EP0159325A4 - Processes for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues. - Google Patents

Processes for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues.

Info

Publication number
EP0159325A4
EP0159325A4 EP19840903318 EP84903318A EP0159325A4 EP 0159325 A4 EP0159325 A4 EP 0159325A4 EP 19840903318 EP19840903318 EP 19840903318 EP 84903318 A EP84903318 A EP 84903318A EP 0159325 A4 EP0159325 A4 EP 0159325A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
irradiated
subject
tissue
organ
blood
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP19840903318
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0159325A1 (en
Inventor
Keith Reemtsma
Mark A Hardy
Henry Tien Lau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Columbia University in the City of New York
Original Assignee
Columbia University in the City of New York
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Columbia University in the City of New York filed Critical Columbia University in the City of New York
Publication of EP0159325A1 publication Critical patent/EP0159325A1/en
Publication of EP0159325A4 publication Critical patent/EP0159325A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/36Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
    • A61L27/3683Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix subjected to a specific treatment prior to implantation, e.g. decellularising, demineralising, grinding, cellular disruption/non-collagenous protein removal, anti-calcification, crosslinking, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme treatment
    • A61L27/3691Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix subjected to a specific treatment prior to implantation, e.g. decellularising, demineralising, grinding, cellular disruption/non-collagenous protein removal, anti-calcification, crosslinking, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme treatment characterised by physical conditions of the treatment, e.g. applying a compressive force to the composition, pressure cycles, ultrasonic/sonication or microwave treatment, lyophilisation
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/14Blood; Artificial blood
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/37Digestive system
    • A61K35/39Pancreas; Islets of Langerhans
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K41/00Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
    • A61K41/0023Agression treatment or altering

Definitions

  • transplanted organs or tissues in a subject may be enhanced by treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the subject during a suitable period of time prior to transplanting the organs or tissues and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
  • transplanted organs or tissues in a subject may also be enhanced by treating the organs or tissues to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
  • irradiated donor specific blood, organs and tissues are preferred for use in surgical transplantation.
  • FIG. 1 Percentage of graft survival in ACI diabetic recipients of islet allografts.
  • Group I (O) transfused Lew UV irradiated blood and Lew islet allografts.
  • Group II ( ⁇ ) transfused non-treated Lew blood and Lew islet allografts.
  • Group III ( ⁇ ) control recipients without transfusion and Lew islet allografts, and
  • Group IV (•) transfused as in Group I but transplanted third-party W/F (RTl u ) islets.
  • FIG. 2 The effect of dose of UV irradiation on the MLC stimulatory activity of Lewis dendritic cells (DC).
  • DC Lewis dendritic cells
  • TDL ACI thoracic duct lymphocytes
  • Lewis rat afferent lymph derived DC as stimulators. Methods used for isolation of dendritic cells have been previously described (20).
  • abdominal lymph nodes were removed from rats six weeks prior to thoracic duct drainage. Lymph was collected over a 36 hour period and resultant cells were enriched for DC by a high density BSA centrifugation step (44).
  • Resultant light density cells had a population of approximately 70% DC with their distinct morphological appearance (45).
  • FIG. 3 Effect of dose of UV irradiation on islet function after syngeneic transplantation.
  • Lewis rats were made diabetic with i.v. streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) (courtesy of Dr. Dulin, Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan) and used as recipients if blood glucose was 300 mg/dl on three weekly successive measuremens.
  • Lewis islets were isolated using collagenase digestion (46), Ficoll gradient separation (47) and subsequent hand-picking under a stereomicroscope. Isolated islets were suspended in HBSS in petri dishes and irradiated with constant stirring with a magnetic bar. UV source was same as described for DC irradiation.
  • islets were placed into culture at 37°C, 5% CO 2 in CMRL 1066 with 10% FCS for 24 hours and transplanted via the portal vein.
  • Stippled line represents normal blood glucose range.
  • FIG. 4 Survival of Lewis UV irradiated and non-irradiated islets in diabetic ACI recipients.
  • ACI rats were made diabetic with i.v. streptozotocin as described before.
  • Lewis islets were isolated as described for syngeneic transplants and were UV irradiated with 900 J/m 2 exactly as described previously.
  • UV and non-UV irradiated islets were cultured for 24 hours prior to intraportal transplantation. Rejection of islets was considered to have occurred if blood glucose was 200 mg/dl on two consecutive daily measurements, o---o Lewis islets to ACI without UV irradiation; •---• Lewis islets to ACI with prior UV irradiation.
  • This invention provides a method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the subject during a suitable period of time prior to transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
  • the invention is primarily intended for use with human patients requiring an organ or tissue transplant.
  • the method may be used with any organ or tissue.
  • organs include the kidney, heart, lung, liver and intestine.
  • Tissues may be derived from these organs or may be derived from other body tissues, e.g., bone marrow.
  • Varying doses of ultraviolet radiation may be employed to irradiate the organ or tissue to be transplanted.
  • the presently preferred dosage is a dose less than about 1000 J/m 2 .
  • the organ or tissue may be exposed to the ultraviolet radiation for various periods of time.
  • the presently preferred time for exposure to the ultraviolet radiation is a time period greater than about ten minutes, e.g., about twenty minutes.
  • the irradiated blood is desirably transfused into the subject into whom the organ or tissue is to be transplanted during a suitable period of time prior to the actual transplantation procedure.
  • the transfusion with donor specific irradiated blood is performed more than once and at least one week prior to transplantation of the organ or tissue.
  • the subject receive transfusion three times: at three weeks, at two weeks and at one week prior to the transplant.
  • the organ or tissues is transplanted into the subject using conventional surgical procedures.
  • this invention also provides a method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating the organ or tissue to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the irradiated organ or tissue into the subject.
  • the method is applicable to a wide variety of subjects, the primary use presently contemplated being human patients requiring transplant surgery, e.g., a replacement kidney, heart, lung, liver or intestine or replacement tissue derived from such organs or from other body tissues, e.g., pancreatic islet cells or bone marrow.
  • transplant surgery e.g., a replacement kidney, heart, lung, liver or intestine or replacement tissue derived from such organs or from other body tissues, e.g., pancreatic islet cells or bone marrow.
  • the presently preferred dose is one whose intensity is less than about 1000 J/m 2 and to which the subject is exposed for at least ten minutes, e.g., twenty minutes.
  • the irradiated organ or tissue may then be transplanted into the subject.
  • the time within which the implant surgery is performed may vary as may the time during which the irradiated organ or tissue is stored prior to use, the limits depending primarily upon the nature of the organ or tissue.
  • the irradiated organ or tissue will be employed within a few days after irradiation, e.g., within 24 hours after irradiation.
  • the actual transplantation is performed using conventional procedures.
  • UV irradiation of the stimulating cell population in a primary mixed-lymphocyte reaction leads to little or no proliferative response (6)
  • labearing cells may not need to be eliminated from blood before its use for immunization, but may need to be inactivated with UV light, leading to abrogation of the stimulating allogeneic signal while leaving major histo compatibility complex antigens intact for the induction of donor-specific immunological unresponsiveness.
  • Rats of strain ACI were made diabetic with intravenous streptozotocin (60 mg/kg).
  • a rat was used as a recipient of blood and islets only if its blood glucose concentration exceeded 300 mg/dl for more than 3 weeks.
  • Islet allografts were considered to have been rejected when plasma glucose was greater than 200 mg/dl on two successive daily measurements.
  • RTl 1 normal Lewis rats
  • the blood was diluted 1:50 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), placed with a magnetic stirring bar into 250-ml petri dishes, and irradiated for 20 minutes with two Sylvania FS-20 lamps located 10 cm from the dishes.
  • PBS phosphate-buffered saline
  • the blood cells were then centrifuged and the resulting pellet was resuspended in PBS to 50 percent packed cell volume.
  • Each diabetic ACI rat received 1 ml of UV-irradiated blood or 1 ml of identically treated non- irradiated blood adjusted to 50 percent packed cell volume through the penile vein 3 weeks, 2 weeks, and 1 week before islet transplantation.
  • One group of diabetic ACI rats received islets without previous transfusions.
  • Pancreatic islets were harvested from Lewis (RTl 1 ) and Wistar Furth (WF) (RTl u ) rats by the collagenase technique (7) and Ficoll gradient separation (8), with subsequent handpicking under a dissecting .microscope. Some 1200 to 1500 freshly prepared allogeneic islets were transplanted intraportally into four groups of diabetic ACI rats. Two groups of islet recipients (groups 1 and 4) were first transfused with UV-irradiated whole blood. One control group (group 3) was not transfused before receiving islets, while a second control group (group 2) was transfused with nonirradiated blood before allografting.
  • Lewis peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from UV-irradiated blood did not stimulate ACI thoracic duct lymphocytes significantly compared to Lewis lymphocytes obtained from nonirradiated whole blood (Table 1).
  • Table 2 Effect of UV light on the serological reactivity of Lewis rat PBL surface antigens. Values are mean counts ( ⁇ standard deviations) of 125 I-labeled staphylococcal protein A bound per assay (background, 200 count/min).
  • the rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes and the monoclonal antibody to rat la showed similar binding to Lewis peripheral blood lymphocytes, regardless of whether uv irradiation was used. Therefore we did not detect allostimulation in the MLR's by peripheral blood lymphocytes that were irradiated, despite the clear demonstration by radioimmunoassay that major histocompatibility antigens are quantitatively unchanged by previous irradiation of lymphocytes.
  • diabetic ACI recipients that were transfused with UV-irradiated Lewis whole blood and subsequently transplanted with fresh Lewis islets (group 1) showed 100 percent conversion to normo glycemia. There was no tissue rejection in any of the ten animals in a period of more than 160 days after allografting.
  • UV irradiation offers a promising method for the induction of donor-specific immunological unresponsiveness.
  • the use of UV irradiation for immunological inactivation of blood products could be easily applicable to allotransplantation in other species for which specific antibodies to la are not available or required.
  • This approach may prove useful in the transplantation of human organs, an area where donor-specific blood transfusions are already in use, and may eliminate the possibility of sensitization to major histocompatibility antigens of the donor.
  • Prolonged (or indefinite) islet allograft survival and correction of diabetes may be achieved by this simple maneuver without requiring immunosuppression of the diabetic host.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • UVB ultraviolet irradiation
  • rat dendritic cells have been demonstrated to be extremely powerful as accessory cells in T cell proliferation and in causing acute rejection of otherwise 'passenger leukocyte' -depleted rat kidneys (22).
  • Dendritic cells were completely ineffective as stimulators in the MLC with resulting SI of 3. Although dendritic cells are extremely powerful allogeneic stimulators as demonstrated in the MLC (20, 23) and in causing graft rejection (21), they appear to be inactivated by UV irradiation but not by gamma irradiation.
  • UV irradiated islets (same dose range) to reverse the diabetic state in syngeneic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (FIG. 3).
  • STZ syngeneic streptozotocin
  • Irradiation (UV) with 600 or 900 J/m 2 resulted in indefinite conversion to normoglycemia in all diabetic syngeneic recipients.
  • the UV irradiation dose that can abrogate the proliferative response in the MLC using l ⁇ 5 DC as stimulators, has no deleterious effect on the in vivo endocrine function of syngeneic islet grafts irradiated with 900 J/m 2 .
  • UV irradiation has a selective effect on antigen presenting cells (APC) (34-36) and that passive transfer of UV irradiated APC can induce antigen specific T suppressor cells (37).
  • APC antigen presenting cells
  • 38-40 would therefore suggest that improper antigen presentation, i.e., allograft without stimulatory leukocytes may induce preferentially production of T suppressor cells or effect nonrecognition of foreignness until antigens are represented to host T cells by host APC's whereby production of donor-specific T suppressor cells may also occur.
  • UV irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes does not quantitatively alter cell surface antigens including Class II MHC antigens (41). It would appear that primary allostimulation not only requires Class I and Class II antigen bearing lympho-reticular cells (31, 42), but that they must be metabolically active and are susceptible to inactivation by UV irradiation (43).
  • UV irradiation that is effective in abrogating the MLC response, is selectively effective in attenuating the stimulatory activity of the interstitial dendritic cells or other allostimulatory cells present in the islet preparation. Since islets are not single cell suspensions, some allostimulatory leukocytes may escape complete inactivation which might explain a 27% failure rate in prolongation of islet allograft survival. A more precise quantitative method of delivery of UV irradiation and elucidation of its ultimate effect on islet function and simultaneously on the allostimulatory activity of the dendritic and other lympho-reticular cells contained in the islet preparation, is necessary before this approach is uniformly successful.
  • the MLR was conducted in 96-well U-bottom microtiter plates (Falcon Plastics) in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin (100 ⁇ g/ml each), L-glutamine, and 10 percent rat serum.
  • Thoracic duct lymphocytes from ACI ras were used as responders and peripheral blood lymphocytes (purified by Ficoll- Hypaque sedimentation) from ultraviolet-irradiated or untreated blood were used as stimulators at 5 x 10 5 cells per well. Plates were harvested after 96 hours with a 16-hour exposure to thymidine. 13.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)

Abstract

A patient's acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues may be enhanced by treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the patient during a suitable pretransplantation time period and then transplanting the organ or tissue into the subject. Acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues can also be enhanced by treating the organs or tissues to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the organ or tissue. Suitably irradiated donor specific blood, organs and tissues are preferred for use in transplantation.

Description

PROCESSES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ACCEPTANCE OF TRANSPLANTED ORGANS AND TISSUES
The invention described herein was made in the course of work under grant numbers HL 14799 and AM 30468 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, U.S.A.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject may be enhanced by treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the subject during a suitable period of time prior to transplanting the organs or tissues and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
The acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject may also be enhanced by treating the organs or tissues to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
Suitably irradiated donor specific blood, organs and tissues are preferred for use in surgical transplantation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1. Percentage of graft survival in ACI diabetic recipients of islet allografts. Group I (O) transfused Lew UV irradiated blood and Lew islet allografts. Group II (Δ) transfused non-treated Lew blood and Lew islet allografts. Group III (□) control recipients without transfusion and Lew islet allografts, and Group IV (•) transfused as in Group I but transplanted third-party W/F (RTlu) islets.
FIG. 2. The effect of dose of UV irradiation on the MLC stimulatory activity of Lewis dendritic cells (DC). MLC was performed using ACI thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) as responders. and Lewis rat afferent lymph derived DC as stimulators. Methods used for isolation of dendritic cells have been previously described (20). In brief, abdominal lymph nodes were removed from rats six weeks prior to thoracic duct drainage. Lymph was collected over a 36 hour period and resultant cells were enriched for DC by a high density BSA centrifugation step (44). Resultant light density cells had a population of approximately 70% DC with their distinct morphological appearance (45). These cells were gamma irradiated (1600 rad) prior to UV irradiation and their use in MLC. DC were UV irradiated in open petri dishes while suspended under HBSS with constant stirring with a magnetic bar. Source of UV irradiation was a bank of two Sylvania FS20 lamps which have a flux of lmW/cm2 at 310 nm, (UVX-Radiometer, UV Product, Ca. ) measured 10 cm from source. Cells were cultured in triplicate in 96 well microtiter plates in RPMI 1640 containing 100 mg/ml streptomycin and penicillin and supplemented with 10% rat serum. Results represent (H3)=thymidine incorporation after 96 hours of culture including a 16 hour (H3) thymidine pulse period and are expressed as: experimental mean CPM
Stimulation Index (SI)= _____________________________________ control mean CPM
FIG. 3. Effect of dose of UV irradiation on islet function after syngeneic transplantation. Lewis rats were made diabetic with i.v. streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) (courtesy of Dr. Dulin, Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan) and used as recipients if blood glucose was 300 mg/dl on three weekly successive measuremens. Lewis islets were isolated using collagenase digestion (46), Ficoll gradient separation (47) and subsequent hand-picking under a stereomicroscope. Isolated islets were suspended in HBSS in petri dishes and irradiated with constant stirring with a magnetic bar. UV source was same as described for DC irradiation. After irradiation, islets were placed into culture at 37°C, 5% CO2 in CMRL 1066 with 10% FCS for 24 hours and transplanted via the portal vein. Group I islets received 800 J/m2 (n=2); Group II islets received 900 J/m2 (n=2); Group III islets received 1000 J/m2 (n=2); and Group IV islets received 1100 J/m2 (n=3). Stippled line represents normal blood glucose range.
FIG. 4. Survival of Lewis UV irradiated and non-irradiated islets in diabetic ACI recipients. ACI rats were made diabetic with i.v. streptozotocin as described before. Lewis islets were isolated as described for syngeneic transplants and were UV irradiated with 900 J/m2 exactly as described previously. UV and non-UV irradiated islets were cultured for 24 hours prior to intraportal transplantation. Rejection of islets was considered to have occurred if blood glucose was 200 mg/dl on two consecutive daily measurements, o---o Lewis islets to ACI without UV irradiation; •---• Lewis islets to ACI with prior UV irradiation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Throughout this application references are made using arabic numerals to various publications and explanatory matter set forth immediately preceding the claims under the heading "References and Notes." The entire disclosures of these references are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application to provide information concerning the state of the art as of the time the invention was made.
This invention, provides a method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the subject during a suitable period of time prior to transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject and then transplanting the organs or tissues into the subject.
Although applicable to a wide variety of subjects the invention is primarily intended for use with human patients requiring an organ or tissue transplant. In principle the method may be used with any organ or tissue. Examples of such organs include the kidney, heart, lung, liver and intestine. Tissues may be derived from these organs or may be derived from other body tissues, e.g., bone marrow.
Varying doses of ultraviolet radiation may be employed to irradiate the organ or tissue to be transplanted. The presently preferred dosage is a dose less than about 1000 J/m2. The organ or tissue may be exposed to the ultraviolet radiation for various periods of time. The presently preferred time for exposure to the ultraviolet radiation is a time period greater than about ten minutes, e.g., about twenty minutes. The irradiated blood is desirably transfused into the subject into whom the organ or tissue is to be transplanted during a suitable period of time prior to the actual transplantation procedure. Preferably, the transfusion with donor specific irradiated blood is performed more than once and at least one week prior to transplantation of the organ or tissue. Presently it is preferred that the subject receive transfusion three times: at three weeks, at two weeks and at one week prior to the transplant. After the subject has received transfusions of suitably irradiated donor specific blood, the organ or tissues is transplanted into the subject using conventional surgical procedures.
An alternative approach to the use of transfused, irradiated donor specific blood to enhance the acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues involves the use of irradiated organs or tissues. Accordingly, this invention also provides a method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating the organ or tissue to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the irradiated organ or tissue into the subject.
Once again the method is applicable to a wide variety of subjects, the primary use presently contemplated being human patients requiring transplant surgery, e.g., a replacement kidney, heart, lung, liver or intestine or replacement tissue derived from such organs or from other body tissues, e.g., pancreatic islet cells or bone marrow.
Although varying dosages of ultraviolet radiation may be employed for differing periods of time the presently preferred dose is one whose intensity is less than about 1000 J/m2 and to which the subject is exposed for at least ten minutes, e.g., twenty minutes. The irradiated organ or tissue may then be transplanted into the subject. The time within which the implant surgery is performed may vary as may the time during which the irradiated organ or tissue is stored prior to use, the limits depending primarily upon the nature of the organ or tissue. Generally, the irradiated organ or tissue will be employed within a few days after irradiation, e.g., within 24 hours after irradiation. The actual transplantation is performed using conventional procedures.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
UV-irradiated Donor Specific Blood
The following experiment relating to transfusion with irradiated donor specific blood is also set forth in the August 19, 1983 issue of Science, volume 221, pages 754- 756.
The successful transplantation of allogeneic pancreatic islets in mice depleted of cells bearing I region-associated antigens (la) by antiserum to la and the enhancement of skin allografts with this antiserum (1) suggest that allografted tissue depleted of la-bearing cells is accepted without being recognized as foreign. The type of labearing cell eliminated in such experiments is not known, but appears to be the dendritic cell; la-bearing dendritic cells are present in frozen tissue sections of islets and in the parenchyma of human kidneys, hearts, thyroid glands, and skin (2). Such a wide distribution suggests that the depletion of la-bearing cells from organ allografts may have clinical applicability not only to pancreatic islet transplantation but to transplantation of other organs as well. Although abolition of the initial recognition of a foreign allograft by the host is critical to successful allografting without further irnmunosuppression, maintenance of a functioning allograft may depend on the initiation of donor-specific suppressor T lymphocytes in the host (3). Such a state of unresponsiveness to allogeneic tissue is seen when la-negative platelets and red blood cells are unable to provoke a primary immune response and attenuate the subsequent challenge with la-bearing cells (3).
This idea was further supported when treatment of diabetic mice with donor blood depleted of la-bearing cells allowed successful transplantation of fresh, untreated allogeneic islets of the blood donor strain (4). It appears, therefore, that immunization with la-negative donor blood cells induces immunological unresponsiveness to the donor strain in recipients by the stimulation of specific suppressor cells.
Our demonstration of a rapid and simple method of inducing donor-specific immunological unresponsiveness in adult animals that allows long-term survival of islet allografts is consistent with recent clinical studies in which donor- specific transfusions led to 1-year survival of kidney allografts in more than 90 percent of mismatched donor- recipient pairs of one haplotype (5). Since ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of the stimulating cell population in a primary mixed-lymphocyte reaction (MLR) leads to little or no proliferative response (6), we hypothesized that labearing cells may not need to be eliminated from blood before its use for immunization, but may need to be inactivated with UV light, leading to abrogation of the stimulating allogeneic signal while leaving major histo compatibility complex antigens intact for the induction of donor-specific immunological unresponsiveness.
Rats of strain ACI (RTla were made diabetic with intravenous streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). A rat was used as a recipient of blood and islets only if its blood glucose concentration exceeded 300 mg/dl for more than 3 weeks. Islet allografts were considered to have been rejected when plasma glucose was greater than 200 mg/dl on two successive daily measurements.
Whole blood was obtained from normal Lewis rats (RTl1) by intracardiac puncture. The blood was diluted 1:50 in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), placed with a magnetic stirring bar into 250-ml petri dishes, and irradiated for 20 minutes with two Sylvania FS-20 lamps located 10 cm from the dishes. The blood cells were then centrifuged and the resulting pellet was resuspended in PBS to 50 percent packed cell volume. Each diabetic ACI rat received 1 ml of UV-irradiated blood or 1 ml of identically treated non- irradiated blood adjusted to 50 percent packed cell volume through the penile vein 3 weeks, 2 weeks, and 1 week before islet transplantation. One group of diabetic ACI rats received islets without previous transfusions.
Pancreatic islets were harvested from Lewis (RTl1) and Wistar Furth (WF) (RTlu) rats by the collagenase technique (7) and Ficoll gradient separation (8), with subsequent handpicking under a dissecting .microscope. Some 1200 to 1500 freshly prepared allogeneic islets were transplanted intraportally into four groups of diabetic ACI rats. Two groups of islet recipients (groups 1 and 4) were first transfused with UV-irradiated whole blood. One control group (group 3) was not transfused before receiving islets, while a second control group (group 2) was transfused with nonirradiated blood before allografting.
In vitro studies of Lewis rat peripheral blood lymphocytes that were either non-irradiated or irradiated in a manner identical to that of the whole blood were performed in conjunction with the above study (9). The binding of monoclonal antibodies to rat la (MRC-OX4) (10) and of a polyclonal rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes (M.A. Bio- products) was determined with 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A on Lewis rat lymphocytes obtained from peripheral blood that was UV-irradiated or untreated with irradiation (11). MLR's were performed by using Lewis lymphocytes obtained from irradiated or untreated whole blood ( identical treatment to that described for transfusions before islet allografting) as stimulator cells and ACI thoracic duct lymphocytes as responders (12).
Lewis peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from UV-irradiated blood did not stimulate ACI thoracic duct lymphocytes significantly compared to Lewis lymphocytes obtained from nonirradiated whole blood (Table 1).
Table 1. Effect of UV irradiation on the stimulatory activity of Lewis rat peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in MLR's. Values are means + standard deviations.
In the radioimmunoassay there appeared to be no significant difference between lymphocytes obtained from irradiated Lewis peripheral blood and untreated blood (Table 2).
Table 2. Effect of UV light on the serological reactivity of Lewis rat PBL surface antigens. Values are mean counts (± standard deviations) of 125I-labeled staphylococcal protein A bound per assay (background, 200 count/min).
The rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes and the monoclonal antibody to rat la (MRC/OX4) showed similar binding to Lewis peripheral blood lymphocytes, regardless of whether uv irradiation was used. Therefore we did not detect allostimulation in the MLR's by peripheral blood lymphocytes that were irradiated, despite the clear demonstration by radioimmunoassay that major histocompatibility antigens are quantitatively unchanged by previous irradiation of lymphocytes.
In the in vivo allograft experiments, diabetic ACI recipients that were transfused with UV-irradiated Lewis whole blood and subsequently transplanted with fresh Lewis islets (group 1) showed 100 percent conversion to normo glycemia. There was no tissue rejection in any of the ten animals in a period of more than 160 days after allografting. The nontransfused control group (group 3) and the control group transfused with nonirradiated blood (group (2) had similar mean survival times (8.2 ± 2.9 and 8.8 + 4.1 days, respectively. When third-party islets were transplanted into diabetic ACI recipients transfused previously with irradiated Lewis whole blood (group 4), rejection of islets and return to the diabetic state occurred in a normal fashion (mean survival time, 7.5 ± 3.0 days) (Table 3 and FIG. 1).
These results demonstrate that transfusions of UV-irradiated whole blood of the donor type lead to a prolonged and perhaps indefinite survival of islet allografts and induction of normoglycemia in the diabetic host. These results are obtained without any immunosuppressive drugs, and the induction of unresponsiveness with UV-irradiated blood appears to be donor-specific. Parallel in vitro studies suggest that UV irradiation of blood abrogates the allostimulatory effect of blood lymphocytes in the MLR-even in the presence of UV-absorbing red blood cells-while not affecting the serological reactivity of la (as shown by radioimmunoassay) or antigens detected by rabbit antiserum to rat lymphocytes. These findings suggest that allostimulation requires the presence of a metabolically active la-bearing cell and that immunization with inactivated cells can lead to subsequent strain-specific immunological unresponsiveness to islet allografts in rats. Although immunological unresponsiveness to allografts and induction of T suppressor cells have been demonstrated with various blood transfusion protocols, the results were inconsistent and immunosuppression was generally required (13). We believe, as Faustman et al. (4) suggested, that in islet transplantation sensitization and subsequent rejection occurs because of "contaminating" la-bearing cells; however, our findings suggest that these cells need not be physically eliminated but may simply be inactivated to result in immunological unresponsiveness of the host without the need for further immunosuppressive intervention. Studies of recombinant mouse strains (14) support the conclusion that the la signal is altered by UV irradiation without a significant change in the class I antigens. This may occur through metabolic inactivation of the cell.
Thus, UV irradiation offers a promising method for the induction of donor-specific immunological unresponsiveness. The use of UV irradiation for immunological inactivation of blood products could be easily applicable to allotransplantation in other species for which specific antibodies to la are not available or required. This approach may prove useful in the transplantation of human organs, an area where donor-specific blood transfusions are already in use, and may eliminate the possibility of sensitization to major histocompatibility antigens of the donor. Prolonged (or indefinite) islet allograft survival and correction of diabetes may be achieved by this simple maneuver without requiring immunosuppression of the diabetic host.
B. UV-irradiated Organs and Tissues
Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disparity causes rejection of grafted tissue, the recognition by the host of this incompatibility appears to be the critical factor in initiating the rejection process. The recognition of foreignness by the host appears to require both the pressence of Class I and Class II MHC antigens on the graft and lympho-retiσular cells bearing both classes of antigens are thought to be responsible for sensitizing the host toward a primary immune response (15-17). We present data that ultraviolet (UVB) irradiation, at an appropriate dose which can abrogate an MLC response after irradiation of rat dendritic stimulator cells (18-21), can also attenuate the immunogenicity of pancreatic islets without alteration of its endocrine function and prolong rat islet allograft survival in diabetic hosts without the use of immunosuppressive agents.
The exact nature of the 'passenger leukocyte' which has been implicated in causing graft rejection is not clear. The rat dendritic cells have been demonstrated to be extremely powerful as accessory cells in T cell proliferation and in causing acute rejection of otherwise 'passenger leukocyte' -depleted rat kidneys (22). We first investigated the ability of UV irradiation of rat dendritic cells, derived from afferent lymph, to attenuate their stimulatory activity in an MLC. Using ACI (RTla) rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) as responders and Lew (RTlM rat dendritic cells (DC) as stimulators, a high stimulation index (SI) of >400 was obtained with 105 DC (FIG. 2). When the number of DC stimulators were decreased to 125x105 the SI remained markedly elevated (162).
Dendritic cells, UV irradiated (Sylvania FS-20 at exposures of 800 J/m2 to 1000 J/m2) were completely ineffective as stimulators in the MLC with resulting SI of 3. Although dendritic cells are extremely powerful allogeneic stimulators as demonstrated in the MLC (20, 23) and in causing graft rejection (21), they appear to be inactivated by UV irradiation but not by gamma irradiation.
Once the dose range of UV irradiation necessary to attenuate the MLC response was defined, we exxamined the ability of UV irradiated islets (same dose range) to reverse the diabetic state in syngeneic streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (FIG. 3). Lewis rat islets irradiated with 1000 J/m2 and subsequently transplanted intraportally into diabetic Lewis recipients converted diabetic animals to a normoglycemic state for less than 5 days; islets irradiated with 1100 or 1200 J/m2 failed to convert them. Irradiation (UV) with 600 or 900 J/m2 resulted in indefinite conversion to normoglycemia in all diabetic syngeneic recipients. Thus, the UV irradiation dose that can abrogate the proliferative response in the MLC using lθ5 DC as stimulators, has no deleterious effect on the in vivo endocrine function of syngeneic islet grafts irradiated with 900 J/m2.
To determine whether the immunogenicity of allogeneic islets was reduced after such irradiation, Lewis (RTl1) islets were transplanted into STZ-induced diabetic ACI rats (FIG. 4, Table 4).
All the control ACI animals receiving Lewis islets cultured for 24 hours at 37°C rejected their grafts and became diabetic again at 6.8 ± 2.7 days. When Lewis islets were exposed to 900 J/m2 of UV irradiation, cultured for 24 hours and then transplanted into diabetic ACI recipients, islet survival was prolonged in 8 of 11 transplanted animals to more than 70 days (4>110 days) with all 8 still normoglycemic. These results indicate that treatment of allogeneic rat islets with UV irradiation prior to allotrans- plantation, at an exposure that is not deleterious to its endocrine function, can reduce the islets' immunogenicity and permits prolonged allograft survival without immuno- suppression.
The importance of passenger leukocytes in initiating allograft rejection has been a recurring theme in transplantation-immunology (24-27). In the transplantation of islets various in vitro culture techniques (28, 29) have been used to prolong allograft survival, all relying on the presumption that long-term cultures selectively deplete the islet of lympho-reticular elements (30). More recently, the use of anti-Class II MHC antigen sera and complement to remove la bearing cells have permitted prolonged allogeneic islet graft survival in the mouse (31). The exact nature of passenger leukocytes involved is uncertain. This question has been recently approached by studies of the role of interstitial dendritic cells in the primary alloactivation of T cells in MLC and their role in the rejection of rat kidney allografts (20, 22, 32). The ubiquitous presence of such Class II MHC antigen bearing cells identified in rat islets, kidneys and hearts would suggest that these cells may be the putative 'passenger leukocytes' responsible for direct sensitization of the host toward the allograft antigen (21, 33). In this study, we have demon- strated that dendritic cells are extremely powerful acti vators of relevant T responder cells in the primary MLC, and that their stimulatory activity can be completely inactivated with appropriate UV irradiation.
Many previous studies have shown that UV irradiation has a selective effect on antigen presenting cells (APC) (34-36) and that passive transfer of UV irradiated APC can induce antigen specific T suppressor cells (37). These and other studies (38-40) would therefore suggest that improper antigen presentation, i.e., allograft without stimulatory leukocytes may induce preferentially production of T suppressor cells or effect nonrecognition of foreignness until antigens are represented to host T cells by host APC's whereby production of donor-specific T suppressor cells may also occur. We have previously shown that UV irradiation of peripheral blood lymphocytes does not quantitatively alter cell surface antigens including Class II MHC antigens (41). It would appear that primary allostimulation not only requires Class I and Class II antigen bearing lympho-reticular cells (31, 42), but that they must be metabolically active and are susceptible to inactivation by UV irradiation (43).
The prolonged survival of irradiated islets suggests that their exposure to. UV irradiation that is effective in abrogating the MLC response, is selectively effective in attenuating the stimulatory activity of the interstitial dendritic cells or other allostimulatory cells present in the islet preparation. Since islets are not single cell suspensions, some allostimulatory leukocytes may escape complete inactivation which might explain a 27% failure rate in prolongation of islet allograft survival. A more precise quantitative method of delivery of UV irradiation and elucidation of its ultimate effect on islet function and simultaneously on the allostimulatory activity of the dendritic and other lympho-reticular cells contained in the islet preparation, is necessary before this approach is uniformly successful.
in conclusion, we have demonstrated that brief UV irradiation of islets can reduce their immunogenicity without affecting their endocrine function and permit long- term islet allograft survival and function in diabetic hosts without the use of any immunosuppressive agents. This approach offers distinct advantages over long-term culture techniques and does not require the use of specific anti-Class II MHC antigen sera. We believe that this study forms the basis for islet transplantation in other animals and ultimately in man.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
1. D. Faustman, V. Hauptfield, P. E. Lacy, J. M. Davie, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 5156 (1981); N. A.
Staines, K. Guy, D. A. L. Davies, Eur. J. Immunol. 5, 782 (1975).
2. A. Rabinovitch, R. Alejandro, J. Noel, J. P. Brun- schwig, U.S. Ryan, Diabetes 31 (Suppl. 4), 48 (1982);
D. N. J. Hart and J. W. Fabre, J. Exp. Med. 153, 347 (1981); S. V. Fuggle et al., Transplantation 35, 385, (1983).
3. K. I. Welsh, H. Burgos, J. R. Batchelor, Eur. J. Immunol. 7 , 267 (1977); P. B. Medawar, in Biological Problems of Grafting, F. Albert and G. Lejeune-Ledant, Eds. (Blackwell, Oxford, 1959), p. 8.
4. D. Faustman, P. Lacy, J. Davie, V. Hauptfeld, Science 217 , 157 ( 1982 ) .
5. 0. Salvatierra, F. Vincenti, W. Amend, Ann. Surg. 192, 543 (1980).
6. P. Hayry and L. C. Andersson, Scand. J. Immunol. 5, 391 (1976); K. Lindahl-Kiessling and J. Safwenberg, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 441, 670 (1971).
7. P. E. Lacy and M. Kostianovsky, Diabetes 16, 35 (1967).
8. A. M. Lindall, M. Steffess, R. Sorenson, Endocrinology 85, 218 (1969).
9. A. Boyum, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 21 (Suppl. 97), 77, (1968).
10. W. R. McMaster and A. F. Williams, Eur. J. Immunol. 9, 426 (1979).
11. J. P. Brown, J. D. Jamerius, I, Hellstrom, J. Immunol. Methods 31, 201 (1979); G. S. Eisenbarth, B. F. Haynes, J. A. Schroer, A. S. Fauci, J. Immunol. 124, 1237 (1980).
12. The MLR was conducted in 96-well U-bottom microtiter plates (Falcon Plastics) in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin (100 μg/ml each), L-glutamine, and 10 percent rat serum. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from ACI ras were used as responders and peripheral blood lymphocytes (purified by Ficoll- Hypaque sedimentation) from ultraviolet-irradiated or untreated blood were used as stimulators at 5 x 105 cells per well. Plates were harvested after 96 hours with a 16-hour exposure to thymidine. 13. P. Terasaki, Transplant. Proc. 14, 1 (1982); J. W. Fabre and P. J. Morris, Transplantation 14, 608 (1972); H. Okazaki, T. Maki, M. L. Wood, ibid. 129, 341 (1980); L. Brent, T. Horsburgh, P. J. Wood, Transplant. Proc. 12, 464 (1980).
14. F. H. Bach et al., Immunol. Rev. 35, 76 (1977); B. J. Alter, D. J. Schendel, F. H. Bach, J. Exp. Med. 137, 1303 (1973).
15. D.W. Talmage, G. Dart, J. Radovich, K.J. Lafferty, Science 191, 385 (1976).
16. K. J. Lafferty, J. Woolnough, Immunological Rev. 53, 231 (1977).
17. G. Snell, Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 2 , 439 (1957).
18. P. Hayry, L.C. Andersson, Scand. J. Immunol. 5, 391 (1976).
19. K. Lindahl-Kiessling, J. Safwenberg, Int. Arch. Allergy 41, 670 (1971).
20. D.W. Mason, C.W. Pugh, M. Webb, Immunology 44, 75 (1981).
21. W.E.F. Klinlert, J.H. LaBadie, W.E. Bowers, J. Exp. Med., 156, 1 (1982).
22. R.I. Lechler, J.R. Batchelor, J. Exp. Med. 155, 34 (1982).
23. R.M. Steinman, M.D. Witmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5132 (1978). 24. K.J. Lafferty, S.J. Prowse, M. Agostino, C.J. Simenovic. Transplant Proc. 15, 1366 (1983).
25. S.J. Prowse, K.J. Lafferty, C.J. Simenovic, M. Agostino, K.M. Bowen, E.J. Steele, Diabetes, 31, 30(1982).
26. R.E. Billingham, Cell. Immunol., 2, 1 (1971).
27. W.K. Silvers, H.L. Fleming, A. Naji, C.F. Barker, Diabetes 31, 60 (1982).
28. P.E. Lacy, J.M. Davie, E.H. Finke, Science 204, 312 (1979).
29. M. Kedinger, K. Haffen, R. Grenier, R. Eloy, Nature 270, 736 (1977).
30. A. Rabinovitch, R. Alejandro, J. Noel, J.P. Brun- schweig, U.S. Ryan, Diabetes, 3 1 , 48 (1982).
31. D. Faustman, V. Hauptfeld, P.E. Lacy, J. Davie, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 5156 (1981).
32. R.M. Steinman, B. Gutchinov, M. Witmer, M.C. Nussen- sweig, J. Exp. Med. 157, 613 (1983).
33. D.N.J. Hart, J.W. Fabre, J. Exp. Med. 153, 347 (1981).
34. L.J. Fox, L.L. Perry, S. Man Sun, B. Benacenaf, M.I. Greene, Clin. Immunol. & Immunopath. 1/7, 141 (1980).
35. N.L. Letvin, M.I. Greene, B. Benacenaf, R.N. Germain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 3882 (1980). 36. I.J. Fox, S. Man Fun, B. Benacenaf, M.I. Greene, Transplantation 31, 262 (1981).
37. M.I. Greene, S. Man Sun, M. Kripke, B. Benacenaf, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 6591 (1979).
38. I.M. Zitron, J. Ono, P.E. Lacy, J.M. Davie, Transplantation 32 , 156 (1981).
39. C.G. Janney, J.M. Davie, P.E. Lacy, E.H. Finke, Transplantation 33, 585 (1982).
40. K.I. Welsh, H. Burgos, J.R. Batchelor, Eur. J. Immunol., 7, 267 (1977).
41. H.T. Lau, K. Reemtsma, M.A. Hardy, Science, 221, 754 (1983).
42. D. Davies, N. Staines, Transplant Rev. 30, 18 (1976).
43. D.W. Talmage, J.A. Woolnough, H. Hemmingson, L. Lopez, K.J. Lafferty, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4610 (1977).
44. R.M. Steinman, Z.A. Cohn, J. Exp. Med., 139, 380 (1974).
45. R.M. Steinman, M.L. Nussensweig, Immunological Rev., 55, 127 (1980).
46. P.E. Lacy, M.A. Kostianovsky, Diabetes 16, 35 (1972).
47. A. Lindall, M. Steffes, R. Sorenson, Endocrinology 84, 218 (1969).

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating donor specific blood with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time, transfusing the irradiated blood into the subject during a suitable period of time prior to transplanting the organ or tissue into the subject and then transplanting the organ or tissue into the subject.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the subject is a human being.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the organs or tissues are or are derived from kidney, heart, lung, liver, intestine or bone marrow.
4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the suitable dose is less than about 1000 J/m2.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the appropriate period of time is greater than about ten minutes.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the suitable period of time during which the irradiated blood is transfused into the subject is more than about one week prior to transplantation and comprises more than one transfusion.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the suitable period of time during which the irradiated blood is transfused into the subject comprises transfusions at three, at two and at one week prior to transplantation.
8. Donor-specific blood irradiated with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation.
9. Donor-specific blood according to claim 8, wherein the suitable dose is less than about 1000 J/m2.
10. A subject treated according to the method of claim 1.
11. A method for enhancing acceptance of transplanted organs or tissues in a subject which comprises treating the organ or tissue to be transplanted with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time and then transplanting the irradiated organ or tissue into the subject.
12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the subject is a human being.
13. A method according to claim 11, wherein the organ or tissue to be transplanted is or is derived from kidney, heart, lung, liver, intestine or bone marrow.
14. A method according to claim 13, wherein the organs or tissues are pancreatic islet cells.
15. A method according to claim 1, wherein the suitable dose is less than about 1000 J/m2.
16. A method according to claim 1, wherein the appropriate period of time is greater than about ten minutes.
17. An organ or tissue irradiated with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation.
18. Pancreatic islet cells irradiated with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation.
19. An organ or tissue according to claim 17, wherein the suitable dose is less than about 1000 J/m2.
20. A method of preparing an organ or tissue according to claim 17 which comprises treating the organ or tissue with a suitable dose of ultraviolet radiation for an appropriate period of time.
21. A subject treated according to the method of claim 11.
EP19840903318 1983-09-01 1984-08-22 Processes for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues. Withdrawn EP0159325A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US52852583A 1983-09-01 1983-09-01
US528525 1983-09-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0159325A1 EP0159325A1 (en) 1985-10-30
EP0159325A4 true EP0159325A4 (en) 1987-01-10

Family

ID=24106037

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19840903318 Withdrawn EP0159325A4 (en) 1983-09-01 1984-08-22 Processes for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues.

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0159325A4 (en)
JP (1) JPS60502103A (en)
AU (1) AU572190B2 (en)
CA (1) CA1243949A (en)
WO (1) WO1985000954A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH01502978A (en) * 1985-07-05 1989-10-12 フレッド ハッチンソン カンサー リサーチ センター Methods for reducing immunogenicity and inducing immune tolerance
EP0362438A1 (en) * 1988-06-21 1990-04-11 Mathilde Elisabeth Boon Microwave treatment of xenogeneic cartilage transplants
WO1995026740A1 (en) * 1994-03-31 1995-10-12 Diacrin, Inc. Improved methods for transplantation using modified cells and t cell inhibitory agents
ES2270507T3 (en) * 1997-03-07 2007-04-01 Jimro Co., Ltd. IMMUNOTOLERANCE INDUCERS.

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1883877A (en) * 1930-04-08 1932-10-25 Goodyear Tire & Rubber Age resister for rubber compounds
US3973001A (en) * 1954-04-27 1976-08-03 Solco Basel Ag Tissue cell stimulating blood extracts
DE2803446A1 (en) * 1978-01-27 1979-08-02 Mueller Quarzlampenfab Dr F UV irradiation appts. for treatment of skin disorders - uses ozone-less mixed quartz glass for lenses each with hardened glass filter
US4321918A (en) * 1979-10-23 1982-03-30 Clark Ii William T Process for suppressing immunity to transplants
US4321919A (en) * 1979-12-11 1982-03-30 Leukocyte Research, Inc. Method and system for externally treating human blood
DE3109691C2 (en) * 1981-03-13 1983-10-27 Horst Dr.Med. 6700 Ludwigshafen Kief Device for extracorporeal germ killing and peroxide formation in human or animal blood
US4456589A (en) * 1982-07-08 1984-06-26 Genetic Laboratories, Inc. Preparation of animal tissues for surgical implantation in human recipients
US4471629A (en) * 1983-05-31 1984-09-18 Mount Carmel Research And Education Corporation Method of freezing and transplant of kidneys and apparatus

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
No relevant documents have been disclosed *
See also references of WO8500954A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0159325A1 (en) 1985-10-30
JPS60502103A (en) 1985-12-05
WO1985000954A1 (en) 1985-03-14
CA1243949A (en) 1988-11-01
AU572190B2 (en) 1988-05-05
AU3319184A (en) 1985-03-29

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4946438A (en) Process for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues
US4861704A (en) Processes for development of acceptance of transplanted organs and tissues
Lau et al. Prolongation of rat islet allograft survival by direct ultraviolet irradiation of the graft
Lau et al. Pancreatic islet allograft prolongation by donor-specific blood transfusions treated with ultraviolet irradiation
JP2958372B2 (en) How to prepare T cells
US5147289A (en) Non-specific immune system enhancement
US4998931A (en) Method of reducing immunogenicity and inducing immunologic tolerance
US4931275A (en) Anti-tumor vaccines and their preparation
HARDY et al. Pancreatic islet transplantation: induction of graft acceptance by ultraviolet irradiation of donor tissue
JPH04505919A (en) Monoclonal antibodies to induce tolerance
AU572190B2 (en) Enhancing the acceptance of transplanted organ/tissue by uv radiation
US5383847A (en) Non-specific immune system enhancement
Hullett et al. ENHANCEMENT OF THYROID ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL FOLLOWING ORGAN CULTURE. Altebation of Tissue Immunogenicity
Hardy et al. Pancreatic islet transplantation: immuno‐alteration with ultraviolet irradiation
AU725669B2 (en) Non-immunogenic and toleragenic platelet and red blood cell compositions
Andreu et al. The role of UV radiation in the prevention of human leukocyte antigen alloimmunization
EP0229830B1 (en) Method of reducing immunogenicity and inducing immunologic tolerance
Ullrich et al. Specific suppression of allograft rejection after treatment of recipient mice with ultraviolet radiation and allogeneic spleen cells
Villa et al. Residual heteroantigenicity of glutaraldehyde‐treated porcine cardiac valves
CZ214697A3 (en) Use of photosensitive preparation for preparing a medicament intended for restriction of aloimplant rejection
Oesterwitz et al. Prolongation of rat renal allograft survival time by donor pretreatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and longwave ultraviolet irradiation of the graft (PUVA therapy)
Claas et al. Influence of ultraviolet radiation treatment on the survival of heterotopic skin grafts in the mouse
Lau et al. A New Approach to Experimental Pancreatic Islet Transplatation: Ultraviolet Irradiation
Grijzenhout et al. Prevention of MHC‐alloimmunization by UV‐B irradiation in a murine model: effects of UV dose and number of transfused cells
JP2639835B2 (en) Preparation method of immune memory cell suspension

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB LI LU NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19850904

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 19870110

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19890103

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 19890714

RIN1 Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected)

Inventor name: REEMTSMA, KEITH

Inventor name: HARDY, MARK, A.

Inventor name: LAU, HENRY, TIEN