EP0149717B1 - Projectile head - Google Patents

Projectile head Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0149717B1
EP0149717B1 EP84110720A EP84110720A EP0149717B1 EP 0149717 B1 EP0149717 B1 EP 0149717B1 EP 84110720 A EP84110720 A EP 84110720A EP 84110720 A EP84110720 A EP 84110720A EP 0149717 B1 EP0149717 B1 EP 0149717B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
projectile
aerial
projectile head
fact
antenna
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84110720A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0149717A1 (en
Inventor
Wolfram Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Witt
Herbert Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Scholles
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rheinmetall Industrie AG
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Rheinmetall GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Rheinmetall GmbH filed Critical Rheinmetall GmbH
Publication of EP0149717A1 publication Critical patent/EP0149717A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0149717B1 publication Critical patent/EP0149717B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/10—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with shaped or hollow charge

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a projectile head which can be ejected from a cargo projectile or a missile according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • Antenna systems arranged in the direction of flight before the active charge prove to be particularly favorable with regard to optimal target acquisition; on the other hand, they are a disturbing obstacle to the projectile generated by the active charge at the time of the detonation and can impair its effectiveness.
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying a novel projectile head in which, despite the antenna structure arranged in the direction of flight before the active charge, an improved design of the projectile and an increase in its performance is made possible. This object is achieved by the invention specified in claim 1.
  • the invention therefore uses on the one hand the known advantages of an antenna structure arranged in the direction of flight before the projectile-forming assignment and active charge, and furthermore enables an increase in the performance of the projectile head.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a projectile head 1, which comprises an active charge 10 arranged in a housing 15 and a projectile-forming assignment 12.
  • projectile heads are ejected from a cargo projectile or a missile over a target area and look for a target there when descending by means of a target recognition device, when the active charge 10 is ignited and a projectile for combating the target is formed from the projectile-forming assignment 12.
  • the means for igniting the active charge 10 and components of the target recognition device which are not essential for the explanation of the invention, are missing in the schematic illustration in FIG. 1.
  • the target recognition device can work actively or passively.
  • An actively working target recognition device first emits electromagnetic radiation and receives the radiation reflected from a target.
  • a passive target recognition device only evaluates the radiation emanating from the target itself.
  • an antenna structure for emitting or receiving the electromagnetic radiation is necessary, which is expediently arranged in front of all other components of the projectile head 1 in order to bring about an optimal function in the direction of flight. This is already known from DE-A-11 59 771.
  • the antenna 11 is designed in such a way that it occupies at most one circular strip and thus only shades peripheral areas of the projectile-forming assignment 12.
  • Such an antenna 11 can be, for example, a planar antenna structure (FIG. 4), which consists of numerous slots 40 which act as dipoles and which are interconnected to form a desired antenna pattern.
  • the antenna 11 then itself consists of a material with good electrical conductivity, e.g. B. a metal such as aluminum or copper, into which the slots 40 are made which are matched to the respective operating wavelength.
  • Suitable complementary antenna structures are also known from antenna technology, in which dipoles made of conductive material are provided instead of the slots 40 and are attached to a dielectric base.
  • the antenna structure 11 will preferably only serve as a reflector, that is to say only as part of an antenna system which applies the electromagnetic energy to a receiving element, not shown in FIG. B. bundles a single dipole or the opening of a waveguide.
  • the antenna 11 designed according to the invention does not offer any obstacle for the projectile-forming assignment 12, which is evident there, due to the central opening. After ignition of the active charge 10, a projectile can form essentially undisturbed from the projectile-forming assignment and is flung away by the warhead 1 onto the target.
  • projectiles with spherical or cylindrical symmetry can be produced.
  • the latter in particular, can expect higher end ballistic performances if they manage to control their flight behavior.
  • a way of achieving this goal is also given here.
  • the flight behavior of Projectiles with a cylindrically symmetrical structure can - if no swirl stabilization is possible - still be optimized by tail units or at least by a structure similar to an empennage.
  • a structure similar to an empennage can be impressed on the projectile generated from the projectile-forming covering 12 during the blasting process, in that the antenna 11 acts as a shaping means.
  • the antenna 11 expediently has material reinforcements 13 which extend in the radial direction and which are arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference.
  • FIG. 3 shows a part the antenna 11 together with the supports without the other components of the projectile head 1.
  • the supports 14 are preferably also distributed uniformly around the circumference of the antenna, preferably ending in the area of the material reinforcements 13, where they are connected to the antenna 11. These supports 14 make it possible to improve the tail formation in the projectile produced from the projectile-forming covering 12.
  • the antenna 11 has radially inwardly projecting projections 11 ′ which are arranged distributed uniformly over the circumference and which delimit a star-shaped opening in the central region. These extensions 11 ' also promote the formation of a stabilizing tail unit during the formation of the projectile.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen von einem Lastengeschoß oder einem Flugkörper abwerfbaren Geschoßkopf nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a projectile head which can be ejected from a cargo projectile or a missile according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

In Flugrichtung vor der Wirkladung angeordnete Antennensysteme erweisen sich zwar besonders günstig im Hinblick auf eine optimale Zielerfassung ; andererseits sind sie ein störendes Hindernis für das von der Wirkladung im Detonationszeitpunkt erzeugte Projektil und können dessen Wirksamkeit beeinträchtigen.Antenna systems arranged in the direction of flight before the active charge prove to be particularly favorable with regard to optimal target acquisition; on the other hand, they are a disturbing obstacle to the projectile generated by the active charge at the time of the detonation and can impair its effectiveness.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen neuartigen Geschoßkopf anzugeben, bei dem trotz in Flugrichtung vor der Wirkladung angeordneter Antennenstruktur eine verbesserte Ausgestaltung des Projektils und eine Vergrößerung dessen Leistung ermöglicht wird. Diese Aufgabe wird durch die in Patentanspruch 1 angegebene Erfindung gelöst.The invention is based on the object of specifying a novel projectile head in which, despite the antenna structure arranged in the direction of flight before the active charge, an improved design of the projectile and an increase in its performance is made possible. This object is achieved by the invention specified in claim 1.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor.Advantageous refinements and developments of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

In vorteilhafter Weise nutzt die Erfindung daher einerseits die bekannten Vorteile einer in Flugrichtung vor der projektilbildenden Belegung und Wirkladung angeordneten Antennenstruktur und ermöglicht darüber hinaus eine Leistungssteigerung des Geschoßkopfes.Advantageously, the invention therefore uses on the one hand the known advantages of an antenna structure arranged in the direction of flight before the projectile-forming assignment and active charge, and furthermore enables an increase in the performance of the projectile head.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend unter Bezug auf die Zeichnung näher erläutert. Dabei zeigt :

  • Figur 1 eine schematische Schnittdarstellung. des Geschoßkopfes ;
  • Figur 2 eine Aufsicht auf die projektilbildende Belegung des Geschoßkopfes ;
  • Figur 3 eine vergrößerte Detaildarstellung der Antennenstruktur ;
  • Figur 4 einen Ausschnitt aus der Antenne in vergrößerter Darstellung ;
  • Figur 5 ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel einer Antennenstruktur.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. It shows:
  • Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view. the projectile head;
  • Figure 2 is a plan view of the projectile-forming assignment of the projectile head;
  • FIG. 3 shows an enlarged detailed illustration of the antenna structure;
  • Figure 4 shows a detail of the antenna in an enlarged view;
  • Figure 5 shows another embodiment of an antenna structure.

Fig. 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung eines Geschoßkopfes 1, der eine in einem Gehäuse 15 angeordnete Wirkladung 10 und eine projektilbildende Belegung 12 umfaßt. Derartige Geschoßköpfe werden von einem Lastengeschoß oder'einem Flugkörper über einem Zielgebiet ausgestoßen und suchen sich dort beim Herabsinken vermittels eines Zielerkennungsgeräts ein Ziel, bei dessen Erfassung die Wirkladung 10 gezündet und aus der projektilbildenden Belegung 12 ein Projektil zur Bekämpfung des Ziels geformt wird.Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of a projectile head 1, which comprises an active charge 10 arranged in a housing 15 and a projectile-forming assignment 12. Such projectile heads are ejected from a cargo projectile or a missile over a target area and look for a target there when descending by means of a target recognition device, when the active charge 10 is ignited and a projectile for combating the target is formed from the projectile-forming assignment 12.

Die Mittel zur Zündung der Wirkladung 10 und Bestandteile des Zielerkennungsgeräts, die für die Erläuterung der Erfindung nicht wesentlich sind, fehlen in der schematischen Darstellung der Fig.1. Das Zielerkennungsgerät kann aktiv oder passiv arbeiten. Ein aktiv arbeitendes Zielerkennungsgerät sendet zunächst elektromagnetische Strahlung aus und empfängt die von einem Ziel reflektierte Strahlung. Ein passiv arbeitendes Zielerkennungsgerät wertet dagegen nur die vom Ziel selbst ausgehende Strahlung aus. In beiden Fällen ist eine Antennenstruktur zum Abstrahlen bzw. zum Empfangen der elektromagnetischen Strahlung notwendig, die zur Herbeiführung einer optimalen Funktion zweckmäßig in Flugrichtung gesehen vor allen anderen Bestandteilen des Geschoßkopfes 1 angeordnet wird. Dies ist an sich bereits aus der DE-A-11 59 771 schon bekannt.The means for igniting the active charge 10 and components of the target recognition device, which are not essential for the explanation of the invention, are missing in the schematic illustration in FIG. 1. The target recognition device can work actively or passively. An actively working target recognition device first emits electromagnetic radiation and receives the radiation reflected from a target. In contrast, a passive target recognition device only evaluates the radiation emanating from the target itself. In both cases, an antenna structure for emitting or receiving the electromagnetic radiation is necessary, which is expediently arranged in front of all other components of the projectile head 1 in order to bring about an optimal function in the direction of flight. This is already known from DE-A-11 59 771.

In nachteiliger Weise beeinträchtigen nun aber, insbesondere Zwecks Erzielung einer Abschußfestigkeit vergleichsweise massiv ausgeführte Antennenstrukturen bei einer derartigen Anordnung die Ausbildung der projektilbildenden Ladung und verringern deren Wirksamkeit.Disadvantageously, however, especially in order to achieve a launch strength, comparatively massive antenna structures with such an arrangement impair the formation of the projectile-forming charge and reduce its effectiveness.

Um diesen Nachteil zu behehen, wird - wie aus Fig. 1 und Fig. 2 ersichtlich - die Antenne 11 so ausgebildet, daß sie höchstens einen kreisringförmigen Streifen beansprucht und damit nur periphere Bereiche der projektilbildenden Belegung 12 abschattet. Eine solche Antenne 11 kann beispielsweise eine planare Antennenstruktur sein (Fig. 4), die aus zahlreichen als Dipol wirksamen Schlitzen 40 besteht, die zur Erzeugung eines gewünschten Antennendiagramms zu Gruppen zusammengeschaltet sind. Die Antenne 11 besteht dann selbst aus einem Material mit guter elektrischer Leitfähigkeit, z. B. einem Metall wie Aluminium oder Kupfer, in das die auf die jeweilige Betriebswellenlänge abgestimmten Schlitze 40 eingebracht sind.In order to alleviate this disadvantage, as can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the antenna 11 is designed in such a way that it occupies at most one circular strip and thus only shades peripheral areas of the projectile-forming assignment 12. Such an antenna 11 can be, for example, a planar antenna structure (FIG. 4), which consists of numerous slots 40 which act as dipoles and which are interconnected to form a desired antenna pattern. The antenna 11 then itself consists of a material with good electrical conductivity, e.g. B. a metal such as aluminum or copper, into which the slots 40 are made which are matched to the respective operating wavelength.

Aus der Antennentechnik sind ebenfalls geeignete komplementäre Antennenstrukturen bekannt, bei denen anstelle der Schlitze 40 aus leitfähigem Material hergestellte Dipole vorgesehen sind, die auf einer dielektrischen Unterlage befestigt werden.Suitable complementary antenna structures are also known from antenna technology, in which dipoles made of conductive material are provided instead of the slots 40 and are attached to a dielectric base.

Insbesondere bei Frequenzen im Mikrowellenbereich wird die Antennestruktur 11 vorzugsweise nur als Reflektor, also lediglich als Teil eines Aptennensystems dienen, der die elektromagnetISche Energie auf ein in Fig. 1 nicht jdargestelltes Empfangselement, z. B. einen einzigen Dipol oder die Öffnung eines Hohlleiters bündelt.In particular at frequencies in the microwave range, the antenna structure 11 will preferably only serve as a reflector, that is to say only as part of an antenna system which applies the electromagnetic energy to a receiving element, not shown in FIG. B. bundles a single dipole or the opening of a waveguide.

Wie insbesondere aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich ist, bietet die erfindungsgemäß ausgebildete Antenne 11 durch die vorhandene zentrale Öffnung kein Hindernis für die projektilbildende Belegung 12, die dort offen zutage tritt. Nach Zündung der Wirkladung 10 kann sich aus der projektilbildenden Belegung im wesentlichen ungestört ein Projektil ausbilden, das vom Gefechtskopf 1 auf das Ziel fortgeschleudert wird.As can be seen in particular from FIG. 2, the antenna 11 designed according to the invention does not offer any obstacle for the projectile-forming assignment 12, which is evident there, due to the central opening. After ignition of the active charge 10, a projectile can form essentially undisturbed from the projectile-forming assignment and is flung away by the warhead 1 onto the target.

Abhängig von Art und Form der projektilbildenden Belegung 12 lassen sich Projektile mit Kugel- oder Zylindersymmetrie erzeugen.Depending on the type and shape of the projectile-forming assignment 12, projectiles with spherical or cylindrical symmetry can be produced.

Insbesondere die letztgenannten lassen höhere endballistische Leistungen erwarten, sofern es gelingt, ihr Flugverhalten unter Kontrolle zu bringen. In vorteilhafter Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird hier noch ein Weg zur Erreichung dieses Ziels angegeben. Das Flugverhalten von Projektilen mit zylindersymmetrischer Struktur kann - sofern keine Drallstabilisierung möglich ist - noch durch Leitwerke oder zumindest durch eine leitwerkähnliche Struktur optimiert werden. Eine leitwerkähnliche Struktur kann dem aus der projektilbildenden Belegung 12 erzeugten Projektil während des Sprengvorgangs aufgeprägt werden, indem nämlich die Antenne 11 als Formmittel wirksam ist. Zweckmäßig verfügt die Antenne 11 dazu über Materialverstärkungen 13, die sich in Radialrichtung erstrecken und die auf dem Umfang gleichmäßig verteilt angeordnet sind. Diese Materialverstärkungen 13 bieten der Materie des Projektils, insbesondere in dessen Randbereichen, ein wesentlich stärkeres Hindernis dar als die dünneren Bereiche der Antenne 11 zwischen den Materialverstärkungen 13 und zwingen somit den Randbereichen der projektilbildenden Belegung 12, aus denen während des Sprengvorgangs der Heckbereich des im wesentlichen zylinderförmig ausgebildeten Projektils entsteht, eine symmetrische Gestalt auf, die Leitwerksfunktionen übernimmt. Eine mechanisch stabile und besonders abschußfeste Konstruktion der Antenne ergibt sich durch deren Befestigung vermittels Stützen 14, die sich - zumindest teilweise - durch die Wirkladung 10 hindurch erstrecken, an der Innenwandung des Gehäuses 15 des Geschoßkopfes 1. In vergrößerter Darstellung zeigt Fig. 3 einen Teil der Antenne 11 mitsamt den Stützen ohne die übrigen Bauelemente des Geschoßkopfes 1.The latter, in particular, can expect higher end ballistic performances if they manage to control their flight behavior. In an advantageous development of the invention, a way of achieving this goal is also given here. The flight behavior of Projectiles with a cylindrically symmetrical structure can - if no swirl stabilization is possible - still be optimized by tail units or at least by a structure similar to an empennage. A structure similar to an empennage can be impressed on the projectile generated from the projectile-forming covering 12 during the blasting process, in that the antenna 11 acts as a shaping means. For this purpose, the antenna 11 expediently has material reinforcements 13 which extend in the radial direction and which are arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference. These material reinforcements 13 provide the material of the projectile, in particular in its edge areas, a much stronger obstacle than the thinner areas of the antenna 11 between the material reinforcements 13 and thus force the edge areas of the projectile-forming covering 12, from which the rear area of the projectile essentially occurs during the blasting process cylindrical projectile arises, a symmetrical shape that takes over the tail functions. A mechanically stable and particularly fireproof construction of the antenna results from its attachment by means of supports 14, which - at least partially - extend through the active charge 10 on the inner wall of the housing 15 of the projectile head 1. In an enlarged view, FIG. 3 shows a part the antenna 11 together with the supports without the other components of the projectile head 1.

Vorzugsweise sind die Stützen 14 ebenfalls gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang der Antenne verteilt angeordnet, enden bevorzugt im Bereich der Materialverstärkungen 13, wo sie mit der Antenne 11 verbunden sind. Durch diese Stützen 14 läßt sich die Leitwerksformung bei dem aus der projektilbildenden Belegung 12 hergestellten Projektil noch verbessern.The supports 14 are preferably also distributed uniformly around the circumference of the antenna, preferably ending in the area of the material reinforcements 13, where they are connected to the antenna 11. These supports 14 make it possible to improve the tail formation in the projectile produced from the projectile-forming covering 12.

In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung (Fig. 5) verfügt die Antenne 11 über radial nach innen vorspringende Fortzätze 11', die gleichmäßig auf dem Umfang verteilt angeordnet sind und die im zentralen Bereich eine sternförmig ausgebildete Öffnung begrenzen. Diese Fortsätze 11' fördern ebenfalls die Ausbildung eines stabilisierenden Leitwerks während des Entstehens des Projektils.In a further exemplary embodiment of the invention (FIG. 5), the antenna 11 has radially inwardly projecting projections 11 ′ which are arranged distributed uniformly over the circumference and which delimit a star-shaped opening in the central region. These extensions 11 'also promote the formation of a stabilizing tail unit during the formation of the projectile.

Claims (5)

1. Projectile head (1) which can be dropped from a load carrying projectile or missile with a target recognition apparatus having a receiver and an aerial (11) and provided with an effective charge (10) detonated by a target location signal the charge having a projectile-forming lining (12), the aerial (11) of the target recognition apparatus being positioned in front of the effective charge (10) as viewed in the direction of flight, characterized by the fact that the aerial (11) comprises a substantially annular structure which screens not more than the peripheral zones of the lining (12).
2. Projectile head in accordance with Claim 1, characterized by the fact that the aerial (11) has thickened portions (13) evenly distributed over the periphery.
3. Projectile head in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterized by the fact that the aerial (11) is secured to supports (14) which at least partly extend through the effective charge (10) and bear against a housing (15) of the projectile head (1).
4. Projectile head in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that the supports (14) are preferably positioned equispaced around the periphery of the aerial (11) and are connected to this latter in the zone of the thickened portions (13).
5. Projectile head in accordance with one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized by the fact that the aerial (11) has extensions (11') projecting radially inwards.
EP84110720A 1983-11-30 1984-09-07 Projectile head Expired EP0149717B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3343265 1983-11-30
DE19833343265 DE3343265A1 (en) 1983-11-30 1983-11-30 BULLET HEAD

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0149717A1 EP0149717A1 (en) 1985-07-31
EP0149717B1 true EP0149717B1 (en) 1987-03-04

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EP84110720A Expired EP0149717B1 (en) 1983-11-30 1984-09-07 Projectile head

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US (1) US4622901A (en)
EP (1) EP0149717B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3343265A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3345529C1 (en) * 1983-12-16 1999-09-02 Diehl Stiftung & Co Target-searching ammunition with a sensor transducer arranged in front of its battle charge insert
US5365852A (en) * 1989-01-09 1994-11-22 Aerojet-General Corporation Method and apparatus for providing an explosively formed penetrator having fins
US5070786A (en) * 1990-09-26 1991-12-10 Honeywell Inc. Standoff sensor antennae for munitions having explosively formed penetrators
SE502461C2 (en) * 1991-07-01 1995-10-23 Bofors Ab Method of projectile-forming explosive charges
FR2735567B1 (en) * 1995-06-13 1997-07-25 Tda Armements Sas MILITARY HEAD, ESPECIALLY WITH A CORE GENERATOR
DE19534218C2 (en) * 1995-09-15 1998-10-01 Diehl Stiftung & Co Submunition with projectile-forming insert
US20030186038A1 (en) * 1999-11-18 2003-10-02 Ashton Larry J. Multi orientation composite material impregnated with non-liquid resin

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE526010A (en) * 1953-01-27
FR1090957A (en) * 1953-07-09 1955-04-06 Electromagnetic device for controlling the firing of an explosive projectile at a predetermined distance from a target
FR1293794A (en) * 1960-06-11 1962-05-18 Bolkow Entwicklungen Kg Seeker or target detector device for aerial vehicles or missiles
BE795623A (en) * 1972-02-18 1973-06-18 Dynamit Nobel Ag MULTI-PURPOSE HOLLOW-LOAD MINES
US4050381A (en) * 1972-04-12 1977-09-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Low density indirect fire munition system (U)
US3913488A (en) * 1973-09-17 1975-10-21 Us Army Ballistic disc
DE2831378A1 (en) * 1978-07-17 1980-01-31 Rheinmetall Gmbh APPLICATION OF A HOLLOW CHARGE INSERT AS A REFLECTOR FOR AN ANTENNA

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Publication number Publication date
DE3462554D1 (en) 1987-04-09
EP0149717A1 (en) 1985-07-31
DE3343265A1 (en) 1985-06-05
US4622901A (en) 1986-11-18

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