EP0144277A1 - Combustion engine running process, device for carrying out this process and an internal-combustion engine fitted with this device - Google Patents

Combustion engine running process, device for carrying out this process and an internal-combustion engine fitted with this device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0144277A1
EP0144277A1 EP84440038A EP84440038A EP0144277A1 EP 0144277 A1 EP0144277 A1 EP 0144277A1 EP 84440038 A EP84440038 A EP 84440038A EP 84440038 A EP84440038 A EP 84440038A EP 0144277 A1 EP0144277 A1 EP 0144277A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
envelope
cavity
walls
head
piston
Prior art date
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EP84440038A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Alain Kervagoret
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Individual
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Individual
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F02B3/08—Methods of operating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B41/00—Engines characterised by special means for improving conversion of heat or pressure energy into mechanical power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B51/00—Other methods of operating engines involving pretreating of, or adding substances to, combustion air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture of the engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/0015—Multi-part pistons
    • F02F3/0023—Multi-part pistons the parts being bolted or screwed together
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/16—Pistons  having cooling means
    • F02F3/20—Pistons  having cooling means the means being a fluid flowing through or along piston
    • F02F3/22—Pistons  having cooling means the means being a fluid flowing through or along piston the fluid being liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/28—Other pistons with specially-shaped head
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2201/00—Metals
    • F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
    • F05C2201/0433—Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
    • F05C2201/0448—Steel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine and in particular an engine with low volumetric ratio comprising pistons with hollow head.
  • It also relates to a device for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine and in particular an engine with low volumetric ratio comprising pistons with hollow head.
  • thermodynamics show by the following relation: where Te is the end of compression temperature T ' 2 is the air temperature at the closing of the intake valve ; is the volumetric ratio is the ratio of the specific heats of the air.
  • the compression ratio can be lowered to 6 or 7, which makes it possible to double the power for the same displacement.
  • an air temperature above 100 ° C is necessary for admission into the cylinder, which requires the use of devices to maintain this temperature when empty and at low loads.
  • the process known as the "Hyperbar process" is often used to fulfill this condition.
  • the present invention proposes to overcome these drawbacks by proposing a method as mentioned above, characterized in that one adapts in the cavity of the head of the pistons an organ for accumulating heat energy during the combustion phase and for return during the admission and compression phases.
  • this member for aeumulating then restoring heat energy comprises a shell in the form of a bowl.
  • this envelope is advantageously covered with a grid promoting the exchange of thermal energy.
  • said envelope is fixed in the cavity of the piston head in a manner which leaves a space between the concave inner walls of the cavity of the piston head and the convex outer walls of the 'envelope.
  • At least one and preferably several orifices are provided. pressure balancing in the walls of this envelope.
  • the envelope is preferably narrowed in the vicinity of its upper edge.
  • the envelope is shaped by stamping at least one metal sheet to give it the shape of at least one part of a bowl and this part is assembled with other stamped parts and / or machined in the mass to produce said envelope provided with said narrowing forming a planar annular rim.
  • the envelope and the mesh are preferably made of a metal alloy and the mesh is preferably fixed to the edge of the envelope by welding.
  • the device for implementing the above method is characterized in that it comprises a member for accumulating heat energy during the combustion phase and for restoring it during the intake and compression phases.
  • This member for accumulating and then returning heat energy preferably comprises a shell in the form of a bowl.
  • this envelope is advantageously covered with a grid promoting the exchange of thermal energy.
  • the purpose of the casing and the mesh is to reduce heat exchange with the piston. They maintain a surface temperature in the combustion chamber close to the average temperature of the gases.
  • the casing is fixed in the cavity of the piston head in a manner which leaves a space between the concave inner walls of the cavity of the piston head and the convex outer walls of the casing .
  • the envelope comprises at least one orifice passing through its wall right through to ensure communication between said cavity and said space.
  • the envelope advantageously comprises along its upper edge, a rim defining a narrowing of the passage between the interior cavity of the envelope and the combustion chamber.
  • This rim can be formed by the folding of the upper part of the wall of the envelope towards the inside of its cavity, so as to define a plane annular rim constituting the upper end of the envelope.
  • the purpose of this rim formed on the top of the chamber is to increase the speed of the air arriving in the cavity of the envelope during the compression phase of the engine. This increase in air speed increases the exchange coefficient between the hot walls of the envelope and the air.
  • the mesh is preferably fixed directly to said rim of the envelope, for example by welding.
  • the purpose of this mesh is to further increase the air speed and create a turbulent regime in front of the rim, so as to allow better heat exchange. He yields also a large part of its heat to the air passing between the meshes.
  • the turbulence provided by the grating promotes the air / fuel mixture and thus improves combustion.
  • the envelope is preferably fixed on the piston head by spacers-supports, one end of which is integral with the piston heads and the other end of which is integral with the envelope.
  • the envelope is fixed by means of its rim, by several elongated supports passing through the walls of this envelope through the pressure-balancing orifices.
  • These elongated supports can be constituted by bolts screwed into threaded bores made in the piston and the rim of the casing can be taken directly between the upper ends of these bolts and suitable locking members on these ends.
  • the engine according to the invention is characterized in that its pistons are all equipped with devices as described above.
  • Fig. 2 shows a top view of the piston whose head is equipped with the device according to the invention shown in FIG. 1.
  • the piston 10 comprises a hollow head 11 in which a central cavity 12 is formed.
  • the casing 13 and the mesh 14, constituting together the device for improving the operation of internal combustion engines, as described above. above are mounted inside the cavity 12.
  • This envelope is for example produced by stamping a relatively thin sheet of a metal alloy having good mechanical and thermal properties designed to withstand temperatures above 700 ° C. However, it can also be carried out using other simple or composite materials. The relatively low cost, the ease of machining and the quality of the alloys currently sold, logically lead to the use of metallic materials.
  • the profile of the envelope in the form of a bowl, substantially follows the profile of the cavity 12. This is not however a necessary condition. It is however advantageous for the envelope to be mounted at a certain distance from the walls of the cavity 12, so as to provide a space between the convex outer wall of the envelope 13 and the concave inner wall of the cavity 12.
  • the envelope Along its upper edge, the envelope has a rim 15 or neck which could be attached, but which in the present case is constituted by the inward folding of the side walls of this envelope.
  • the flange 15 of planar annular shape serves as a support for the mesh 14 which can be fixed by welding or by any other suitable means.
  • the envelope 13 is carried by four support-spacers 16 constituted respectively by a bolt 17, the threaded lower end 1 & of which is screwed into a threaded bore 19 made in the piston, and the upper end of which has a shoulder 20 on which rests the rim 15, and by a bolt 21, screwed inside a threaded bore 22 formed axially inside the bolt 17.
  • This bolt 21 passes through an opening 23 formed in the rim 20 and its head 24 ensures the fixing , by tightening, of this rim against the shoulder 20.
  • This method of attachment allows precise mounting of the envelope, at a predetermined distance from the walls of the cavity of the piston head.
  • Other fixing methods could be envisaged: for example the tightening head 23 of the bolt 21 could be replaced by a tightening nut screwed onto the threaded upper end of the bolt 21.
  • the materials used both for the production of the envelope and that of the mesh must mainly have very good mechanical characteristics at high temperatures, that is to say at temperatures equal to or greater than 700 ° C.
  • the materials which can be used for this purpose are of the superalloys type mainly based on nickel or on composite materials such as for example silicon carbides / silicon carbides or thermomechanical ceramics of the zirconia or alumina type.
  • the mesh is preferably metallic and welded to the upper surface of the rim of the envelope.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour améliorer le fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne. Le piston (10) comporte une tête creuse (11) dans la cavité de laquelle est montée une enveloppe (13) en forme de cuvette surmontée d'un grillage (14) de préférence soudé à son rebord ou col (15) formant un rétrécissement a la partie supérieure de cette enveloppe. L'ensemble enveloppe-grillage est monté à l'aide d'éléments supports-distanceurs (16) constitués de préférence par des boulons (17) et (21) d'une manière telle qu'un espace soit ménagé entre les parois extérieures convexes de l'enveloppe (13) et les parois intérieures concaves de la cavité (12) de la tête de piston (11). Ce dispositif permet d'améliorer le fonctionnement des moteurs à faible rapport volumétrique notamment pour les vitesses et les charges faibles.The present invention relates to a method for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine. The piston (10) comprises a hollow head (11) in the cavity of which is mounted an envelope (13) in the form of a bowl surmounted by a mesh (14) preferably welded to its rim or neck (15) forming a narrowing at the top of this envelope. The envelope-mesh assembly is mounted using support-spacer elements (16) preferably constituted by bolts (17) and (21) in such a way that a space is provided between the convex outer walls. of the casing (13) and the concave inner walls of the cavity (12) of the piston head (11). This device makes it possible to improve the operation of engines with low volumetric ratio, in particular for low speeds and loads.

Description

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour améliorer le fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne et notamment un moteur à faible rapport volumétrique comportant des pistons à tête creuse.The present invention relates to a method for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine and in particular an engine with low volumetric ratio comprising pistons with hollow head.

Elle concerne également un dispositif pour améliorer le fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne et notamment un moteur à faible rapport volumétrique comportant des pistons à tête creuse.It also relates to a device for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine and in particular an engine with low volumetric ratio comprising pistons with hollow head.

Elle concerne enfin un moteur équipé de ce dispositif.Finally, it relates to an engine equipped with this device.

L'augmentation de puissance des moteurs Diesel a été longtemps limitée à des contraintes mécaniques. L'amélioration des performances et la fiabilité des turbo-compresseurs permet maintenant d'augmenter les puissances en réduisant le rapport volumétrique, pour conserver la même pression maximale de combustion dans le cylindre. Cette nouvelle technologie de réduction du rapport volumétrique présente de nombreux avantages. En particulier, elle permet une réduction de la pression maximale de combustion pour une même pression d'air de suralimentation. Sachant que la pression maximale de combustion constitue le principal critère de dimensionnement des moteurs et de ses composants, on peut de ce fait augmenter la pression de suralimentation donc la puissance du moteur sans augmenter les contraintes mécaniques. D'autre part, on peut augmenter le volume de combustion situé au-dessus du piston sans modifier la cylindrée du moteur. Ceci facilite considérablement la combustion et réduit, à injection égale, l'indice de fumée d'échappement. Par ailleurs, on améliore le remplissage des cylindres et enfin on dispose d'un rapport volumétrique parfaitement adapté aux pressions moyennes effectives recherchées.The increase in power of diesel engines has long been limited to mechanical constraints. Improving the performance and reliability of turbo-compressors now makes it possible to increase power by reducing the volumetric ratio, to maintain the same maximum combustion pressure in the cylinder. This new volumetric ratio reduction technology has many advantages. In particular, it allows a reduction of the maximum combustion pressure for the same charge air pressure. Knowing that the maximum combustion pressure is the main criterion for dimensioning engines and its components, it is therefore possible to increase the boost pressure and therefore the engine power without increasing the mechanical stresses. On the other hand, the combustion volume located above the piston can be increased without modifying the engine displacement. This considerably facilitates combustion and reduces, with equal injection, the exhaust smoke index. Furthermore, the filling of the cylinders is improved and finally there is a volumetric ratio perfectly suited to the desired effective average pressures.

Toutefois, l'abaissement du rapport volumétrique entraîne également des contraintes. La limite d'auto-inflammabilité du combustible impose une température en fin de compression Te minimale de l'ordre de 550o C. Les principes de la thermodynamique montrent par la relation suivante:

Figure imgb0001
où Te est la température de fin de compression
T'2 est la température de l'air à la fermeture de la soupape d'admission
; est le rapport volumétrique
est le rapport des chaleurs spécifiques de l'air.However, lowering the volumetric ratio also gives rise to constraints. The auto-flammability limit of the fuel imposes a minimum temperature at the end of compression Te of the order of 550 o C. The principles of thermodynamics show by the following relation:
Figure imgb0001
 where Te is the end of compression temperature
T ' 2 is the air temperature at the closing of the intake valve
; is the volumetric ratio
is the ratio of the specific heats of the air.

On peut abaisser jusqu'à 6 ou 7 le taux de compression, ce qui permet de doubler la puissance pour une même cylindrée. Toutefois, une température d'air supérieure à 100°C est nécessaire à l'admission dans le cylindre, ce qui impose le recours à des artifices pour maintenir cette température à vide et aux basses charges. Le procédé connu sous le nom de "procédé Hyperbar" est souvent utilisé pour remplir cette condition.The compression ratio can be lowered to 6 or 7, which makes it possible to double the power for the same displacement. However, an air temperature above 100 ° C is necessary for admission into the cylinder, which requires the use of devices to maintain this temperature when empty and at low loads. The process known as the "Hyperbar process" is often used to fulfill this condition.

Si l'on se contente de réchauffer l'air en faisant circuler de l'eau chaude dans le réfrigérant d'air, le rapport volumétrique ne peut pas être abaissé en-dessous de 8,5 à 9. La puissance rapportée à la cylindrée n'est alors augmentée que de 50%.If you just heat the air by circulating hot water in the air cooler, the volume ratio cannot be lowered below 8.5 to 9. The power per cubic capacity is then only increased by 50%.

Dans ces deux cas, les artifices utilisés pour l'amélioration du fonctionnement des moteurs Diesel à rapport volumétrique faible, imposelt des installations coûteuses, sujettes à des déficiences, et parfois peu efficaces.In these two cases, the devices used to improve the operation of diesel engines with low volumetric ratio, impose expensive installations, prone to deficiencies, and sometimes ineffective.

La présente invention se propose de pallier ces inconvénients en proposant un procédé tel que susmentionné, caractérisé en ce que l'on adapte dans la cavité de la tête dés pistons un organe pour accumuler de l'énergie calorifique pendant la phase de combustion et pour la restituer pendant les phases d'admission et de compression.The present invention proposes to overcome these drawbacks by proposing a method as mentioned above, characterized in that one adapts in the cavity of the head of the pistons an organ for accumulating heat energy during the combustion phase and for return during the admission and compression phases.

Selon une forme de réalisation préférée, cet organe pour aeumuler puis restituer de l'énergie calorifique comporte une enveloppe en forme de cuvette.According to a preferred embodiment, this member for aeumulating then restoring heat energy comprises a shell in the form of a bowl.

En outre, cette enveloppe est avantageusement recouverte d'un grillage favorisant les échanges d'énergie thermique.In addition, this envelope is advantageously covered with a grid promoting the exchange of thermal energy.

Selon une forme de réalisation particulièrement avantageuse, l'on fixe ladite enveloppe dans la cavité de la tête de piston d'une manière qui ménage un espace entre les parois intérieures concaves de la cavité de la tête de piston et les parois extérieures convexes de l'enveloppe.According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, said envelope is fixed in the cavity of the piston head in a manner which leaves a space between the concave inner walls of the cavity of the piston head and the convex outer walls of the 'envelope.

Pour assurer une communication entre la cavité intérieure de l'enveloppe et l'espace entre les parois extérieures de cette enveloppe et les parois intérieures de la cavité de la tête de piston, l'on ménage au moins un et de préférence plusieurs orifices d'équilibrage de la pression dans les parois de cette enveloppe.To ensure communication between the interior cavity of the envelope and the space between the exterior walls of this envelope and the interior walls of the cavity of the piston head, at least one and preferably several orifices are provided. pressure balancing in the walls of this envelope.

Pour accroître la vitesse du flux d'air arrivant dans la cavité intérieure à l'enveloppe placée dans la cavité de la tête de piston, lors de la phase de compression du moteur, on réalise de préférence un rétrécissement de l'enveloppe au voisinage de son bord supérieur.To increase the speed of the air flow arriving in the cavity inside the envelope placed in the cavity of the piston head, during the compression phase of the engine, the envelope is preferably narrowed in the vicinity of its upper edge.

Selon une forme de réalisation particulièrement avantageuse, l'enveloppe est façonnée par emboutissage d'au moins une feuille métallique pour lui donner la forme d'au moins une partie de cuvette et l'on assemble cette partie avec d'autres parties embouties et/ou usinées dans la masse pour réaliser ladite enveloppe pourvue dudit rétrécissement formant un rebord annulaire plan. L'enveloppe et le grillage sont de préférence réalisés en alliage métallique et le grillage est de préférence fixé au rebord de l'enveloppe par soudure.According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the envelope is shaped by stamping at least one metal sheet to give it the shape of at least one part of a bowl and this part is assembled with other stamped parts and / or machined in the mass to produce said envelope provided with said narrowing forming a planar annular rim. The envelope and the mesh are preferably made of a metal alloy and the mesh is preferably fixed to the edge of the envelope by welding.

Le dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé ci-dessus est caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un organe pour accumuler de l'énergie calorifique pendant la phase de combustion et pour la restituer pendant les phases d'admission et de compression.The device for implementing the above method is characterized in that it comprises a member for accumulating heat energy during the combustion phase and for restoring it during the intake and compression phases.

Cet organe pour accumuler puis restituer de l'énergie calorifique comporte de préférence une enveloppe en forme de cuvette. En outre, cette enveloppe est avantageusement recouverte d'un grillage favorisant les échanges d'énergie thermique.This member for accumulating and then returning heat energy preferably comprises a shell in the form of a bowl. In addition, this envelope is advantageously covered with a grid promoting the exchange of thermal energy.

L'enveloppe et le grillage ont pour but de réduire les échanges thermiques avec le piston. Ils maintiennent une température de surface dans la chambre de combustion proche de la température moyenne des gaz.The purpose of the casing and the mesh is to reduce heat exchange with the piston. They maintain a surface temperature in the combustion chamber close to the average temperature of the gases.

Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, l'enveloppe est fixée dans la cavité de la tête de piston d'une manière qui ménage un espace entre les parois intérieures concaves de la cavité de la tête de piston et les parois extérieures convexes de l'enveloppe. Cette disposition permet de ménager une couche d'air entre le piston et l'enveloppe suffisante pour réduire considérablement les échanges thermiques entre l'enveloppe et le piston.According to a preferred embodiment, the casing is fixed in the cavity of the piston head in a manner which leaves a space between the concave inner walls of the cavity of the piston head and the convex outer walls of the casing . This arrangement makes it possible to provide an air layer between the piston and the envelope sufficient to considerably reduce the heat exchanges between the envelope and the piston.

Afin de permettre d'équilibrer les pressions entre la chambre de combustion et l'espace ménagé entre les parois extérieures de l'enveloppe et les parois intérieures de la cavité de la tête de piston, et de supprimer ainsi les risques de provoquer des déformations mécaniques, l'enveloppe comporte au moins un orifice traversant sa paroi de part en part pour assurer une communication entre ladite cavité et ledit espace.In order to allow the pressures between the combustion chamber and the space between the outer walls of the casing and the inner walls of the cavity of the piston head to be balanced, and thus to eliminate the risks of causing mechanical deformations , the envelope comprises at least one orifice passing through its wall right through to ensure communication between said cavity and said space.

L'enveloppe comporte avantageusement le long de son bord supérieur, un rebord définissant un rétrécissement du passage entre la cavité intérieure de l'enveloppe et la chambre de combustion. Ce rebord peut être constitué par le repli de la partie supérieure de la paroi de l'enveloppe vers l'intérieur de sa cavité, de manière à définir un rebord annulaire plan constituant l'extrémité supérieure de l'enveloppe. Ce rebord ménagé sur le haut de la chambre a pour but d'augmenter la vitesse de l'air arrivant dans la cavité de l'enveloppe pendant la phase de compression du moteur. Cette augmentation de la vitesse de l'air accroît le coefficient d'échange entre les parois chaudes de l'enveloppe et l'air.The envelope advantageously comprises along its upper edge, a rim defining a narrowing of the passage between the interior cavity of the envelope and the combustion chamber. This rim can be formed by the folding of the upper part of the wall of the envelope towards the inside of its cavity, so as to define a plane annular rim constituting the upper end of the envelope. The purpose of this rim formed on the top of the chamber is to increase the speed of the air arriving in the cavity of the envelope during the compression phase of the engine. This increase in air speed increases the exchange coefficient between the hot walls of the envelope and the air.

Le grillage est de préférence fixé directement audit- rebord de l'enveloppe, par exemple par soudure. Ce grillage a pour but d'accroître encore la vitesse de l'air et de créer un régime turbulent en avant du rebord, de manière à permettre un meilleur échange thermique. Il cède également une grande partie de sa chaleur à l'air passant entre les mailles. Par ailleurs, les turbulences apportées par le grillage favorisent le mélange air/combustible et améliorent ainsi la combustion.The mesh is preferably fixed directly to said rim of the envelope, for example by welding. The purpose of this mesh is to further increase the air speed and create a turbulent regime in front of the rim, so as to allow better heat exchange. He yields also a large part of its heat to the air passing between the meshes. In addition, the turbulence provided by the grating promotes the air / fuel mixture and thus improves combustion.

L'enveloppe- est de préférence fixée sur la tête de piston par des supports-distanceurs dont une extrémité est solidaire des têtes de piston et dont l'autre extrémité est solidaire de l'enveloppe.The envelope is preferably fixed on the piston head by spacers-supports, one end of which is integral with the piston heads and the other end of which is integral with the envelope.

Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, l'enveloppe est fixée par l'intermédiaire de son rebord, par plusieurs supports allongés traversant les parois de cette enveloppe par les orifices d'équilibrage de la pression. Ces supports allongés peuvent être constitués par des boulons vissés dans des alésages filetés ménagés dans le piston et le rebord de l'enveloppe peut être pris directement entre les extrémités supérieures de ces boulons et des organes de blocage adaptés sur ces extrémités.According to a preferred embodiment, the envelope is fixed by means of its rim, by several elongated supports passing through the walls of this envelope through the pressure-balancing orifices. These elongated supports can be constituted by bolts screwed into threaded bores made in the piston and the rim of the casing can be taken directly between the upper ends of these bolts and suitable locking members on these ends.

Le moteur selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que ses pistons sont tous équipés de dispositifs tels que décrits ci-dessus.The engine according to the invention is characterized in that its pistons are all equipped with devices as described above.

La présente invention sera mieux comprise en référence à la description d'un exemple de réalisation préféré et au dessin annexé dans lequel:

  • La fig-. 1 représente une vue partielle en coupe axiale d'une tête de piston équipée d'un dispositif selon l'invention, et
The present invention will be better understood with reference to the description of a preferred embodiment and to the accompanying drawing in which:
  • The fig-. 1 represents a partial view in axial section of a piston head equipped with a device according to the invention, and

La fig. 2 représente une vue de dessus du piston dont la tête est équipée du dispositif selon l'invention représenté par la fig. 1.Fig. 2 shows a top view of the piston whose head is equipped with the device according to the invention shown in FIG. 1.

En référence aux figures, le piston 10 comporte une tête creuse 11 dans laquelle est ménagée une cavité centrale 12. L'enveloppe 13 et le grillage 14, constituant ensemble le dispositif pour améliorer le fonctionnement des moteurs à combustion interne, tels que décrits ci-dessus sont montés à l'intérieur de la cavité 12. Cette enveloppe est par exemple réalisée par emboutissage d'une tôle relativement mince d'un alliage métallique ayant de bonnes propriétés mécaniques et thermiques conçue pour résister à des températures supérieures à 7000 C. Toutefois, elle peut également être réalisée à l'aide d'autres matériaux simples ou composites. Le coût relativement faible, la facilité d'usinage et la qualité des alliages couramment commercialisés, conduisent logiquement à l'utilisation de matériaux métalliques. Dans l'exemple représenté, le profil de l'enveloppe, en forme de cuvette, épouse sensiblement le profil de la cavité 12. Ceci ne constitue cependant pas une condition nécessaire. Il est toutefois avantageux que l'enveloppe soit montée à une certaine distance des parois de la cavité 12, de manière à ménager un espace entre la paroi extérieure convexe de l'enveloppe 13 et la paroi intérieure concave de la cavité 12.With reference to the figures, the piston 10 comprises a hollow head 11 in which a central cavity 12 is formed. The casing 13 and the mesh 14, constituting together the device for improving the operation of internal combustion engines, as described above. above are mounted inside the cavity 12. This envelope is for example produced by stamping a relatively thin sheet of a metal alloy having good mechanical and thermal properties designed to withstand temperatures above 700 ° C. However, it can also be carried out using other simple or composite materials. The relatively low cost, the ease of machining and the quality of the alloys currently sold, logically lead to the use of metallic materials. In the example shown, the profile of the envelope, in the form of a bowl, substantially follows the profile of the cavity 12. This is not however a necessary condition. It is however advantageous for the envelope to be mounted at a certain distance from the walls of the cavity 12, so as to provide a space between the convex outer wall of the envelope 13 and the concave inner wall of the cavity 12.

Le long de son bord supérieur, l'enveloppe comporte un rebord 15 ou col qui pourrait être rapporté, mais qui dans le présent cas est constitué par le repli vers l'intérieur des parois latérales de cette enveloppe. Le rebord 15 de forme annulaire plan sert de support au grillage 14 qui peut être fixé par soudure ou par tout autre moyen approprié.Along its upper edge, the envelope has a rim 15 or neck which could be attached, but which in the present case is constituted by the inward folding of the side walls of this envelope. The flange 15 of planar annular shape serves as a support for the mesh 14 which can be fixed by welding or by any other suitable means.

L'enveloppe 13 est portée par quatre supports-distanceurs 16 constitués respectivement par un boulon 17 dont l'extrémité inférieure filetée 1& est vissée dans un alésage taraudé 19 ménagé dans le piston, et dont l'extrémité supérieure comporte un épaulement 20 sur lequel repose le rebord 15, et par un boulon 21, vissé à l'intérieur d'un alésage taraudé 22 ménagé axialement à l'intérieur du boulon 17. Ce boulon 21 traverse une ouverture 23 ménagée dans le rebord 20 et sa tête 24 assure la fixation, par serrage, de ce rebord contre l'épaulement 20.The envelope 13 is carried by four support-spacers 16 constituted respectively by a bolt 17, the threaded lower end 1 & of which is screwed into a threaded bore 19 made in the piston, and the upper end of which has a shoulder 20 on which rests the rim 15, and by a bolt 21, screwed inside a threaded bore 22 formed axially inside the bolt 17. This bolt 21 passes through an opening 23 formed in the rim 20 and its head 24 ensures the fixing , by tightening, of this rim against the shoulder 20.

Ce mode de fixation permet un montage précis de l'enveloppe, à une distance prédéterminée des parois de la cavité de la tête du piston. D'autres modes de fixation pourraient être envisagés : par exemple la tête de serrage 23 du boulon 21 pourrait être remplacée par un écrou de serrage vissé sur l'extrémité supérieure filetée du-boulon 21.This method of attachment allows precise mounting of the envelope, at a predetermined distance from the walls of the cavity of the piston head. Other fixing methods could be envisaged: for example the tightening head 23 of the bolt 21 could be replaced by a tightening nut screwed onto the threaded upper end of the bolt 21.

Les matériaux utilisés à la fois pour la réalisation de l'enveloppe et celle du grillage, doivent principalement posséder de très bonnes caractéristiques mécaniques aux hautes températures, c'est-à-dire à des températures égales ou supérieures à 7000C. Les matériaux pouvant être utilisés à cet usage sont du type superalliages principalement à base de nickel ou des matériaux composites tels que par exemple des carbures de silicium/carbures de silicium ou des céramiques thermo- mécaniques du type zircone ou alumine. Le grillage est de préférence métallique et soudé sur la surface supérieure du rebord de l'enveloppe.The materials used both for the production of the envelope and that of the mesh, must mainly have very good mechanical characteristics at high temperatures, that is to say at temperatures equal to or greater than 700 ° C. The materials which can be used for this purpose are of the superalloys type mainly based on nickel or on composite materials such as for example silicon carbides / silicon carbides or thermomechanical ceramics of the zirconia or alumina type. The mesh is preferably metallic and welded to the upper surface of the rim of the envelope.

Des tests réalisés sur un moteur à rapport volumétrique de 7 ont montré qu'il pouvait fonctionner à une vitesse angulaire de 500 tours/mn à vide avec une température de l'air à l'entrée du cylindre de 25oC Un moteur identique non équipé du dispositif décrit n'aurait pu fonctionner correctement que si l'air à l'entrée du cylindre avait eu une température voisine de 100°C.Tests carried out on an engine with a volumetric ratio of 7 have shown that it could operate at an angular speed of 500 rev / min when empty with an air temperature at the inlet of the cylinder of 25o C. An identical engine not equipped of the device described could not have functioned properly unless the air entering the cylinder had had a temperature in the region of 100 ° C.

Ceci démontre bien que ce dispositif permet aux moteurs à rapport volumétrique faible de fonctionner à faible charge et au ralenti sans avoir recours à un préchauffage quelconque de l'air d'admission.This clearly shows that this device allows engines with a low volumetric ratio to operate at low load and at idle without having to resort to any preheating of the intake air.

La présente invention n'est pas limitée aux formes de réalisation décrites mais peut subir différentes modifications et se présenter sous diverses variantes évidentes pour l'homme de l'art.The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described but can undergo different modifications and come in various variants obvious to those skilled in the art.

Claims (21)

1. Procédé pour améliorer le fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne, notamment un moteur à faible rapport volumétrique comportant des pistons à tête creuse, caractérisé en ce que l'on adapte dans la cavité de la tête (11) des pistons un organe (13, 14) pour accumuler de l'énergie calorifique pendant la phase de combustion et pour la restituer pendant la phase d'admission et de compression.1. Method for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine, in particular an engine with low volumetric ratio comprising pistons with hollow head, characterized in that a member is fitted in the cavity of the head (11) of the pistons (13, 14) to accumulate heat energy during the combustion phase and to restore it during the intake and compression phase. 2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que cet organe pour accumuler puis restituer de l'énergie calorifique comporte une enveloppe (13) en forme de cuvette.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that this member for accumulating and then restoring heat energy comprises an envelope (13) in the form of a bowl. 3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'on fixe par-dessus cette enveloppe (13) un grillage (14) favorisant les échanges d'énergie thermique.3. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that one fixes over this envelope (13) a grid (14) promoting the exchange of thermal energy. 4. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'on fixe ladite enveloppe (13) dans la cavité (12) de la tête (11) de piston (10), d'une manière qui ménage un espace entre les parois intérieures concaves de la cavité (12) de la tête de piston et les parois extérieures convexes de l'enveloppe (13).4. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that said envelope (13) is fixed in the cavity (12) of the head (11) of the piston (10), in a manner which provides a space between the walls concave interior of the cavity (12) of the piston head and the convex exterior walls of the casing (13). 5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que l'on ménage des orifices d'équilibrage de la pression dans les parois de l'enveloppe (13) pour assurer une communication entre la cavité intérieure de l'enveloppe et l'espace intermédiaire délimité par les parois extérieures de cette enveloppe et les parois intérieures de la cavité de la tête de piston.5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that pressure equalization orifices are provided in the walls of the envelope (13) to ensure communication between the interior cavity of the envelope and the space intermediate defined by the outer walls of this envelope and the inner walls of the cavity of the piston head. 6. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'on . réalise un rétrécissement de l'enveloppe (13) au voisinage de son bord supérieur et autour du grillage (14).6. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that. shrinks the envelope (13) near its upper edge and around the mesh (14). 7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise au mois une préforme métallique pour lui donner.la forme d'au moins une partie de cuvette, et en ce que l'on assemble cette partie avec d'autres parties embouties et/ou usinées dans la masse pour réaliser ladite enveloppe pourvue dudit rétrécissement formant un rebord annulaire plan (15).7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that a metallic preform is produced at least to give it the form of at least one part of a bowl, and in that this part is assembled with other parts stamped and / or machined in the mass to produce said envelope provided with said narrowing forming a planar annular rim (15). 8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) et le grillage (14) sont réalisés en alliage métallique et en ce que l'on fixe le grillage (14) au rebord (15) de l'enveloppe (13) par soudure.8. Method according to claim 7, characterized in that the envelope (13) and the mesh (14) are made of metal alloy and in that the mesh (14) is fixed to the flange (15) of the envelope (13) by welding. 9. Dispositif pour améliorer le fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne et notamment d'un moteur à faible rapport volumétrique. comportant des pistons à tête creuse, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un organe (13, 14) pour accumuler de l'énergie calorifique pendant la phase de combustion et pour la restituer pendant les phases d'admission et de compression.9. Device for improving the operation of an internal combustion engine and in particular of an engine with a low volumetric ratio. comprising hollow-head pistons, characterized in that it comprises a member (13, 14) for accumulating heat energy during the combustion phase and for restoring it during the intake and compression phases. 10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que ledit organe pour accumuler puis restituer de l'énergie calorifique comporte une enveloppe (13) en forme de cuvette.10. Device according to claim 9, characterized in that said member for accumulating and then restoring heat energy comprises an envelope (13) in the form of a bowl. 11. Dispositif selon la revendication 10. caractérisé en ce que ledit organe pour accumuler puis restituer de l'énergie calorifique comporte également un grillage (14) favorisant les échanges d'énergie thermique, fixé par-dessus ladite enveloppe.11. Device according to claim 10. characterized in that said member for accumulating and then restoring heat energy also comprises a grid (14) promoting the exchange of thermal energy, fixed over said envelope. 12. Dispositif selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que ladite enveloppe (13) est fixée dans la cavité de la tête (11) du piston (10) d'une manière qui ménage un espace entre les parois intérieures concaves de la cavité de la tête de piston et les parois extérieures convexes de l'enveloppe.12. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that said casing (13) is fixed in the cavity of the head (11) of the piston (10) in a manner which provides a space between the concave inner walls of the cavity the piston head and the convex outer walls of the casing. 13. Dispositif selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) comporte au moins un orifice traversant sa paroi de part en part pour assurer une communication entre la cavité intérieure de l'enveloppe et l'espace ménagé entre les parois extérieures de cette enveloppe et les parois intérieures de la cavité de la tête de piston.13. Device according to claim 12, characterized in that the envelope (13) comprises at least one orifice passing through its wall right through to ensure communication between the interior cavity of the envelope and the space formed between the walls outside of this casing and the inner walls of the cavity of the piston head. 14. Dispositif selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) comporte le long de son bord supérieur un rebord (15) définissant un rétrécissement du passage entre la cavité intérieure de l'enveloppe et la chambre de combustion.14. Device according to claim 10, characterized in that the envelope (13) comprises along its upper edge a flange (15) defining a narrowing of the passage between the interior cavity of the envelope and the combustion chamber. 15. Dispositif selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que le rebord (15) est constitué par le repli du bord supérieur de la paroi de l'enveloppe (13) vers l'intérieur de sa cavité, et en ce que ce rebord (15) présente une forme annulaire plane.15. Device according to claim 14, characterized in that the flange (15) is constituted by the folding of the upper edge of the wall of the envelope (13) towards the inside of its cavity, and in that this flange ( 15) has a planar annular shape. 16. Dispositif selon les revendications 11 et 15, caractérisé en ce que le grillage (14) est directement fixé audit rebord (15) de l'enveloppe (13).16. Device according to claims 11 and 15, characterized in that the grid (14) is directly fixed to said flange (15) of the envelope (13). 17. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 16, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) est fixée sur la tête de piston par des supports-distanceurs (16) dont une extrémité (18) est solidaire des pistons (10) et dont l'autre extrémité (20) est solidaire de l'enveloppe.17. Device according to any one of claims 9 to 16, characterized in that the envelope (13) is fixed to the piston head by support-spacers (16), one end (18) of which is integral with the pistons ( 10) and the other end (20) of which is integral with the envelope. 18. Dispositif selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) est fixée par l'intermédiaire de son rebord (15) par plusieurs supports allongés (16) traversant les parois de cette enveloppe par lesdits orifices d'équilibrage de la pression.18. Device according to claim 17, characterized in that the envelope (13) is fixed by means of its rim (15) by several elongated supports (16) passing through the walls of this envelope by said balancing orifices of pressure. 19. Dispositif selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que les supports allongés (16) sont constitués par des boulons (17) vissés dans des alésages filetés (19) ménagés dans le piston (10) et en ce que le rebord (15) de l'enveloppe (13) est pris entre les extrémités supérieures (20) de ces boulons et des organes de blocage (21, 23) adaptés sur ces extrémités.19. Device according to claim 18, characterized in that the elongated supports (16) consist of bolts (17) screwed into threaded bores (19) formed in the piston (10) and in that the flange (15) of the casing (13) is taken between the upper ends (20) of these bolts and of the locking members (21, 23) fitted on these ends. 20. Dispositif selon les revendication 10 et 11, caractérisé en ce que l'enveloppe (13) et le grillage (14) sont réalisés en un matériau conçu pour résister à des températures supérieures à 7000C. 20. Device according to claims 10 and 11, characterized in that the casing (13) and the mesh (14) are made of a material designed to withstand temperatures above 7000 C. 21. Moteur à combustion interne, notamment moteur à combustion interne à faible rapport volumétrique, caractérisé en ce que ses pistons sont respectivement équipés d'un dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 20.21. Internal combustion engine, especially internal combustion engine with a low volumetric ratio, characterized in that its pistons are respectively equipped with a device according to any one of claims 9 to 20.
EP84440038A 1983-09-07 1984-08-30 Combustion engine running process, device for carrying out this process and an internal-combustion engine fitted with this device Withdrawn EP0144277A1 (en)

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FR8314352 1983-09-07
FR8314352A FR2551494A1 (en) 1983-09-07 1983-09-07 METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE OPERATION OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD, AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EQUIPPED WITH SAID DEVICE

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US4863807A (en) * 1987-11-23 1989-09-05 Facet Enterprises, Inc. Multi-layered thermal insulating piston cap
BR9005376A (en) * 1990-10-18 1992-06-16 Metal Leve Sa BIPARTITE EMBULE WITH POSTIC GALLERY CLOSING AND PROCESS FOR YOUR OBTAINING
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EP2025868A1 (en) * 2007-08-10 2009-02-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Turbine blade having a turbulator at the cooling air inlet
JP7040309B2 (en) * 2018-06-14 2022-03-23 トヨタ自動車株式会社 Diesel engine control system

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US1901838A (en) * 1928-07-13 1933-03-14 Acro Ag Piston for internal combustion engines
US2914097A (en) * 1956-07-17 1959-11-24 Battinich Mitchell Filling mechanism
US3906924A (en) * 1972-05-17 1975-09-23 Elsbett L Piston with central combustion chamber for injection-type internal combustion engines
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FR2551494A1 (en) 1985-03-08
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