Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
  • H04L49/15—Interconnection of switching modules
  • H04L49/1553—Interconnection of ATM switching modules, e.g. ATM switching fabrics
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
  • H04L49/15—Interconnection of switching modules
  • H04L49/1515—Non-blocking multistage, e.g. Clos
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
  • H04L49/20—Support for services
  • H04L49/201—Multicast operation; Broadcast operation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L49/00—Packet switching elements
  • H04L49/25—Routing or path finding in a switch fabric
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04Q—SELECTING
  • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
  • H04Q3/64—Distributing or queueing
  • H04Q3/68—Grouping or interlacing selector groups or stages
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
  • H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems 
  • H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
  • H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
  • H04L2012/5638—Services, e.g. multimedia, GOS, QOS
  • H04L2012/564—Connection-oriented
  • H04L2012/5642—Multicast/broadcast/point-multipoint, e.g. VOD

Definitions

• This invention relates to switching networks and, more particularly, to multiconnection, broadcast switching networks that are rearrangeable to avoid blocking and that require significantly fewer crosspoints than a conventional, rectangular crosspoint array.
• Switching systems such as the telephone switching network are generally designed as point-to-point networks to interconnect, upon request, selected pairs of customer terminals from a large plurality of terminals connected to the system.
• the simplest connecting network capable of interconnecting N 1 input terminals and N 2 output terminals is a rectangular N 1 x N 2 array of switching elements or crosspoints. Although such a rectangular array is nonblocking in that any two idle customer terminals are always connect ible regardless of the array interconnection of other terminals, the rectangular array is not a practical network in most applications due to the prohibitive cost of the large number of array crosspoints.
• the network referred to herein as the three-stage Clos network, comprises r 1 rectangular n 1 x m first stage switches, m rectangular r 1 x r 2 second stage switches and r 2 rectangular m x n 2 third stage switches. There is exactly one link connecting each first stage switch to each second stage switch and one link connecting each second stage switch to each third stage switch.
• a three-stage Clos network wherein the number, m, of second stage switches is given by
• a three-stage Clos network having the number, m, of second stage switches given by the above equation is not a non-blocking multiconnection network as is illustrated later herein by an example.
• the example involves a multiconnection network that is referred to as a broadcast network since any given network input terminal is connectible to any or all output terminals.
• threestage multiconnection Clos networks have been designed which are non-blocking in the wide sense, i.e., nonblocking when a particular connection strategy is followed. by providing a significantly increased number of second stage switches. Again, however, the large crosspoint cost associated with the increased number of second stage switches makes such a three-stage Clos multiconnection network an extremely expensive alternative for switching networks serving even a modest number of customer facilities.
• Typical rearrangeable networks have many less crosspoints than their non-blocking counterparts.
• An illustrative rearrangeable network, along with the common control equipment associated therewith, is disclosed in U. S. Patent 3,129,407 issued to M. C. Paull on April 14, 1964.
• Other rearrangeable networks are disclosed in the article by V. E. Benes, "On Rearrangeable Three-Stage Connecting Networks," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 41, no. 5, September 1962, pages 1481-1492 and in U. S. Patent 4,038,638 issued to F. K. Hwang on July 26, 1977.
• Each of these known switching networks is, however, a rearrangeable point-to-point network rather than a rearrangeable multiconnection network. Further, each of these networks comprises three or more stages of switching. In applications where network distortion and delay parameters directly related to the number of crosspoints required to effect a given connection are important, the transmission quality obtainable through such three-stage networks is therefore limited.
• a recognized problem in the art is that costly multiconnection networks which are non-blocking without rearrangement must presently be used in applications where blocking is unacceptable and high transmission quality is required since the known rearrangeable networks are only point-to-point networks and comprise at least three switching stages.
• Summary of the Invention The aforementioned problem is solved in a twostate, multiconnection switching network in which each network input channel is connected to several first stage switches in a predetermined pattern such that for any given assignment of input channels to the network output channels from the second stage switch, the network can always be arranged such that each input channel is connected by a different first stage switch to the appropriate output channel. Accordingly, the switching network is a rearrangeable multiconnection network that avoids blocking.
• a two-stage, rearrangeable multiconnection switching network in accordance with the invention is used to connect N 1 input channels to n 2 output channels.
• the network comprises a number of first stage switches and a second stage switch, e.g., rectangular arrays.
• a single link connects a given first stage switch to the second stage switch.
• the second stage switch has n 2 outlets each connected to one of the n 2 output channels.
• a connection arrangement connects each of the first stage switch inlets to an associated predetermined input channel such that for any group of n 2 of the input channels, there is a group of n 2 of the first stage switches each having one inlet connected to a different one of that group of n 2 of the input channels.
• the connections within that group of n 2 of the first stage switches are always rearrangeable to connect a different one of the group of n 2 of the input channels to the second stage switch.
• the connections within the second stage switch are therefore also rearrangeable to connect those input channels to the group of n 2 of the output channels. Accordingly, the network is rearrangeable to avoid the blocking of connections from the group of n 2 of the input channels to the n 2 output channels.
• any given input channel is connectible to all of the n 2 output channels.
• the number of crosspoints required to implement a rearrangeable, multiconnection network in accordance with the invention is substantially less than that for multiconnection networks that are non-blocking without rearrangement.
• the approach is easily extendible to switching networks serving any larger number, N 2 , of output channels by adding second stage switches and connecting each additional second stage switch to each first stage switch.
• the first and second stage switches are themselves replaceable by twostage networks in accordance with the invention to achieve further crosspoint cost reductions.
• Two-stage, rearrangeable multiconnection networks in accordance with the invention are also useable without modification in point-to-point applications.
• each of the N 1 input channels is connected to M of the first stage switch inlets, M being a positive integer greater than one.
• M being a positive integer greater than one.
• N 1 the number of input channels
• the number, N 1 , of input channels is the square of a positive integer greate than one.
• the number of first stage switches e M The number of the first stage switches has inlets.
• Each of the input channels has a unique channel designation.
• the connection arrangement connects the first stage switch inlets to the N 1 input channels in accordance with a predetermined M . 1 connection matrix.
• the channel designation of eac of the input channels occurs exactly once in the first 1 rows of the matrix.
• a given channel designation occurring in a column c at a row r in the first 1 rows also occurs M - 1 additional times in column c, at rows given by
• the channel designations occurring in a given row of the matrix define the input channels that are connected to the inlets of a given first stage switch associated with that given row.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a known three-stage
• FIG. 2 lists a sequence of connection requests and switch assignments for an example illustrating blocking in the network of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a first exemplary two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network in accordance with the present invention
• FIG. 4 shows a connection matrix defining the pattern of connections within an innovative connection arrangement included in the network of FIG. 3 to avoid blocking
• FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating several important characteristics of the connection arrangement included in the network of FIG. 3;
• FIG. 6 is a program flowchart used to describe the operation of a network controller included in the network of FIG. 3;
• FIG. 7 lists a sequence of connection requests and switch assignments for an example illustrating rearrangement in the network of FIG. 3;
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a second exemplary two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a generalized, twostage, rearrangeable broadcast network in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a third exemplary two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 11 shows a connection matrix defining the pattern of connections for the exemplary connection arrangement included in the network of FIG. 10 to avoid blocking;
• FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a fourth exemplary two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network in accordance with the present invention.
• FIG. 13 through 16 show four connection matrices each equivalent in certain defined respects to the connection matrix of FIG. 4.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a known three-stage
• Network 10 used to interconnect four input channels IC1 through IC4 to six output channels OC1 through OC6.
• Network 10 includes two 2 x 3 rectangular first stage switches A and B, three 2 x 3 rectangular second stage switches C, D and E and three rectangular 3 x 2 third stage switches F, G and H.
• Network 10 is a non-blocking, pointto-point network since the number of second stage switches, three, is in accordance with the equation
• network 10 is not a non-blocking, broadcast network as is illustrated by the following example.
• the four connection requests IC4 to OC5, IC1 to OC1, IC3 to OC2 and IC1 to OC3 occur in sequence and that the switch assignments made for each connection request are as given in FIG. 2.
• the connection from IC4 to OC5 is made via first stage switch B, second stage switch E and third stage switch H.
• the input channels present on the inter-stage links after the four connections have been established are marked immediately above those links.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary twostage, rearrangeable broadcast network 100 in accordance with the present invention.
• Network 100 is used to broadcast video signals from 25 video vendors, e.g., 151 and 152, to five customer facilities 171 through 175.
• Network 100 receives video signals in 25 input channels IC1 through IC25 and transmits video signals in five output channels OC1 through OC5 each connected to one of the customer facilities 171 through 175.
• Each of the customer facilities 171 through 175 includes a receiver, e.g., 171R, for receiving the output channel video signals and a channel selector, e.g., 171-CS, which transmits connection requests via a communication path 181 to a network controller 180 included in network 100.
• the particular means whereby connection requests are transmitted from customer facilities 171 through 175 to network controller 180 is not relevant to the present invention. Accordingly, communication path 181 is merely illustrative.
• Network 100 includes ten 5 x 1 first stage switches 101 through 110, each having five inlets and one outlet, and a single 10 x 5 second stage switch 191 having each of ten inlets connected to an associated one of the first stage switches 101 through 110 and having each of five outlets connected to one of the output channels OC1 through OC5.
• the 25 input channels IC1 through IC25 are connected to the 50 first stage switch inlets by a connection arrangement 140.
• Connection arrangement 140 connects each first stage switch inlet to an associated predetermined one of the input channels IC1 through IC25.
• connection arrangement 140 can be stated as follows. For any group of five of the input channels IC1 through IC25, there is a group of five of the first stage switches 101 through 110 each having one inlet connected to a different one of that group of input channels. For example, consider the group of input channels IC1, IC5, IC9 , IC21 and IC22. Each switch of the group of first stage switches 101, 102, 105, 106 and 110 has one inlet connected to a different one of that group of input channels.
• Switch 101 has an inlet connected to input channel IC5, switch 102 has an inlet connected to input channel IC9, switch 105 has an inlet connected to input channel IC22, switch 106 has an inlet connected to input channel IC1 and switch 110 has an inlet connected to input channel IC21.
• network 100 may temporarily block one or more of the requested input channels.
• switches 101, 102, 105, 106 and 110 connect input channels IC5, IC9, IC22, IC1 and IC21, respectively, to inlets of second stage switch 191.
• the connections within second stage switch 191 can then be rearranged such that the input channels IC5, IC9, IC22, IC1 and IC21 are connected to the customer facilities 171 through 175 in accordance with the connection requests. Since this is possible for any group of five of the input channels IC1 through IC25, network 100 is a rearrangeable broadcast network.
• connection arrangement 140 comprises 100 crosspoints in contrast to 125 crosspoints for a 25 x 5 rectangular array.
• the connection pattern within connection arrangement 140 can be represented by a 10 x 5 connection matrix shown in FIG. 4.
• the numbers in each of the ten rows of the matrix are the designations of the ones of the input channels IC1 through IC25 connected by connection arrangement 140 to the inlets of the one of the first stage switches 101 through 110 associated with that row.
• the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the first matrix row indicate that connection arrangement 140 connects the five input channels IC1 through IC5 to the five inlets of first stage switch 101.
• the numbers 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in the second matrix row indicate that connection arrangement 140 connects the five input channels IC6 through IC10 to the five inlets of first stage switch 102, etc.
• line L1 drawn through the five circles numbered 1 through 5 indicates that input channels IC1 through IC5 are connected to switch 101.
• Line L8 drawn through the five circles numbered 3, 7, 11, 24 and 20 indicates that input channels IC3, IC7 , IC11, IC24 and IC20 are connected to switch 108.
• any pair of the input channels IC1 through IC25 at most one of the first stage switches 101 through 110 has a pair of inlets connected to that pair of input channels.
• any four of the lines L1 through L10 to intersect five numbered circles.
• any five of the input channels ICl through IC25 are connected to at least five of the first stage switches 101 through 110.
• five of the lines L1 through L10 intersect six numbered circles.
• the lines L1, L2, L7, L8 and L9 intersect at the six circles numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8.
• the six input channels IC2, IC3 , IC4, IC6, IC7 and IC8 are connected to only five first stage switches 101, 102, 107, 108 and 109.
• the configuration is easily extendible to serve additional output channels as is described later herein.
• network controller 180 (FIG. 3) in rearranging connections within first stage switches 101 through 110 and second stage switch 191 is described with reference to a program flow chart shown in FIG. 6.
• a connection request ICx to OCy is received by network controller 180 via communication path 181 from one of the customer facilities 171 through 175.
• execution proceeds to decision block 1002 during which a memory (not shown) included in network controller 180 is read to determine whether one of the first stage switches 101 through 110 connected by connection arrangement 140 to input channel ICx is presently unassigned. If such a first stage switch is unassigned, execution proceeds to block 1003 wherein that first stage switch is assigned to the requested connection ICx to OCy.
• Execution proceeds to block 1004 during which network controller 180 transmits signals via communication path 182 to the assigned first stage switch to connect input channel ICx to second stage switch 191. Execution then proceeds to block 1005 and network controller 180 transmits signals via communication path 183 to second stage switch 191 to connect the assigned first stage switch to output channel OCy.
• execution proceeds to block 1006 wherein the first stage switch assignments stored in the network controller 180 memory are changed such that there is an unassigned first stage switch connected to input channel ICx. This is always possible because of the advantageous pattern of connections within connection arrangement 140. Execution then proceeds to block 1007 during which network controller 180 transmits signals via communication path 182 to any first stage switches having changed assignments to connect input channels to second stage switch 191 in accordance with the changed assignments. Execution then proceeds to block 1008 and network controller 180 transmits signals via communication path 183 to second stage switch 191 to connect any first stage switches having changed assignments to the proper output channels. Execution is then returned to decision block 1002 and, if the assignments were changed properly during block 1006, execution proceeds through blocks 1003, 1004 and 1005 as described above to connect input channel ICx to output channel OCy.
• connection requests IC9 to OC1, IC1 to OC2, IC22 to OC3, and IC21 to OC4 are received in sequence by network controller 180 (FIG. 3) via communication path 181 from customer facilities 171, 172, 173 and 174, respectively.
• First stage switches 102, 101, 105 and 110 are assigned sequentially to the requested connections.
• Customer facility 175 then transmits the connection request IC5 to OC5 via communication path 181 to network controller 180.
• First stage switches 101 and 110 are the two first stage switches connected by connection arrangement 140 to input channel IC5. Since switches 101 and 110 have both been previously assigned, the connection of input channel IC5 to output channel OC5 is temporarily blocked. However, switch 101 can be reassigned to the connection request IC5 to OC5 if switch 106, rather than switch 101, is assigned to the connection request IC1 to OC2.
• Such rearrangement is always possible in accordance with the present invention.
• network 100 is non-blocking in the wide sense, i.e., non-blocking when a particular connection strategy is followed.
• the possible assignments for network 100 are limited such that the output channels OC1 through OC5 are connectible to only the ten input channels IC1, IC6, IC11, IC16, IC21, IC22, IC2, IC7, IC12 and IC17 (the input channels having designations in the first two columns of the connection matrix of FIG. 4).
• first stage switches 101 through 110 respectively connect input channels IC1, IC6, IC11, IC16, IC21, IC22, IC2 , IC7, IC12 and IC17 to second stage switch 191, network 100 is thereafter non-blocking for those ten input channels. It also follows that if those ten input channels are the most frequently requested of the 25 input channels, the need for network rearrangement is minimized.
• FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a second exemplary two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network 200 in accordance with the invention.
• Network 200 is used to interconnect 25 input channels IC1 through IC25 to 15 output channels OC1 through OC15.
• Network 200 is constructed by extending network 100 previously described.
• Connection arrangement 240 of network 200 is identical to connection arrangement 140 of network 100. (The internal connections of connection arrangement 240 are not shown in FIG. 8.)
• Ten first stage switches 201 through 210 are each 5 x 3 rectangular switches in contrast to the ten 5 x 1 first stage switches 101 through 110 of network 100.
• network 200 includes three 10 x 5 rectangular second stage switches 291, 292 and 293 each identical to the one second stage switch 191 of network 100.
• Network 200 comprises 300 crosspoints in contrast to 375 crosspoints for a 25 x 15 rectangular array.
• the arrangement of network 200 is further extendible to serve much larger numbers of output channels.
• such an extended network serving 150 output channels has ten 5 x 30 rectangular first stage switches and thirty 10 x 5 rectangular second stage switches.
• the network is a rearrangeable broadcast network due to the advantageous connection pattern within connection arrangement 240 since the five output channels from a given second stage switch are always connectible to any five input channels by network rearrangement, if necessary.
• the network serving 150 output channels comprises 3000 crosspoints in contrast to 3750 for a 25 x 150 rectangular array.
• the network rearrangement required in network 200 in response to a given connection request involves only a single second stage switch.
• FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a generalized, twostage broadcast network 300 in accordance with the present invention.
• Network 300 is used to broadcast signals from N 1 input channels IC1 through ICN 1 to N 2 output channels OC1 through OCN 2 .
• Network 300 comprises M . N 1 /n 1 rectangular first stage switches, e.g., 301 and 302, each having n 1 inlets and N 2 /n 2 outlets, and N 2 /n 2 rectangular second stage switches, e.g., 391 and 392, each having M . N 1 /n 1 inlets and n 2 outlets. (Assume for now that N 1 /n 1 and N 2 /n 2 are both integers.
• each inlet can be connected to any or all outlets. Note that the number of outlets of each first stage switch is equal to the number of second stage switches. Further, the number of inlets of each second stage switch is equal to the number of first stage switches. Each first stage switch is connected to each second stage switch by a single link. Connection arrangement 340 connects each of the input channels IC1 through ICN 1 to exactly a multiplicity, M, of the M . N 1 first stage switch inlets, where M is a positive integer greater than 1. Each of the N 2 second stage switch outlets is connected to one of the output channels OC1 through
• the total number, Q, of crosspoints in network 300 is given by
• Network 300 has less crosspoints than an N 1 x N 2 rectangular array if the bracketed expression in equation (2) is less than unity.
• connection arrangement 340 must connect the N 1 input channels IC1 through ICN 1 to the first stage switch inlets such that for any group of n 2 of the input channels, there is a group of n 2 of the first stage switches each having one inlet connected to a different one of that group of n 2 of the input channels.
• connection arrangement 340 for a given number, N 1 , of input channels is now described. It is assumed that N 1 is the square of a prime number. (The connection arrangement 340 designed using the present method can then be used in applications having less than N 1 input channels by omitting unneeded connections.)
• An empirically determined relationship between the multiplicity M and the maximum value of n 2 for other values of M is given by Table 1.
• the number , n 1 , of inlets of each f irst stage swi tch is given by
• n 1 ( 3 )
• the illustrative design method proceeds as follows. Given the value of N 1 , select M in accordance with Table 2. (It should be noted that for M ⁇ 4, the requirement that N 1 is the square of a prime number may be replaced by a requirement that N 1 is the square of any integer. Als note that the best choice of M is not greater than for N 1 > 3.) Based on the selected value of M, determine n 2 from Table 1. Then construct an M . 1 1 connection matrix as follows. Place the designations of the N 1 input channels arbitrarily in the first 1 matrix rows such that each designation appears exactl once. Each of the input channel designations is then placed in exactly M - 1 locations of the remaining matrix rows. A given channel des ion occurring in a column c at a row r in the first rows also occurs M - 1 additional times in column c, in rows given by
• [r + c ( i - 1 ) - i] mod N 1 in equation (4) is defined as the remainder of the division of [r + c ( i - 1 ) - i] by N 1 .
• the channel designations occurring in a given row of the matrix define the input channels that are connected to the inlets of a given first stage switch associated with that given row.
• FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the two-stage, rearrangeable broadcast network 400 defined by the preceding exemplary design.
• Network 400 is used to broadcast signals received in 49 input channels ICl through IC49 to 13 output channels OC1 through OC13.
• Network 400 includes 21, 7 x 1 first stage switches, e.g., 401 and 421, each having seven inlets and one outlet, and a single
• connection arrangement 440 connects each first stage switch inlet to an associated predetermined one of the input channels IC1 through IC49 in accordance with the connection matrix of FIG. 11.
• Each of the input channels IC1 through IC49 is connected to exactly three first stage switch inlets. For any pair of the input channels IC1 through IC49, at most one of the first stage switches has a pair of inlets connected to that pair of input channels.
• Network 400 comprises 420 crosspoints in contrast to 637 crosspoints for a 49 x 13 rectangular array.
• the crosspoint reductions achieved are even more significant for networks serving larger numbers of input channels.
• the network comprises 3128 crosspoints in contrast to 8381 crosspoints for a 289 x 29 rectangular array.
• the network comprises 12,470 crosspoints in contrast to 47,937 crosspoints for an 841 x 57 rectangular array.
• a further crosspoint reduction is achieved in network 400 by replacing the 21 x 13 rectangular second stage switch 491 by a two-stage rearrangeable broadcast network 500 (FIG. 12) in accordance with the present invention.
• Network 500 also illustrates the modifications that are made when N ⁇ is not the square of an integer and N 1 and N 2 are not multiples of n 1 and n 2 , respectively.
• connection arrangement 540 is identical to connection arrangement 240 (FIG. 8) as defined by the connection matrix of FIG. 4 except that the connections from the four input channels IC22 through IC25 are omitted.
• Network 500 includes nine first stage switches 501 through 504 and 506 through 510.
• First stage switches 501 through 504 and 510 are each 5 x 3 rectangular arrays but first stage switches 506 through 509 are only 4 x 3 rectangular arrays.
• second stage switch 591 is a 10 x 5 rectangular array and second stage switches 592 and 593 are each 10 x 4 rectangular arrays.
• Network 500 comprises 253 crosspoints in contrast to 273 crosspoints for a 21 x 13 rectangular array.
• connection matrix generated by the above-described method is only exemplary.
• connection matrix a number of connection matrices exist that are equivalent thereto in that for any group of n 2 input channel designations, there is a group of n 2 rows in that matrix each having a different one of the group of n 2 input channel designations in that matrix row.
• connection matrices shown in FIG. 13 through 16 are each equivalent to the connection matrix of FIG.
• each input channel designation is placed in one location of the first 1 matrix rows but that the positioning of the designations in those 1 matrix rows is arbitrary. Further, the positioni of designations within any given matrix row is also arbitrary.

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