Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
  • B64C29/00—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft
  • B64C29/0008—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded
  • B64C29/0041—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by jet motors
  • B64C29/0075—Aircraft capable of landing or taking-off vertically, e.g. vertical take-off and landing [VTOL] aircraft having its flight directional axis horizontal when grounded the lift during taking-off being created by jet motors the motors being tiltable relative to the fuselage
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
  • B64C15/00—Attitude, flight direction, or altitude control by jet reaction
  • B64C15/02—Attitude, flight direction, or altitude control by jet reaction the jets being propulsion jets
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
  • B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
  • B64C3/00—Wings
  • B64C3/38—Adjustment of complete wings or parts thereof
  • B64C3/385—Variable incidence wings

Definitions

• the invention relates to a short takeoff and landing (STOL) or vertical short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft in which the engines are positioned upwardly on the wings to permit upper surface blowing, that is, jet exhaust over the wings.
• STOL short takeoff and landing
• V/STOL vertical short takeoff and landing
• U.S. Patent No. 2,007,319 discloses an engine for driving a propeller and having an auxiliary wing attached, centered above the aircraft wing, the engine propeller and auxiliary wing being tiltable to provide variable lifting power or to meet peculiar conditions of operation, either while the airplane is on the ground or in flight.
• U.S. Patent No. 2,657,882 discloses an airplane wing support structure which automatically compensates or neutralizes improper manipulation of the airplane so that the angle of attack of the wing is always maintained within predetermined close limits so that control and lift of the
• _.OMPi plane are maintained at all times.
• U.S. Patent No. 2,941,752 a trim surface in an aircraft is located forwardly of the center of gravity so as to be effective only at flight attitudes in which excessive stability is available and is of such size and so located relative to the center of gravity of the wing as to permit attainment of the required amount of stability at high values of lift coefficient.
• the trim surface is a retractable auxiliary airfoil.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,190,583 an airplane is disclosed having one or more adjustable airfoil surfaces whidh may be disposed to shorten the distance required for takeoff as well as landing of the airplane. When in flight, the airfoil surfaces may be positioned to increase or decrease the lift.
• the present invention is comprised of an aircraft having gull-shaped wings with turbofan engines on each of the ascending portions of the gull-shaped wings and has turbojet lift/boost engines, one on each side of the lower
• Each wing is adapted to be tilted and translated by a respective varying incidence and translation device.
• the net vertical takeoff thrust/engine installed weight for the present invention is of the order 5.5 compared to about 4 for the prior art cross-shafted designs.
• the wing tilt feature provides additional vectoring capability needed for vertical takeoff and landing; that is, the wing tilt requirement is about 30° to provide a thrust vectoring capability of about 110° .
• the wing translation provides a center of gravity travel trim and critical engine out moment trim. Thrust vectoring of turbofan engines is accomplished by a combination of upper surface blowing and wing tilt while the lift/boost lower turbojet engines are vectored by swiveling nozzles, the swiveling being made possible by variably directed cascades or ball and socket, rotatable nozzles.
• Critical engine out lateral trim is accomplished by a combination of airplane bank and differential vectoring by the lift/boost engines.
• variable incidence, translating wing allows the incorporation of a light, short, tandem landing gear and smaller horizontal tail because nose wheel rotation is not required.
• the attendant weight saving compensates for the variable incidence and translation mechanism provided in the invention.
• two upper surface blowing turbofan engines for example, TF34 and two turbojet lift/boost engines, for example, RB162 # are provided.
• UMPI available for lifting a vertical takeoff aircraft weight on the order of 32,000 lbs., and a critical engine out vertical landing weight of 23,000 lbs. is possible.
• the present invention provides a concept which embodies excellent short takeoff and landing or short takeoff and vertical landing qualities through induced lift, a quality considered mandatory for successful V/STOL aircraft. It has been found that during the varying of - the incidence and translating of the wings and of the upper surface blowing engines there are no high angle of attack inlet flow problems and that there are a low distortion and high recovery. Further, because the upper surface blowing engines are above the wing and are close to the center line, induced moments due to differential thrust are low, and aerodynamic interference with the fuselage is minimal.
• Fig. 1 is a pictorial view of a V/STOL and STOL type aircraft according to the invention
• Fig. 2 is a side elevational view of the aircraft shown in Fig. 1;
• Fig. 3 is a fragmentary plan view of the aircraft shown in Fig. 1;
• Fig. 4 is an elevational view of a variable incidence and translation device for tilting and translating the engines and wings, according to the invention
• Fig. 5 is a fragmentary elevational view of the aircraft, illustrating tilted and various translated positions of the wings and engines according to the invention
• Fig. 6 is a front elevational view of the aircraft
• Fig. 7 is a fragmentary view of the aircraft illustrating the vectoring of the engines when all engines are operating normally;
• Fig. 8 illustrates a position in which the aircraft is laterally trimmed when one of the wing engines is out and illustrates the vectoring of the other three operating engines;
• Fig. 9 is a view illustrating the trim and vectoring of the aircraft engines when the two upper engines are operating and the lift/boost engine on the right is not operating.
• STOL short takeoff and landing
• V/STOL vertical/short takeoff and landing
• the aircraft has two upper jet engines 12 and 14, having nacelles 16 and 18 which are mounted on ascending portions
• the wings have downwardly directed end portions 36 and 38 and flaps 40 and
• the engines which may be the turbofan type, are positioned for upper surface blowing over the surfaces of the ascending portions 24 and 26 of the gull-shaped wings and over flaps 46 and 48 which are directly acted upon by the jet exhausts of the engines 12 and 14.
• the engines are positioned closely inwardly to the longitudinal center of the aircraft and to cockpit 50 so that there is a minimum of critical engine out induced lateral moment.
• Each of the wing portions 24 and 26 are connected, Fig. 4, to a wing variable incidence and translation device generally designated as 52.
• Each device 52 is fixed within a frame portion 54 within the fuselage 56 under a respective engine and ascending wing portion 24 and 26.
• Pivotally mounted to the lower part of each frame 54 at 60 is a wing and engine support bar 62, terminating at its upper end in a horizontal support member 64.
• the support members 64 are fixed within the wing portions 24 and 26 and are connected to the engine nacelles in each situation.
• a supporting bar 66 extends horizontally within the support 64.
• a bar 68 Extending forwardly from the supporting member 64 and fixed thereto is a bar 68, being pivotally connected at its forward end 70 to a piston rod 72, having its inner end and piston within an actuator 74, secured at its lower end in a pivotal connection 76 in the frame 54.
• the actuator 74 which is operable by fluid means, not shown, is adapted to tilt a respective wing on its support 62 and when the piston rod, as shown in Fig. 4, is caused to be extended.
• a rotary actuator 80 is secured to the frame 54 at its rearward end, the actuator being driven by rotary means, not shown. Extending from the actuator is an arm 82 adapted to be pivotally moved upwardly and downwardly with respect to the center of the actuator, the link 82 being pivotally connected to a link 84 which in turn is pivotally connected to the support bar 62.
• the link 82 is moved rearwardly so as to translate a respective., wing and engine (26, 14) as shown by the phantom outline 86 in Fig. 5. This moves the wing 26 rearwardly with respect to the center of gravity, indicated at 90.
• the engine and wing may be tilted upwardly by the actuator 74 by the extension of rod 72.
• the rotary actuator 80 When the rotary actuator 80 is rotated clockwise the link 84 pivots the support 80 to move the member 64 in the arc shown to move a respective engine forwardly with respect to the center of gravity as indicated by the phantom outline 94, Fig. 5.
• the flaps 46 and 48 are in two parts 98 and 100, being deflected and raised by actuators 102 and 104 respectively, Fig. 4. Thus, when the wings are tilted and translated as shown in Fig. 5, the flaps 46 and 48 are deflected for takeoff and landing.
• variable incidence and translation device provides for a smaller horizontal tail 120. This is made possible because the forward end of the aircraft and its forward landing gear 112, 114 need not be rotated upwardly when the aircraft takes off.
• the weight saving landing gear and smaller horizontal tail compensates for the variable incidence and translation mechanism 52.
• lift/boost engines 124 and 126 At the lower sides of the airplane are lift/boost engines 124 and 126. They may be turbojet engines such as RB162. The engines 124 and 126 have inlets 130 and 132 which are closable by a rotary actuator 136 as indicated in Fig. 6. Each engine has swivel nozzles 138 and 140, respectively. The nozzles may be set in a ball and socket arrangement 142 so as to be rotatable by means of an
• OMPI actuator 144, Fig. 5, and in addition may have cascades 146 which may also be operated by the actuator to direct the flow of the exhaust which is also possible by means of the rotation of the exhaust in the ball and socket arrangement.
• the wing tilt feature shown in Fig. 5 provides additional vectoring capability, indicated by the arrows 150, 152 and 154, needed for vertical takeoff and landing. In the arrangement shown, a 30° tilt provides a 110° vectoring when the flaps 48 are deflected as shown in Fig. 5.
• the wing translation indicated by all three positions of the engine and wing in Fig. 5, provides center of gravity travel trim and critical engine out moment trim, shown in Figs. 7-9, where the center of gravity is indicated longitudinally at 158.
• Fig. 7 The normal position of the aircraft is shown in Fig. 7 with the thrust vectoring of the upper engines 12 and 14 as indicted by the arrows 160 and 162. This i-s accomplished- by a combination of the upper surface blowing and the wing tilt, Fig. 5, while the lower engines are vectored by the swiveling nozzles as indicated by the arrows 164 and 166.
• Fig. 8 where the engine 14 is out, the aircraft is laterally trimmed as shown by the ascending wing portion 24 in the horizontal position, the thrust vector of the engine 12 being indicated by the arrow 170. This position is maintained by a combination of airplane bank and the differential vectoring by the lower engines as indicated at 172 and 174.
• wing portion 26 is banked substantially upwardly and the wing portion 24 is banked slightly downwardly, that is, lower than its normal position.
• the three arrows 180, 182 and 184 indicate the thrust vectoring achieved as required by the engine 124 being out.
• the engines 124 and 126 are not used during cruise flight, and the engines 12 and 14 in the normal horizontal positions are used for cruise flight along with the typical flaps 40 and 42.
• the ability to translate the wings and engines provides for center of gravity trim, maneuverability pitch, and force trim when an engine is out.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Toys (AREA)
• Transmission Devices (AREA)

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• 1982
  • 1982-09-29 EP EP19830900087 patent/EP0120008A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1982-09-29 WO PCT/US1982/001357 patent/WO1984001341A1/en not_active Ceased

Non-Patent Citations (2)

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