EP0129480B1 - Method and apparatus for making concrete structural elements, and elements made in this manner - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for making concrete structural elements, and elements made in this manner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0129480B1
EP0129480B1 EP84401234A EP84401234A EP0129480B1 EP 0129480 B1 EP0129480 B1 EP 0129480B1 EP 84401234 A EP84401234 A EP 84401234A EP 84401234 A EP84401234 A EP 84401234A EP 0129480 B1 EP0129480 B1 EP 0129480B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete
casing
tubes
windings
tube
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Expired
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EP84401234A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0129480A1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Richard
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Bouygues SA
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Bouygues SA
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Priority to AT84401234T priority Critical patent/ATE22836T1/en
Publication of EP0129480A1 publication Critical patent/EP0129480A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/40—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material
    • B28B7/46—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels characterised by means for modifying the properties of the moulding material for humidifying or dehumidifying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
    • B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
    • B28B3/08—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form with two or more rams per mould

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the manufacture of new concrete structural elements.
  • An object of the invention is to provide a process for manufacturing under acceptable industrial conditions concrete structural elements, in particular beams, having a permissible working rate in the range 50-100 MPa (Megapascals) or higher, while the permissible working rate of a conventional prestressed concrete beam is around 10-20 MPa.
  • the hoop acts as a formwork in high resistance steel; it is stretched under the effect of compression and. when the concrete has set, it seeks to resume its initial state by exerting on the concrete a compression in transverse planes.
  • fresh axial pressure is exerted on the fresh concrete, that is to say perpendicular to the thickness of the concrete and parallel to the direction in which the concrete will work when it is in service, but it is however not excluded from exerting other additional pressures on the concrete.
  • the water is drained from the concrete by one or more tubes introduced into the concrete.
  • An object of the invention is also to provide a device for manufacturing structural elements according to a method according to the invention.
  • This device comprises a tubular envelope extending along an axis, means producing a hoop around the tube and means for compressing the concrete along the axis of the envelope during the setting of the concrete.
  • one or more cables are used which are passed through the concrete and with which one pulls towards the other pressure plates located at two opposite ends of the mass of fresh concrete, a technique that resists buckling of the tube during compression.
  • this or these cables are passed through one or more drainage tubes.
  • this prestressing will be preserved or reduced or replaced by prestressing cables passing through this or these tubes and ensuring the connection with the other elements of the concrete structure.
  • a cylindrical tube 1 for example made of thin sheet metal of the order of 2 mm or made of strong cardboard or plastic, the wall of the tube having multiple drainage perforations 4 and this is surrounded.
  • the winding 2 is in contact with the tube 1 and the winding 3 surrounds the winding 2, but they are not stretched.
  • Means are provided for fixing each end of a winding relative to the corresponding end of the other winding, for example by fixing the two corresponding ends on a means which also makes it possible to maintain these ends at one end of the tube 1.
  • a example of such a means is constituted by a circle which surrounds the tube 1 which is fixed in position relative to the tube 1 and to which are fixed the two corresponding ends of the hoop wires. This circle has been identified 6 in FIG. 1. It will be understood that there exists such a circle at each end of the tube 1.
  • longitudinal drains 5 which are preferably constituted by steel tubes generally thicker than the tube 1 when the latter is made of steel, for example a wall thickness of 4 to 6 mm.
  • the material and the thickness of the tubular casing 1 are chosen so that the tube distributes the forces and resists shearing by the hoop.
  • the concrete components are introduced into the space between the outer tube 1 and the drain (s) 5, or for example a mixture of aggregates, sand, water and cement, a mixture known per se.
  • the aggregates have, a priori, the same nature as the aggregates of a conventional concrete, but are preferably chosen from the high end of the aggregates of a concrete; rock aggregates resistant to values between 200-300 MPa (certain limestones, sandstone, etc ).
  • the binder can also be a binder such as those used for conventional concretes including resin-based binders.
  • the percentages of aggregates and binder can be the same as those of conventional concretes.
  • the mixture is compressed at an axial pressure 7 of 50-150 MPa before and during setting, until the concrete has hardened, part of the water is discharged through the orifices 4 of the outer tube 1 and by the drain (s) 5 (it should be noted that the orifices 4 can be simple pores).
  • the compression is carried out constantly or not, and continuously or not.
  • the invention is not limited to a beam of circular cross section and it extends for example to beams of regular polygonal cross section or not.
  • a beam according to the invention compared to a steel beam, is approximately half as heavy for an admissible work rate of the order of half that of steel and it has the considerable advantages of a possibility. of connections between beams by pouring a concrete and joining the whole structure by prestressing.
  • a typical application which falls within the scope of the present invention is the use of beams according to the invention to constitute three-dimensional trellises intervening in bridge structures and the like.
  • a structural element according to the invention can constitute a beam, a post, a tie rod and any other part of a concrete structure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
  • Producing Shaped Articles From Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to an apparatus and method for manufacturing concrete structural elements. In order to manufacture the elements, setting of the concrete takes place in a casing (1), while the concrete is compressed with an axial pressure of at least 50 MPa and the casing is surrounded with a hoop (2,3) so as to create transverse planes of pressure.

Description

L'invention concerne la fabrication de nouveaux éléments de structure en béton.The invention relates to the manufacture of new concrete structural elements.

Un but de l'invention est de fournir un procédé pour fabriquer dans des conditions industrielles acceptables des éléments de structure en béton, notamment des poutres, ayant un taux de travail admissiblé dans la gamme 50-100 MPa (Mégapascals) ou supérieur, alors que le taux de travail admissible d'une poutre en béton précontraint classique est de l'ordre de 10-20 MPa.An object of the invention is to provide a process for manufacturing under acceptable industrial conditions concrete structural elements, in particular beams, having a permissible working rate in the range 50-100 MPa (Megapascals) or higher, while the permissible working rate of a conventional prestressed concrete beam is around 10-20 MPa.

La compression d'un béton frais, c'est-à-dire avant durcissement du béton, permet d'augmenter le taux de travail admissible du béton mais on ne connaît pas jusqu'à présent de technique pour mettre en oeuvre cette connaissance dans des conditions industriellement viables.The compression of a fresh concrete, that is to say before the concrete hardens, makes it possible to increase the permissible working rate of the concrete, but no technique has hitherto been known for implementing this knowledge in industrially viable conditions.

On y parvient, selon la présente invention, par un procédé dans lequel on réalise la prise du béton dans une enveloppe tout en comprimant le béton avec une pression axiale d'au moins 50 MPa et en entourant l'enveloppe d'une frette pour créer des plans de pression transversaux qui se combinent à la pression axiale de façon à réaliser une compression tridimensionnelle du béton.This is achieved, according to the present invention, by a process in which the concrete is set in an envelope while compressing the concrete with an axial pressure of at least 50 MPa and surrounding the envelope with a hoop to create transverse pressure planes which combine with axial pressure so as to achieve three-dimensional compression of the concrete.

Pendant la compression axiale du béton, la frette agit comme un coffrage en acier à haute résistance; elle se tend sous l'effet de la compression et. quand le béton a fait prise, elle cherche à reprendre son état initial en exerçant sur le béton une compression dans des plans transversaux.During the axial compression of the concrete, the hoop acts as a formwork in high resistance steel; it is stretched under the effect of compression and. when the concrete has set, it seeks to resume its initial state by exerting on the concrete a compression in transverse planes.

Pour fabriquer une poutre rectiligne, on utilise une enveloppe s'étendant selon un axe et on comprime le béton suivant cet axe, cette compression longitudinale créant dans le béton des poussées transversales qui mettent la frette en tension autour de l'enveloppe tubulaire.To manufacture a rectilinear beam, an envelope extending along an axis is used and the concrete is compressed along this axis, this longitudinal compression creating in the concrete transverse thrusts which put the hoop in tension around the tubular envelope.

De préférence, on éxerce sur le béton frais une pression axiale uniquement, c'ést-à-dire perpendiculaire à l'épaisseur du béton et parallèle au sens dans lequel le béton travaillera lorsqu'il sera en service, mais il n'est cependant pas exclu d'exercer d'autres pressions complémentaires sur le béton.Preferably, only fresh axial pressure is exerted on the fresh concrete, that is to say perpendicular to the thickness of the concrete and parallel to the direction in which the concrete will work when it is in service, but it is however not not excluded from exerting other additional pressures on the concrete.

Avantageusement, pendant la compression, on draine l'eau du béton par un ou plusieurs tubes introduits au sein du béton.Advantageously, during compression, the water is drained from the concrete by one or more tubes introduced into the concrete.

Un but de l'invention est aussi de fournir un dispositif pour fabriquer des éléments de structure suivant un procédé conforme à l'invention.An object of the invention is also to provide a device for manufacturing structural elements according to a method according to the invention.

Ce dispositif comprend une enveloppe tubulaire s'étendant suivant un axe, des moyens réalisant une frette autour du tube et des moyens pour comprimer le béton suivant l'axe de l'enveloppe pendant la prise du béton.This device comprises a tubular envelope extending along an axis, means producing a hoop around the tube and means for compressing the concrete along the axis of the envelope during the setting of the concrete.

De préférence, pour comprimer le béton frais, on utilise un ou des câbles que l'on fait passer à travers le béton et avec lesquels on tire l'une vers l'autre des plaques de pression situées à deux extrémités opposées de la masse de béton frais, technique qui permet de résister au flambage du tube pendant la compression.Preferably, to compress the fresh concrete, one or more cables are used which are passed through the concrete and with which one pulls towards the other pressure plates located at two opposite ends of the mass of fresh concrete, a technique that resists buckling of the tube during compression.

Avantageusement, on fait passer ce ou ces câbles dans un ou des tubes de drainage.Advantageously, this or these cables are passed through one or more drainage tubes.

Ultérieurement, c'est-à-dire après le durcissement du béton, cette précontrainte sera conservée ou diminuée ou remplacée par des câbles de précontrainte passant dans ce ou ces tubes et assurant la liaison avec les autres éléments de la structure en béton.Subsequently, that is to say after the hardening of the concrete, this prestressing will be preserved or reduced or replaced by prestressing cables passing through this or these tubes and ensuring the connection with the other elements of the concrete structure.

On décrira ci-après un exemple d'un tel dispositif en référence aux figures du dessin joint sur lequel:

  • - la figure 1 est une coupe longitudinale d'une poutre, en cours de fabrication, conformément à la présente invention, et
  • - la figure 2 est une coupe transversale de la poutre de la figure 1.
An example of such a device will be described below with reference to the figures of the attached drawing in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a longitudinal section of a beam, during manufacture, in accordance with the present invention, and
  • - Figure 2 is a cross section of the beam of Figure 1.

On dispose, de préférence verticalement, un tube cylindrique 1, par exemple en tôle mince d'épaisseur de l'ordre de 2 mm ou en carton fort ou en plastique, la paroi du tube présentant de multiples perforations de drainage 4 et on entoure ce tube d'une double frette constituée par deux fils 2, 3 en acier à haute résistance qui sont enroulés en hélice autour du tube, respectivement dans le sens horaire et dans le sens anti-horaire. A ce stade du procédé, l'enroulement 2 est en contact avec le tube 1 et l'enroulement 3 entoure l'enroulement 2 mals ils ne sont pas tendus.There is, preferably vertically, a cylindrical tube 1, for example made of thin sheet metal of the order of 2 mm or made of strong cardboard or plastic, the wall of the tube having multiple drainage perforations 4 and this is surrounded. tube of a double hoop constituted by two wires 2, 3 made of high-strength steel which are wound in a helix around the tube, respectively clockwise and counterclockwise. At this stage of the process, the winding 2 is in contact with the tube 1 and the winding 3 surrounds the winding 2, but they are not stretched.

Des moyens sont prévus pour fixer chaque extrémité d'un enroulement relativement à l'extrémité correspondante de l'autre enroulement, par exemple en fixant les deux éxtrémités correspondantes sur un moyen qui permet également de maintenir ces extrémités à une extrémité du tube 1. Un exemple d'un tel moyen est constitué par un cercle qui entoure le tube 1 qui est fixe en position par rapport au tube 1 et auquel sont fixées les deux éxtrémités correspondantes des fils de frette. Ce cercle a été repéré 6 sur la figure 1. On comprendra qu'il existé un tel cercle à chaque extrémité du tube 1.Means are provided for fixing each end of a winding relative to the corresponding end of the other winding, for example by fixing the two corresponding ends on a means which also makes it possible to maintain these ends at one end of the tube 1. A example of such a means is constituted by a circle which surrounds the tube 1 which is fixed in position relative to the tube 1 and to which are fixed the two corresponding ends of the hoop wires. This circle has been identified 6 in FIG. 1. It will be understood that there exists such a circle at each end of the tube 1.

On dispose à l'intérieur du tube un ou plusieurs drains longitudinaux 5 qui sont de préférence constitués par des tubes d'acier généralement plus épais que le tube 1 lorsque ce dernier est en acier, soit par exemple une épaisseur de paroi de 4 à 6 mm.There are inside the tube one or more longitudinal drains 5 which are preferably constituted by steel tubes generally thicker than the tube 1 when the latter is made of steel, for example a wall thickness of 4 to 6 mm.

La matière et l'épaisseur de l'enveloppe tubulaire 1 sont choisis pour que le tube répartisse les efforts et résiste à un cisaillement par la frette.The material and the thickness of the tubular casing 1 are chosen so that the tube distributes the forces and resists shearing by the hoop.

On introduit dans l'espace compris entre le tube extérieur 1 et le ou les drains 5 les composants du béton, soit par exemple un mélange d'agrégats, de sable, d'eau et de ciment, mélange connu en soi. Les agrégats ont, à priori, même nature que les agrégats d'un béton classique, mais sont de préférence choisis dans le haut de gamme des agrégats d'un béton; agrégats de roche résistants à des valeurs comprises entre 200-300 MPa (certains calcaires, grès, etc...). Le liant peut égalément être un liant tel que ceux utilisés pour les bétons classiques y compris les liants à base de résine. Les pourcentages d'agrégats et de liant peuvent être les mêmes que ceux des bétons classiques.The concrete components are introduced into the space between the outer tube 1 and the drain (s) 5, or for example a mixture of aggregates, sand, water and cement, a mixture known per se. The aggregates have, a priori, the same nature as the aggregates of a conventional concrete, but are preferably chosen from the high end of the aggregates of a concrete; rock aggregates resistant to values between 200-300 MPa (certain limestones, sandstone, etc ...). The binder can also be a binder such as those used for conventional concretes including resin-based binders. The percentages of aggregates and binder can be the same as those of conventional concretes.

On comprime le mélange à une pression axiale 7 de 50-150 MPa avant et pendant la prise, jusqu'au durcissement du béton dont une partie de l'eau est évacuée par les orifices 4 du tube extérieur 1 et par le ou les drains 5 (il est à noter que les orifices 4 peuvent être de simples pores).The mixture is compressed at an axial pressure 7 of 50-150 MPa before and during setting, until the concrete has hardened, part of the water is discharged through the orifices 4 of the outer tube 1 and by the drain (s) 5 (it should be noted that the orifices 4 can be simple pores).

Pour réaliser la pression axiale tout en évitant un flambage du tube, on préconise, selon l'invention, de rapprocher l'une de l'autre deux plaques introduites respectivement à une extrémité et à l'autre extrémité du tube. Ce rapprochement est obtenu par exemple au moyen d'un ou plusieurs câbles de précontrainte passant longitudinalement dans le béton et tirés par un vérin. On a schématisé un tel dispositif sur la figure 1 où l'on voit les deux plaques de pression 8, 9 dont l'une est tirée vers l'autre par des câbles 10, 11 actionnés par un vérin 12 qui prend appui sur l'autre plaque. Avantageusement, les câbles 10, 11 passent dans des tubes de drainage 5.To achieve axial pressure while avoiding buckling of the tube, it is recommended, according to the invention, to bring one of the other two plates introduced respectively at one end and at the other end of the tube. This approximation is obtained for example by means of one or more prestressing cables passing longitudinally through the concrete and pulled by a jack. We schematized such a device in Figure 1 where we see the two pressure plates 8, 9 one of which is pulled towards the other by cables 10, 11 actuated by a jack 12 which is supported on the other plate. Advantageously, the cables 10, 11 pass through drainage tubes 5.

La compression est réalisée de façon constante ou non, et de façon continue ou non.The compression is carried out constantly or not, and continuously or not.

Sous l'effet de la compression longitudinale du béton, les frettes se tendent et on réalise ainsi une compression triaxiale, les frettes réalisant des plans de pression transversaux et la pression axiale réalisant la pression dans la troisième dimension.Under the effect of the longitudinal compression of the concrete, the frets tighten and a triaxial compression is thus produced, the frets realizing transverse pressure planes and the axial pressure realizing the pressure in the third dimension.

Dans certains cas, et notamment pour les poutres de grande longueur, il est prévu de réaliser l'opération par couches successives de béton, en attendant la prise d'une couche pour réaliser la couche suivante.In certain cases, and in particular for very long beams, it is planned to carry out the operation by successive layers of concrete, while waiting for a layer to be taken to make the next layer.

L'invention n'est pas limitée à une poutre de section droite circulaire et elle s'étend par exemple à des poutres de section droite polygonale régulière ou non.The invention is not limited to a beam of circular cross section and it extends for example to beams of regular polygonal cross section or not.

Une poutre conforme à l'invention, comparativement à une poutre en acier, est environ deux fois moins lourde pour un taux de travail admissible de l'ordre de la moitié de celui de l'acier et elle présenté les avantages considérables d'une possibilité de liaisons entre poutres par coulage d'un béton et d'assemblage à l'ensemble de la structure par précontrainte.A beam according to the invention, compared to a steel beam, is approximately half as heavy for an admissible work rate of the order of half that of steel and it has the considerable advantages of a possibility. of connections between beams by pouring a concrete and joining the whole structure by prestressing.

Une application typique qui rentre dans le cadre de la présente invention est l'utilisation des poutres conformes à l'invention pour constituer des treillis tridimensionnels intervenant dans des structures de pont et analogues.A typical application which falls within the scope of the present invention is the use of beams according to the invention to constitute three-dimensional trellises intervening in bridge structures and the like.

Un élément de structure conforme à l'invention peut constituer une poutre, un poteau, un tirant et tout autre partie d'une structure en béton.A structural element according to the invention can constitute a beam, a post, a tie rod and any other part of a concrete structure.

Claims (16)

1. A process for producing a concrete structural element wherein the concrete is set in a casing (1) while the concrete is compressed, characterised in that the concrete is ccmpressed axially with an axial pressure of at least 50 MPa and that the casing (1) is surrounded by a hooping means (2, 3) to create transverse pressure planes.
2. A process according to claim 1 characterised by using a pressure in the range of from 50 to 150 MPa.
3. A process according to one of the preceding claims characterised in that during the compression step water is drained from the concrete by way of one or more tubes (5) introduced within the concrete.
4. Apparatus for carrying out a process according to one of the preceding claims characterised in that it comprises a tubular casing (1) extending along an axis, means (2, 3) for providing a hooping effect around the tube and means (8-12) for compressing the concrete along the axis of the casing during setting of the concrete.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 characterised in that the hooping means comprises at least two helicoidal windings (2, 3) around the casing, said two windings being wound in opposite directions of winding relative to each other and having fixed ends.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 characterised in that the two ends of the windings (2, 3) which are disposed at the same end of the tubular casing (1) are fixed to a ring (6) which extends around the casing (1).
7. Apparatus according to claim 5 or claim 6 characterised in that one of the windings (2) is in contact with the casing (1) and is surrounded by the other winding (3).
8. Apparatus according to one of claims 4 to 6 characterised by using a casing (1) which is capable of distributing the force and resisting a shearing effect by the hooping means.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 characterised in that said tubular casing (1) is a thin-wall steel tube possibly comprising drainage perforations (4).
10. Apparatus according to one of claims 4 to 9 and which further comprises one or more tubes (5) disposed longitudinally in the concrete to drain water from the concrete during compression.
11. Apparatus according to one of claims 4 to 10 characterised in that the means (8-12) for compressing the concrete comprise pressure plates (8-9) disposed at the two longitudinal ends of the casing and one or more cables (10,11) which pass longitudinally through the mass of concrete and which apply to one of the plates at least a traction force towards the other plate.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11 characterised in that said cables (10, 11) pass through tubes (5).
13. Apparatus according to claim 12 characterised in that the cables (10, 11) pass through drainage tubes (5).
14. A structural element produced by using the process according to one of claims 1 to 3 or the apparatus according to one of claims 4 to 13 characterised in that said element essentially comprises a concrete-filled tube (1) surrounded by at least two helicoidal windings (2,3) with opposite directions of winding.
15. A structural element according to claim 14 characterised in that it is prestressed by reinforcing means passing through tubes (5) which extend longitudinally through the mass of concrete.
16. A structural element according to one of claims 14 and 15 characterised in that said element is a beam having an admissible working load in the range of 50 to 100 MPa or higher.
EP84401234A 1983-06-17 1984-06-15 Method and apparatus for making concrete structural elements, and elements made in this manner Expired EP0129480B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84401234T ATE22836T1 (en) 1983-06-17 1984-06-15 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND ELEMENTS MANUFACTURED IN THIS WAY.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR8310057A FR2547526B1 (en) 1983-06-17 1983-06-17 PROCESS AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND THE COMPONENTS THUS MANUFACTURED
FR8310057 1983-06-17

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EP0129480A1 EP0129480A1 (en) 1984-12-27
EP0129480B1 true EP0129480B1 (en) 1986-10-15

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US (1) US4529567A (en)
EP (1) EP0129480B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS6059269A (en)
AT (1) ATE22836T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1245038A (en)
DE (1) DE3460945D1 (en)
EG (1) EG17231A (en)
FR (1) FR2547526B1 (en)

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CN113417221B (en) * 2021-07-24 2022-12-27 山西中海威轨道交通工程有限公司 First-aid device for bridge fracture
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US4529567A (en) 1985-07-16
FR2547526A1 (en) 1984-12-21
ATE22836T1 (en) 1986-11-15
EP0129480A1 (en) 1984-12-27
CA1245038A (en) 1988-11-22
DE3460945D1 (en) 1986-11-20
EG17231A (en) 1990-10-30
FR2547526B1 (en) 1986-03-21
JPH0474503B2 (en) 1992-11-26
JPS6059269A (en) 1985-04-05

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