of nodes 61 in which the wires are in a position very similar to that which they would have occupied in a conventional strand, see specifically Fig. 12. It will be appreciated that the arrangement is not as symmetrical as a normal strand, as the cable bolt is comprised of two previously separate strands, and therefore has two centre wires and twelve outer wires instead of a single centre wire and six closely adjacent outer wires as is the case with the strands used in the formation thereof.
Between these nodes there are parts of an increased overall diameter where the wires are all substantially spaced from one another and the arrangement is such that, at this area, the outer diameter is such as to be a relatively close fit in a bore hole.
This operation, considered in relation to a seven wire strand having nominal five millimetre wires, having a nominal diameter of approximately fifteen millimetres and having a pitch of approximately 210 mm, but not limited thereto, forms nodes approximately at the positions of pitch lengths of the strand and, depending on the degree of opposite twist, so the diameter of the strand between the nodes is greater or lesser, the greater the twist the lesser the diameter. Thus it is possible, depending on the degree of twist, to form a strand which has a diameter suitable for various size bore holes.
Once twisting has been completed we find that, at the nodes, the wires lie very much in the form in which they would have laid in the original strands, and the composite strand of the cable bolt is basically coherent in itself.
If required, and in particular, if a plate or other restraining member is to be provided at one end of the cable bolt, the wires of the strand can be held, during manufacture, at or adjacent the one end, and the twist applied at the one end is the same as the original twist of the strand so that the one end of the strand is basically conventional and has a constant diameter and can be terminated in conventional ways, say by using barrels and wedges.
When the complete cable bolt has been formed, the ends are held together by some form of clamping assembly, as is conventional, and the cable bolt can then be handled in a way very similar to normal strands, that is it can be coiled or otherwise prepared for delivery.
Fig. 13 is an embodiment which shows an alternate type of cable bolt which can be made by use of the invention and, in this case, the cable bolt has alternate large diameter areas and areas where the cable bolt is effectively similar to a normal strand having the same number of wires.
In order to form a cable bolt in this way, it is necessary to alternate the twisting effect so that part of the strand is twisted to provide the formation of the invention whilst the next remaining part is twisted in the opposite sense to effectively attempt to relay the strand as it was originally laid although, once again, it must be appreciated, in the particular embodiment, as there are twice as many external wires in the composite strand, these cannot lay in the same position as they would if a single original strand was to be reconstituted.
Subsequent to the formation of this smaller diameter area, then the rotation is again reversed and areas having alternate nodes and enlarged diameter portions are again formed.
We have found that bolts using the strands of the invention give a performance which is substantially superior than that which can be achieved using a similar quantity of wire in more conventional cable bolts.
Fig. 14 shows a plot of deformation against load using cable bolts made in accordance with the invention and normal cable bolts.
The cable bolt of the invention, the results of which are plotted as 2, was a seven strand cable bolt, that is it was fabricated from a single initial strand rather than the illustrated arrangement which was made from two strands.
The comparison sample was a 1 x 15.2 mm standard strand.
Both of the strands had an estimated 25 tonne tensile strength, and it can be seen from the plots that the strands of the invention suffered deformation up to the point of tensile failure, whereas the standard strands all slipped relative to the grout well before tensile failure.
Very similar results have been achieved by using strands having larger numbers of wires and, in comparison, between strands made in accordance with the illustrated embodiment and two stand cable bolts which have been conventionally used in the art.

Claims

1. A method of making a cable bolt formed from one or more strands (22) composed of a plurality of helically laid wires in which the wires of the cable bolt, over at least part of its length, are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has alternate areas (62) of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and areas (61) where the wires lie closely adjacent, said method being characterised by the steps of first destranding the helically laid wires, then locating the wires in separate elongate receiving members (36), holding the wires adjacent one end and twisting the wires together in a direction opposite to the original twist, so that, over at least part of its length, there is provided a cable bolt which has said alternate areas (62) of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and said areas (61) where the wires lie closely adjacent.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the elongate receiving members (36) are coaxial and the twisting is achieved by rotating the members.

3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterised in that there are two strands (22) which are initially destranded into individual wires and which are then reformed into a single strand.

4. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, characterised in that at least one of the central wires (37) of the strand or strands (22) forms the central wire of the cable bolt.

5. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims characterised in that the wires forming the cable bolt are twisted throughout their length.

6. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the twisting is effected by alternately twisting the wires of the cable bolt in the direction opposite to the original twist and subsequently twisting the wires in the direction of the original twist, thereby to provide a cable bolt which has said alternate areas (62) of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced one from the other and said areas (61) where the wires are closely adjacent, spaced by areas where the wires are closely located about a central axis.

7. An apparatus for making a cable bolt formed from one or more strands composed of a plurality of helically laid wires, in which the wires of the cable bolt over at least part of its length, are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist, and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has alternate areas (62) of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced, one from the other, and areas (61) where the wires lie closely adjacent, said apparatus being characterised by a base (10), a plurality of elongate wire receiving members (36) mounted for axial movement along the base and adapted to receive at least the number of wires required in the finished cable bolt, the wire receiving members being rotatable (50), as a group, about an axis parallel to those of the individual wire receiving members, by axial movement of said wire receiving members relative to said base, a headstock (16) in which one end of wires (22) received in the receiving members can be held, and a gear (53) to rotate the wire receiving members whilst there is relative axial movement between the headstock (16) and the wire receiving members (36), so as to twist said wires together in a direction opposite to the original twist and thereby form said areas (62) of enlarged diameter.

8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7, characterised in that the elongate wire receiving members (36) are each mounted on a trolley (30, 31, 33) which is, in turn located for movement along a track (11) formed on the base (10).

9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 7 or 8, characterised in that a rack (55) is provided adjacent the track and a pinion (54) is located so as to be selectively engageable with the rack, and is in driving connection with said gear (53) to rotate the wire receiving members (36).

10. An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9, characterised in that said headstock (16) is provided with a chuck (21) to hold one end of a strand and is provided with a drive (26) whereby the holding means (21) can be rotated so as to be capable of destranding a strand into the elongate wire receiving members.

11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, characterised in that said headstock (16) has at least two chucks (21) each to hold one end of a strand and wherein said chucks can be selectively rotated so that each is capable of destranding a strand into the elongate wire receiving members.

12. A cable bolt formed from one or more strands (22) composed of a plurality of helically laid wires in which the wires of said cable bolt over at least part of its length are displaced with respect to the direction of the original twist and held at each end after displacement thereby providing a cable bolt which has an area of enlarged diameter where the wires are spaced one from another and areas where the wires lie closely adjacent characterised in that the wires are displaced by twisting in the direction opposite to the original twist and in that the bolt consists of a plurality of said areas (62) of enlarged diameter formed along the cable and alternating with said areas (61) where the wires lie closely adjacent.

13. A cable bolt of high tensile strength for ground control comprising a plurality of individually twisted wires of a constant pitch which throughout the length of the bolt are twisted in the direction opposite to the original twist of the wires at spaced regions along the bolt as to provide between the ends of the bolt a plurality of successive areas (62) of enlarged diameter wherein the wires are spaced, one from the other, and are separated by nodes (61) there between wherein the wires lie closely adjacent to one another, said nodes being of short length as compared with the lengths of the areas of enlarged diameter.