EP0154631A1 - Process for selective nitrile reduction - Google Patents
Process for selective nitrile reductionInfo
- Publication number
- EP0154631A1 EP0154631A1 EP84902999A EP84902999A EP0154631A1 EP 0154631 A1 EP0154631 A1 EP 0154631A1 EP 84902999 A EP84902999 A EP 84902999A EP 84902999 A EP84902999 A EP 84902999A EP 0154631 A1 EP0154631 A1 EP 0154631A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- product
- nitrile
- functional group
- reagent
- reduction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C209/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C209/44—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of carboxylic acids or esters thereof in presence of ammonia or amines, or by reduction of nitriles, carboxylic acid amides, imines or imino-ethers
- C07C209/48—Preparation of compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton by reduction of carboxylic acids or esters thereof in presence of ammonia or amines, or by reduction of nitriles, carboxylic acid amides, imines or imino-ethers by reduction of nitriles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
- C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
- C07D453/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems having a quinolyl-4, a substituted quinolyl-4 or a alkylenedioxy-quinolyl-4 radical linked through only one carbon atom, attached in position 2, e.g. quinine
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/531—Production of immunochemical test materials
- G01N33/532—Production of labelled immunochemicals
Definitions
- This invention is directed to a process and a composition of matter. More specifically, this invention concerns itself with the selective reduction of a nitrile-functional group on complex molecules and the subsequent interaction of these complex molecules via a cross-coupling reagent with a label such as an enzyme or a fluorophore.
- non-specific agent which reduces ketones, aldehydes, disulfides and other functional groups under certain stated conditions.
- This non-specific agent is not regarded as capable of reducing nitrile-functional groups.
- its reductive capability is generally limited to carbonyl, amino and hydroperoxide groups, R.C. Wade, J.
- the above related objects are achieved by providing an improved process for the selective reduction/modification of a pharmaceutical agent so as to permit its use in the synthesis of an immunochemical agent for immunoassay.
- This process generally involves the selective reduction of a nitrile-functional group on such pharmaceutical agents to the corresponding amine with a reagent comprising cobalt chloride and a stoichiometric excess of an alkali metal borohydride.
- the pharmaceutical agent can then be further reacted through this amine-functional group with a bifunctional cross-coupling reagent.
- the remaining functional sites of the cross-coupling reagent are available for further interaction with a suitable label, such as a fluorophore or an enzyme.
- the process of this invention involves the selective reduction of a nitrile group on a complex molecule, such as a pharmaceutical agent, without otherwise alteration of the chemical and/or steric properties of the pharmaceutical agent.
- the conditions of the reductions are extremely mild and the nitrile group is only reduced to the corresponding amine.
- This aminefunctional group on the pharmaceutical agent can be the site of later cross-coupling of a suitable label to the pharmaceutically, active agent for the synthesis of a reagent (hereinafter "conjugate”) which can be used in immunoassay.
- quinidine While the basic process of this invention is to be later described in detail for quinidine, it is also applicable to any one of a number of other pharmaceutically active compounds which can tolerate introduction of either a nitrile or an amine functional group (primary or secondary) without alteration of the drug's pharmaceutical and immunochemical properties.
- conjugates of quinidine can be prepared by initial introduction of a nitrile functional group followed by its selective reduction to the corresponding amine whereas, compounds such as primidone, phenobarbital, ethosuximide and carbamazepine already having an N-H function present can simply be cyanoethylated.
- This group includes the barbiturates (possessing N-H groups); steroids such as cortisol and estriol (possessing OH groups); and, purine-based drugs such as theophilline and theobromine (through the N-H moiety).
- Some drugs must have certain groups protected before derivatization, which can later be deprotected. In pharmaceuticals where multiple reactive groups are present, prior chemical modification is necessary to furnish single derivatives.
- the resultant intermediate can thereafter be readily cross-coupled to an appropriate label.
- the preferred labels for cross-coupling to this reactive intermediate compound can preferably be either a fluorophore or an enzyme.
- Fluorophores which are suitable for cross-coupling with such reactive intermediates include (but are not limited to): bimane; 4-methylumbelliferyl derivatives; fluorescein and its derivatives, in particular dichlorotriazinylaminoflorescein (DTAF); rhodamine and its derivatives; dansylchloride and its derivatives; rare earth chelates; 2-methoxy-24-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone (MDPF), and acridine and its derivatives.
- Enzyme labels which are suitable for cross-coupling to such reactive intermediates include (but are not limited to): horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase and Beta-galactosidase.
- Reaction Schemes I and ll involve the synthesis of reagents suitable in an immunoassay, such as an enzyme immunoassay.
- the pharmaceutical agent exemplified in these reaction schemes is quinidine.
- Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent generally prescribed for regulation of arrhythmic heartbeat and, thus, its concentration in a patient's blood is critical and it is carefully monitored during its administration.
- Reaction Scheme I (illustrated in the following equations) describes the synthesis of an immunogen; an agent used for the production of antibodies specific for immunochemical recognition of quinidine and conjugates of quinidine. The synthesis of this immunogen initially involves demethylation of the quinidine according to established laboratory procedures (see for example Small et al, J. Med. Chem.
- quinidine Once the quinidine is demethylated, it can then be alkylated with methyl 5-bromovalerate. The alkylated product is thereafter subject to saponif ication followed by reaction with bovine serum albumin. The resultant product can be used to raise antibodies to quinidine by simple injection thereof into a host animal followed by isolation of appropriate protein fragments (antibodies). Quinidine alone is incapable of antibody stimulation in the host because of its relatively low molecular weight; thus, the need for the foregoing procedure.
- the next step in Reaction Scheme ⁇ involves the preparation of the quinidine enzyme-labeled conjugate. This is achieved through the use of a bifunctional reagent which is capable of cross-coupling the quinidine to the thiolated alkaline phosphatase.
- Quinidine is demethylated in the same fashion as described hereinabove in the preparation of the immunogen. Subsequent to demethylation of the quinidine, it is alkylated with bromobutyronitrile; thereby introducing a nitrile group onto the quinidine.
- the nitrile-functional quinidine is thereafter reduced, in an alcoholic medium, with a reagent comprising cobalt chloride and a stoichiometric excess of sodium borohydride or other suitable alkali metal borohydride.
- a reagent comprising cobalt chloride and a stoichiometric excess of sodium borohydride or other suitable alkali metal borohydride.
- the reaction conditions are very mild (ambient laboratory conditions) and thus reduction is limited to conversion of a nitrile to an amine, while the remainder of the compound remains unaffected.
- the procedures used in the reduction of the nitrile to the amine generally follow those described in the literature of T. Satoh et al, Tet. Lett. 455 (1969) (which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
- nitrile-functional quinidine Following reduction of the nitrile-functional quinidine to the corresponding amine, it is further reacted with a bifunctional cross-coupling agent.
- Any compatible heterofunctional reagent can be used, as well as other coupling reagents, e.g., carbodiimides, glutaraldehyde, dimethyl suberimidate and dimethyl adipimidate.
- Meta-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester also known as MBS
- MBS Meta-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
- the MBS reacts with the amine-functional group of the quinidine.
- the resultant compound is further reacted with the thiolated enzyme through other functional groups on the MBS.
- This cross-coupling of the quinidine to the alkaline phosphatase in the above manner produces an enzyme-labeled conjugate which is suitable as a reagent in an immunochemical assay for quinidine.
- an immunoassay will involve the competitive binding of the conjugate and quinidine contained in the patient's sample with antibodies which have been raised to the immunogen prepared as previously described.
- the antibody which is specific for the conjugate and the quinidine in the patient's sample, is immobilized on/within a solid support.
- the unbound materials are separated from the solid phase and the enzyme activity of either the solid phase or the fluid fraction measured.
- the level of enzyme activity within the solid phase indirectly correlates to the level of quinidine within the patient's sample.
- the enzyme activity can be measured through the addition of a chromogenic or fluorogenie substrate for which the enzyme is specific.
- the enzymatic action on the substrate produces a fluorophore or chromophore which can be monitored spectrophotometrically.
- the process of this invention can effect cross-coupling of pharmaceutically active compounds to antibodies.
- conjugates can be used in the type of classical competitive heterogeneous assay of the type described in U.S. Patent 3,850,752 (which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) or in a sandwich immunoassay of the type described by Grubb in U.S. Patent 4,168,146 (which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
- 6'-(4-Cyanobutyl)oxycinchonine A 250 mg portion (0.71 mmol) of 6'- hydroxycinchonine was dissolved in 4 ml DMF (Aldrich, Lot #102547). Two eq (119 mg, 1.44 mmol) of K 2 CO 3 (Mallinckrodt, Lot #ES2) were added to the above DMF solution followed by 10 eq (0.72 ml, 7.2 mmol) of 4- bromobutyronitrile (Aldrich, Lot #1226 EH). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 36 hours at which time the DMF solution was pipetted into a separatory funnel.
- Alkaline phosphatase-quinidine conjugate Alkaline phosphatase was thiolated according to the procedure described in Carlsson et al, J. Biochem. 173, 726 (1978). The hapten was coupled to the thiolated enzyme following the method of Kitagawa et al, J. Biochem. 79, 233 (1976).
- a 250 mg (1.15 mmole) quantity of primidone was dissolved in 7 ml of dimethylformamide (DMF) (purified by passage through basic alumina) by mild heating in a 60C water bath. To this heated solution was added 0.2 ml 1 N NaOH. A solution of 60 mg (1.15 mmole) of acrylonitrile (Aldrich, Lot #EE- 531-2CE) in 3 ml of DMF was added in quarter portions to the primidone solution over a period of four (4) minutes. The reaction was aUowed to heat for another ten (10) minutes. Then the volatiles were removed by rotary evaporation at reduced pressure, yielding a clear oil.
- DMF dimethylformamide
- Acetone (8 ml) was added to the oil and the mixture warmed and stirred for ten (10) minutes. Filtration of the mixture furnished a clear filtrate that was applied to a silica gel preparative thin-layer chromatography plate (Analtech, Silica Gel GF, 2000u x 20 cm x 20 cm). After the plate was thoroughly dried, it was developed twice in CHCl 3 :Acetone (6:1). The major UV absorbing band (middle Rf value) was scraped and eluted with acetone to give 124 mg (40% yield) of monocyanoethylated primidone, mp. 177-178C.
- the amine-functional derivative of primidone is thereafter cross-coupled to alkaline phosphatase with the same bifunctional reaction and procedures of Example I.
- Immunogens for the quinidine and primidone are prepared as previously described. Antibodies are raised to their respective immunogens in the conventional manner, isolated and subsequently immobilized on a solid phase. The resultant immobilized antibodies and their corresponding conjugates are used in an immunoassay of a patient sample in accordance with procedures described in U.S. Patent 3,850,752.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Procédé de réduction sélective de groupes fonctionnels nitrile sur des molécules complexes sans aucune autre altération de la molécule complexe. Ce procédé consiste à utiliser un réactif comprenant du chlorure de cobalt et un excédant stoechiométrique d'un borohydrure de métal alcalin. Ce réactif permet la réduction sélective d'un groupe fonctionnel nitrile d'une molécule complexe sans aucune autre altération de la molécule. Cette possibilité de réduire sélectivement le groupe fonctionnel nitrile à l'amine correspondante peut être utilisée avantageusement dans le couplage transversal d'haptènes sur une variété d'étiquettes, telles que des enzymes et des fluorophores. Ces haptènes étiquetés sont utiles en analyse immunologique d'échantillons biologiques.Process for the selective reduction of nitrile functional groups on complex molecules without any other alteration of the complex molecule. This process consists in using a reagent comprising cobalt chloride and a stoichiometric excess of an alkali metal borohydride. This reagent allows the selective reduction of a nitrile functional group of a complex molecule without any other alteration of the molecule. This possibility of selectively reducing the nitrile functional group to the corresponding amine can be advantageously used in the transverse coupling of haptens on a variety of labels, such as enzymes and fluorophores. These labeled haptens are useful in immunological analysis of biological samples.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US51787183A | 1983-07-27 | 1983-07-27 | |
US55295983A | 1983-11-18 | 1983-11-18 | |
US517871 | 1983-11-18 | ||
US552959 | 1983-11-18 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0154631A1 true EP0154631A1 (en) | 1985-09-18 |
EP0154631A4 EP0154631A4 (en) | 1985-11-25 |
Family
ID=27059261
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19840902999 Withdrawn EP0154631A4 (en) | 1983-07-27 | 1984-07-20 | Process for selective nitrile reduction. |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0154631A4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1985000605A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5741715A (en) * | 1995-05-30 | 1998-04-21 | Roche Diagnostic Systems, Inc. | Quinidine immunoassay and reagents |
CN1166172A (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 1997-11-26 | 达德化学系统公司 | Quinidine conjugates and their use in immunoassays |
CN100404497C (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2008-07-23 | 四川大学 | Nitrile reducing process to prepare amine |
WO2015123091A1 (en) | 2014-02-11 | 2015-08-20 | Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. | Factor xia inhibitors |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL154598B (en) * | 1970-11-10 | 1977-09-15 | Organon Nv | PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING AND DETERMINING LOW MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS AND PROTEINS THAT CAN SPECIFICALLY BIND THESE COMPOUNDS AND TEST PACKAGING. |
SE388694B (en) * | 1975-01-27 | 1976-10-11 | Kabi Ab | WAY TO PROVIDE AN ANTIGEN EXV IN SAMPLES OF BODY WHEATS, USING POROST BERAR MATERIAL BONDED OR ADSORBING ANTIBODIES |
US4230797A (en) * | 1975-04-28 | 1980-10-28 | Miles Laboratories, Inc. | Heterogenous specific binding assay employing a coenzyme as label |
US4318846A (en) * | 1979-09-07 | 1982-03-09 | Syva Company | Novel ether substituted fluorescein polyamino acid compounds as fluorescers and quenchers |
-
1984
- 1984-07-20 WO PCT/US1984/001146 patent/WO1985000605A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-07-20 EP EP19840902999 patent/EP0154631A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
No relevant documents have been disclosed * |
See also references of WO8500605A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0154631A4 (en) | 1985-11-25 |
WO1985000605A1 (en) | 1985-02-14 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB LI |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19850806 |
|
RHK1 | Main classification (correction) | ||
RHK1 | Main classification (correction) |
Ipc: C07D401/06 |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: CASTILLO, MARIO Inventor name: SOTO, AIDA Inventor name: MANNING, WAYNE |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19870201 |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: SOTO, AIDA Inventor name: CASTILLO, MARIO Inventor name: MANNING, WAYNE |