EP0111941A2 - Tray for distillation and/or absorption columns - Google Patents

Abstract

A plate for columns performing distillation and/or absorption processes in which through openings in the plate body are provided with an inlet weir and with an outlet weir and in such openings inserts (8-21; 30) are fixedly mounted containing through holes with changing cross-sections, each insert (8-12; 30) contains a through hole which with respect to the flow direction of vapor and/or gas has an inlet zone (19;25) with an inwardly decreasing cross-section, an intermediate cylindrical zone (20, 26) connected thereto and, as a continuation thereof, an outlet zone (21;27) having an outwardly increasing cross-section; the plate body (2) and the upper surface of the inserts (8-12; 30) are aligned in a common or essentially common plane and, at least some of the inserts (8-12; 30); have through holes with their geometrical axis (x) being inclined under an acute angle ( alpha ) with respect to the upper plane of the plate body (2).

Description

The invention relates to a tray for distillation and / or absorption columns, in the bottom plate of which is provided with an inlet and discharge weir, through holes.

Many types of distillation and / or absorption columns are known. The bottom columns are the most widespread among them. The aim of the trays is to bring the vapor and / or gas flowing upwards in the column into intimate contact with the liquid flowing downwards. A distinction is made between floors with and without drain; the former are generally called bell, valve and sieve trays, depending on the construction elements used to touch both phases (bells, valves, holes); the combination of the latter ten floor types occur.

The modern sieve trays can - with regard to the main flow direction of the liquid - single or multi-flow crossflow - or centrifugal trays, on the base plates of which - perpendicular to the plate plane - circular, drilled or punched holes with a diameter of 10-15 mm in the corner points of Quadrilaterals or triangles, while the distance between the centers of the holes is 20-45 mm.

The modern sieve trays can be evaluated (just like the other floor types) according to procedural and operational aspects as well as the cost. Today it is not yet possible to take all three factors into account at the same time. Therefore, the sieve trays cannot be identified by an objective size. So you can consider the above factors as a single size and compare it with the corresponding data of other soils.

The procedural assessment extends - with a given construction, with a mixture and / or with a defined gas and liquid composition, with constant steam and / or gas, as well as liquid throughput (m ³ / h) - to the one in question in industrial practice coming range of the steam and / or gas velocity related to the whole cross section of the floor, to the hydraulic resistance of the working floor (pressure loss); also on the efficiency of the soil in the range of steam and / or gas velocity that is considered in industrial practice. The three sizes just mentioned are not independent of each other because the pressure loss caused by the floors and the floor efficiency depend on the steam and / or gas velocity. Soil efficiency is understood to mean the ratio of the separation actually achieved to that separation which could be achieved if there was a thermodynamic equilibrium on the ground. Separation can be understood as the result of a distillation or absorption process; a liquid is separated from another liquid, for example alcohol from water, by distillation; by absorption, one component is separated from a gas mixture by dissolving it in a liquid, for example C0 ₂ in water.

Since the sieve trays only have a few influencing constructional dimensions (bottom diameter, length and height of the drain weir, hole diameter, hole pitch, thickness of the base plate) from a procedural point of view, the respective influence of this mass on the steam velocity, pressure loss and efficiency can be examined individually. It should be said that the ratio of the bottom diameter and the weir length is generally 0.6-0.7 for a single-flow crossflow floor, but 0.5-0.6 for double-flow floors. The drainage weir height is max. 20 mm, because a higher drain weir only results in a greater hydraulic resistance of the floor (pressure loss). This design principle is based on the fact that has been proven by experiments that a large part of the mass exchange between the steam and / or gas as well as the liquid currently takes place at the point of contact of both phases. Therefore, neither the steam, the gas, nor the liquid requires a long path.

The optimal division factor (the dimensionless ratio of the distance between the hole centers and the hole diameter), as proven by experiments (Chemie Ing. Technik., 34, /1962./ No. 4 p. 290.), is about 2.8. In the case of a narrower division, the efficiency of the soil becomes lower, since the steam and / or gas streams which rise through the relatively large holes which are too close to one another combine to form large bubbles gene, whereby the mass transfer or the efficiency is adversely affected. Although the number and total cross-section of the holes to be made on a floor could be increased by narrowing the holes, which would result in lower pressure loss, the above-mentioned decrease in efficiency is generally not dampened. On the other hand, increasing the division factor beyond the optimum (2.8) leads to an increased pressure loss and, at the same time, to a poorer efficiency because a significant amount of such liquid remains between the holes which are set at too great intervals and which with the rising steam and / or gas does not primarily come into contact.

The three most important requirements for assessing operational issues are as follows: no blockage of the holes; no raining of the liquid through the holes in countercurrent with the steam and / or gas; a wide load range of the sieve plate with constant efficiency.

Increasing the steam and / or gas speed leads to an increase in production (e.g. to a large amount of distilate), with a decrease in production being achieved by a reduced steam and / or gas speed.

Raining through the liquid through the holes of a sieve plate takes place at low steam and / or gas velocities at which the liquid content of the plate is not maintained by the kinetic energy of the steam and / or gas flowing up. By stopping this raining, the lower steam and / or gas load limit of a sieve plate is set. From there, the efficiency of a modern sieve plate remains constant, with the pressure loss constantly increasing.

First, the biggest operational advantage of modern sieve trays, mentioned above, is keeping them constant the soil efficiency in a wide load range, secondly the fact that the holes of relatively large diameter do not become blocked. The disadvantage is that the clear, foam-free liquid flowing to a floor has a greater density than the liquid already flowing through steam and / or gas at another point on the floor. As a result, there is more rain in the vicinity of the liquid inlet than in other parts of the floor, because the hydrostatic pressure of the foam-free liquid is lower than that of a liquid with foam. In order to counteract the raining through, the base plate is designed obliquely in the side of the inlet according to a known construction principle, or the entire base is installed in an inclined position in the direction of the main liquid flow. Such construction measures influence the price of the sieve trays - of course unfavorably.

The steam and / or gas load area to be reached on modern sieve trays can - because of the complicated interrelationships - only be determined empirically. Due to the low number of influencing construction masses and their relative simplicity, modern sieve trays are among the cheapest types of soil. They behave - in comparison to the much more expensive valve and / or valve sieve trays - procedurally only in the higher steam and / or gas load range, the sieve trays become unfavorable only with increasing pressure loss.

From an operational point of view, the sieve tray bessaries cut off as the valve or valve sieve trays built from moving parts, since the moving valves are subject to wear and tear while their operational safety is jeopardized by blocking.

Attempts were made to reduce the hydraulic resistance (pressure loss) of the sieve trays by - instead of drilling or punching out sharp-edged holes - so-called steam necks protruding upwards from the base plate were flanged, as a result of which the steam and / or Gas flow enters the soil fluid through a rounded inlet. According to the tests carried out, the hydraulic resistance of a sieve plate is thus reduced on average by about 30% due to the rounding angle of the steam and / or gas inlet.

According to observations and measurements, the liquid level on a sieve tray does not remain constant, it drops due to the liquid friction from the inlet weir to the outlet weir. The level difference is particularly important for sieve trays with a large liquid load: it can even be 15 mm in relation to a floor width of 1 m. The consequence of this so-called hydraulic gradient is that more steam and / or gas flows through the sieve bottom in the vicinity of the outlet - that is, where there is a lower liquid level - than in the vicinity of the inlet. As a result, the sieve plate works unevenly, which worsens the efficiency of the entire sieve plate.

In order to eliminate the hydraulic gradient, according to a known construction, straight slots are torn between the rows of holes, which are expanded by pressing. The steam and / or gas flow emerging obliquely through the slots in the direction of the drain to the floor plate level transmits a sufficient quantity of impulses to the liquid to overcome the liquid friction, as a result of which the hydraulic gradient practically no longer occurs. Due to this rather simple design change, which also counteracts the possible back mixing of the liquid in the direction of the inlet, the efficiency of such slotted sieve trays increases significantly without a noticeable increase in hydraulic resistance (pressure loss).

Expanded metal floors, their active floors, can also be considered as a further development of the sieve plate surfaces (active floor area = total floor area - inflow and outflow area) are assembled from expanded metal segments. The openings of the mating adjacent expanded metal segments have different directions. The openings of the segments described are thus oriented in different ways. The, for example, 42x5 mm large openings in a rhomboid shape should deflect the steam and / or gas flow rising from the bottom upwards. However, since the bevels of the rhomboid openings are not unrestricted due to the manufacturing technology of the expanded metal, while their mass is much larger compared to the hole diameters of modern sieve trays (10-15 mm) and the webs by which the rhomboid openings are separated in generally have small wall thicknesses (2-3 mm), only a part of the steam and / or gas stream rising from the bottom upwards is forced to flow through at an oblique angle. For the same reasons, the steam and / or or gas flows easily into large bubbles (coalescence) .This is due to the lower efficiency of the expanded metal floors compared to well-constructed sieve floors. At the same time, the hydraulic resistance of the expanded metal floors shows - despite the free flow cross-section due to the large opening mass - due to the high steam and / or gas throughput in the par efficiency a higher value than that of a sieve plate with the same or a higher efficiency. The increasing energy requirement due to the greater pressure loss also has a disadvantageous effect.

The expanded metal trays have an additional disadvantage in that the raining through of the liquid through the large free openings can only be eliminated by a higher steam and / or gas velocity than in the case of modern sieve trays. Therefore, the expanded metal trays are particularly sensitive to stress changes or load fluctuations.

In terms of process technology, two disadvantages of expanded metal floors should be mentioned. Firstly, a deformation of the trays occurs in the column due to the action of heat, which can result in even larger opening masses. Second, the efficiency - under comparable conditions - remains significantly below e.g. of valve bottoms.

It follows from the above that the expanded metal floor is not a generally valid development in terms of process technology. With regard to operational issues, the large openings of the expanded metal do not tend to clog due to their oblique orientation. The price of expanded metal floors is also cheap. Nevertheless, due to the low efficiency and the narrow working area, they lag behind the modern sieve plates. It can therefore be said that the so-called slot sieve trays increase the efficiency of conventional sieve trays to a certain extent without reducing the hydraulic resistance (pressure loss). On the other hand, the efficiency of the expanded metal trays is inevitably lower than that of modern screen trays, although their pressure loss is only apparently cheaper.

The object of the invention is to offer a floor construction whose efficiency in a wide load range at least reaches or exceeds that of valve or valve sieve trays, with their pressure loss being lower than that of the latter floor types, with a lower risk of clogging and of rain.

Another object of the invention is that the manufacturing costs of the construction according to the invention should be lower than that of the valve or valve sieve trays. _`

• Der Wirkungsgrad des Trennvorganges auf Böden von Destillier- oder Absorptionskolonnen wird nicht durch die Widerstände gegen die molare Diffusion des Dampfes und/oder Gases sowie der Flüssigkeit (Dampf- oder Gasfilm und Flüssigkeitsfilm) bestimmt, sondern durch die Wirksamkeit des makroskopischen Mischvorganges auf den Böden. Nach Versuchsarbeiten geht
  der Stoffaustausch zwischen dem Dampf- und/oder Gas sowie der Flüssigkeit (Destillation oder Absorption) grösstenteils an der Berührungsstelle beider Phasen momentan vorsich. Deshalb hängt der Wirkungsgrad eines destillativen, oder absorptiven Stoffaustauschvorganges davon ab, mit welcher Geschwindigkeit die bereits mit Dampf und/oder Gas kontaktierte Flüssigkeitsmenge durch den Mischvorgang für die Flüssigkeit, die mit dem Dampf und/oder Gas noch nicht in Berührung kommen konnte, Platz schafft.

. The invention is based on the following findings:

• The efficiency of the separation process on soils from Distillation or absorption columns are not determined by the resistance to the molar diffusion of the steam and / or gas and the liquid (steam or gas film and liquid film), but by the effectiveness of the macroscopic mixing process on the trays. After experimental work goes
  The mass transfer between the vapor and / or gas and the liquid (distillation or absorption) largely precautions at the point of contact of the two phases. The efficiency of a distillative or absorptive mass transfer process therefore depends on the speed at which the amount of liquid already contacted with steam and / or gas creates space for the liquid through the mixing process that could not yet come into contact with the steam and / or gas .

The mixing process on the floors is carried out exclusively by the rising steam and / or gas flow by means of impulse transmission, while the liquid flow only transports the amount of liquid completely or only partially mixed with the steam and / or gas.

In relation to the above finding, the term of the phenomenon known in the art as a mixing model, or that of the mixing process, originated. ganges. The accuracy of this model is confirmed by known test results as follows.

Because the mixing effect on the soils according to the mixing model is exclusively brought about by the steam and / or gas flow, the flow direction of the steam and / or gas is to be examined in an XYZ spatial coordinate system in which X is the main direction of the liquid flow at the floor level, Y also express the direction perpendicular to this on the floor level and Z the direction perpendicular to the floor level.

The steam and / or that flows on modern sieve trays Gas - apart from any slight spiral movements - only in the vertical direction. The momentum transfer to the liquid is therefore only possible in the Z direction, which means that there is no full turbulence in the liquid phase. Therefore, the effectiveness of the liquid mixing is less than 100%. This is the basis of experience that increasing the weir height - and at the same time increasing the liquid level - beyond 20 mm on modern sieve trays does not result in a significant increase in soil efficiency.

According to the mixing model, the liquid on slotted sieve trays is mixed by the steam and / or gas flow not only in the X direction but also in the Y direction by - pulse transmission. This leads to an increase in efficiency. In principle, the same is also intended for the oblique-angled steam and / or gas entry into the soil liquid which is intended by means of expanded metal segments. The liquid mixes on floors built from expanded metal segments oriented in different directions, in the X and Y directions, and also as a result of the buoyancy force acting on the steam and / or gas flow in the Z direction. However, since part of the through the openings of the expanded metal vapor and / or gas flowing vertically due to the relatively slight inclination of the openings, the mixing effect in the X and Y directions loses effectiveness and the vertical mixing remains dominant. However, the increased mixing effect compared to the sieve trays does not lead to an increase in efficiency due to the coalescence mentioned; the mixing effect of larger bubbles is worse than that of several smaller bubbles. At the same time, the large bubbles (dispersion) caused by xoalescence cannot decay due to the imperfect fluid turbulence on the floor.

The object set is FINDINGS due to the above-described _F according to the invention by means of floors in distillation and / or dissolved absorption columns, in which with an inlet weir and - optionally - outlet weir-provided base plate are through holes, which are characterized that are fixed in the holes eyelets which - with regard to the direction of flow of the steam and / or the gas - have continuous openings with an inwardly narrowing inlet section, a subsequent cylindrical center piece and, in its continuation, an outwardly widening outlet section and that the geometric central axis of the through openings has at least a part of the eyelets forms an acute angle with the upper plane of the base plate.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the inlet section of the openings with a sloping central axis is covered at least for the most part in a plan view projection through the wall through which the through opening is delimited.

An advantageous embodiment of the base is characterized in that the inlet and outlet sections of the eyelets with an inclined central axis are formed geometrically by circular cones which have no generatrices in each point of the base circle.

It is also expedient if the points on the base circles of the inlet and outlet section, to which no generators belong, fall on or close to the same vertical.

The essence of the embodiment of the bottom is that it is enclosed by the axis of the eyelets with an oblique axis and by the upper plane of the base plate Angle is 45 ° or almost 45 °. It is advantageous if the half-cone angle of the inlet section is larger than that of the outlet section and, when the half-cone angle of the outlet section to 4 °, preferably about 3.5 ^0, is 3 °. It is also advantageous if the semi-cone angle of the inlet section is greater than the semi-cone angle of the outlet section.

According to another advantageous embodiment, the base plate and the upper plane of the eyelets are in the same plane and the edges of the inlet and / or outlet opening are rounded.

It is advantageous if the holes in the base plate and the outer surface of the eyelets are provided with screw threads and the eyelets are fastened in the holes by means of a threaded connection.

According to a further embodiment, such eyelets are installed near the inlet weir - preferably in several rows parallel to the outlet weir - in the base plate, the oblique central axes of the through openings having the same or substantially the same direction in plan view as the main direction of flow of the liquid the floor. Furthermore, it is expedient if in the base plate opposite the inlet weir - preferably in the vicinity of the outlet weir - eyelets, each with a continuous opening with a vertical geometric central axis, are preferably built in several rows parallel to one another and optionally to the outlet weir, and if Eyelets with different orientations are installed in the central area of the base plate, and finally, if there are eyelets in the edge area of the base plate, the orientation of which loosens the liquid into the interior of the base.

The diameter of the cylindrical center piece of the passage opening is preferably 5 to 80 mm.

• Fig. 1. einen einflutigen Querstromboden gemäss der Erfindung in skizzenhaften Draufsicht;
• Fig. 2. einen Zentrifugalboden in erfindungsgemässer Auslegung, gleichfalls in skizzenhafter Draufsicht ;
• Fig.3. eine Öse mit schräger Durchlauföffnung in vertikalem Achsenschnitt;
• Fig. 4. die Draufsicht der Durchlauföffnung der Öse in der Fig.3.;
• Fig. 5. die Hälfte der Öse laut Fig. 3. und Fig. 4. in perspektivischer Sicht und
• Fig.6. in vertikalem Schnitt eine Öse, die eine Öffnung mit vertikaler Mittelachse besitzt.

The invention is explained in detail below with reference to the attached figures, by which te embodiments of the floors, or the eyelets installed in the floors are shown. Show it:

• 1 shows a single-flow crossflow floor according to the invention in a sketchy plan view;
• 2 shows a centrifugal base in the design according to the invention, likewise in a sketchy top view;
• Fig. 3. an eyelet with a sloping through opening in a vertical axis section;
• Fig. 4. the top view of the passage opening of the eyelet in Fig.3 .;
• Fig. 5. half of the eyelet according to Fig. 3. and Fig. 4. in perspective and
• Fig. 6. in vertical section an eyelet that has an opening with a vertical central axis.

The one in Eig.1. Bodrn 1 shown in a sketchy plan view has a base plate 2, which is sealed at its periphery, or essentially sealed, against the inner surface of the column jacket (not shown).

The bottom 1 has an inlet weir 3 and an outlet weir 4, which are known per se, and which are each formed from, for example, approximately 20 mm high sheet metal. The direction of the liquid inlet was designated A, that of the liquid outlet, however, B. The plate parts by which the inlet segment 5 to the left of the inlet weir 3) and the outlet segment 7 (to the right of the outlet weir 4) are formed have no openings. In contrast, the plate part 6 contains between the weirs 3 and 4 eyelets with differently oriented openings 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, which e.g. at the corner points of equilateral triangles or quadrilaterals, possibly in a mixed division. Before going into the nature and purpose of orientation; an advantageous possibility of eyelet construction is presented.

3-5. shown with the reference number 8. designated as a whole, in the present case metal eyelet can be produced by precision casting or in another way, for example by turning. The eyelet 8 has a circular flange 13 with the thickness V ₁ , the circumferential surface is provided with a thread 14 and a circular one with a thread 16 Hole is screwed. The bore has the thickness V ₂ and is guided perpendicular to the base plate level (see the left part of FIG. 3). The attachment can be done by gluing, welding or in another way. The geometric central axis of the passage opening of the eyelet 8, designated as a whole with the reference number 15, encloses the angle α with the upper level 17 of the base plate 2 or with the lower level 18 of the eyelet 8. This is an acute angle, the value of which is preferably approximately 45 °. The passage opening 15 is divided into three sections 19, 20, 21. The middle section 20 is cylindrical, its diameter d remains constant over the entire length h. The lower end of the cylindrical middle piece 20 is closed by the conical inlet section 19 which widens outwards - downwards, while its upper end merges into the outlet section 21 which widens outwards - upwards. The three sections 19, 20, 21 naturally have a common geometric central axis. Both the inlet section 19 and the outlet section 21 are formed in a geometrically advantageous manner by a circular cone with an oblique axis, which has no generatrix starting from a K ₁ or K ₂ point lying on the base circle. In the present exemplary embodiment, the point K1 of the outlet section 21 and the point K _{2 of} the inlet section 19 fall on the same vertical. This means that there is no free opening surface seen from above or below, that the lower inlet opening 22 is covered in its entire cross section. As a result, the upward flowing vapors and / or gases are forced to flow obliquely in the X direction. There is also no vertical upward flow. The half-cone angle of the inlet section β is expediently larger than the half-cone angle of the outlet opening δ.

As can be seen in FIGS. 3-5, the through-opening, which is designated as a whole by reference number 15 and contains three sections 19, 20, 21, is designed in a venturi-like manner, since the inlet section 19 - with respect to the direction G of the steam and / or gas flow - In the direction of the cylindrical middle piece 20 with the constant diameter d (narrowing inwards, while the outlet section 21 widens (outwards) starting from the middle piece 20. The half-cone angle of the outlet (FIG. 3)) should expediently be chosen such that the dimension L _{3 of} the outlet opening 23 is equal to a maximum of 1.5 D. The level of the outlet opening 23 of the eyelet 8 coincides with the level 17 of the base plate 2, as a result of which no liquid build-up occurs The venturi-like shape of the through opening 15 leads to optimal flow conditions Hydraulic resistance can be further reduced by rounding the edges of the inlet opening 22 and the outlet opening 25.

The formation of the eyelets 9-11 according to Fig.l. can be completely identical to the eyelet 8 in Figs. 3-6. The material of the eyelets should be chosen taking into account the corrosion conditions; metals, various steels, glass and plastics can be used.

In contrast, the eyelets 12 in FIG. 1 have a vertical geometric central axis. Such an eyelet is illustrated in detail by FIG. 6, namely in a vertical axial section on a larger scale. The geometric center axis Y of the passage opening 24 is also the axis of symmetry of the eyelet. In this case, too, the through opening 24 consists of three sections: from the inlet section 25, which becomes narrower towards the inside with respect to the flow direction of the steam and / or the gas, indicated by the arrow G, from the center piece 26 with a constant diameter d, and from which outwardly conically widening outlet section 27. The semi-cone winch Keiss of the vertical inlet section 25 with a circular cone cross-section is greater than the semi-cone angle α of the outlet section 27. On the outer lateral surface of the eyelet 12 formed as a whole to the cylindrical body is the thread 14. The edges of the inlet opening 28 and the outlet opening 29 are also in this Case rounded appropriately.

In Fig. 1, in which only a part of the eyelets has been shown for the sake of clarity, it can be seen that the eyelets 8 are arranged in the area directly adjacent to the inlet weir 3 such that the top view projection of the oblique geometric central axes of their openings is perpendicular to. Projection of the inlet weir 3 stands. This is clearly illustrated by the arrows. In the exemplary embodiment, such eyelets are placed in two rows parallel to the inlet weir; however, the number of rows depends on the steam and / or gas throughput and the liquid throughput (m ³ / h). Subsequently, eyelets 9, 10 with different orientations are mounted in rows in the base plate, the orientations of which are well represented by the arrows; the geometrical axes of the openings enclose angles of opposite direction in the top view projection with the projection of the central axes of the eyelets 8. In the edge area of the floor 1 are - as regards the _n auptströmungs- direction of the liquid - forward and set somewhat directed towards the bottom inside eyelets. 11 Finally, 4 eyelets 12 with a vertical geometric axis are installed in two rows parallel to the weir; No arrows have been drawn for this.

The liquid flowing over the inlet weir 3 onto the plate part 6 reaches the area of the eyelets 8 according to the arrow A. The eyelets 8 are oriented in such a way that the liquid due to the through the eyelets flowing steam and / or gas - via impulse exchange in the direction of the discharge weir 4, that is to say transported in accordance with the main flow direction. As a result, the risk is reduced or ceases to occur _that the liquid flowing through the plate part 6 without foam rains downwards. At the same time, the load range of the steam and / or gas also increases. The liquid is directed from the edge region of the base plate by the steam and / or gas flows which pass through the eyelets 11 into the interior of the base or in the direction of the discharge weir 4. In front of the drain weir 4 there are eyelets 12 with a vertical orientation. Due to the steam and / or gas flow, which rises essentially vertically through the eyelets, the liquid is prevented from flowing irregularly over the outlet weir 4 ("shooting over").

In the central region of the base part 6, the eyelets 9 and 10 have alternating orientations in rows; these directions form a right angle with one another in rows, as a result of which the steam and / or gas flows passing through them produce an intensive stirring effect.

2 shows a centrifugal base, around the center of which the inflow weir 3 and in the edge region of which the outflow weir 4 are attached. Both weirs are circular in plan view. The same or similar structural parts were designated with the reference numbers used in FIG. 1. According to arrows A, the liquid flows over onto the annular plate part 6, in the area adjacent to the inlet weir 3, eyelets with inclined axis 8 are arranged in two parallel rows (FIGS. 3-6.), Which are oriented radially. The eyelets 30 installed in the next row with likewise inclined axis white have a tangential orientation in the same direction. Thereafter, rows of radially and tangentially oriented eyelets 8, 30 are alternately provided up to the edge region of the plate part 6. Finally, there are eyelets 12 which contain openings with a vertical geometric central axis (FIG. 6) in the peripheral area directly on the drain weir 4; is also of it; only a part is shown in Fig. 2 for the sake of clarity.

The raining of the foam-free liquid flowing to the floor according to FIG. 2 is counteracted by the steam and / or gas flows emerging from the eyelets 8 installed around the inlet weir 3. The steam and / or gas flow emerging from the alternating radially and tangentially oriented eyelets causes an intensive stirring effect in the central region of the base part 6.

If the inlet weir and the outlet weir on the centrifugal base are exchanged as shown in FIG. 2, namely if the liquid flow is directed from the outside to the inside, the arrangement of the eyelets 8, 12 is also reversed accordingly.

Because the fixing of the trays in the column jacket (storage of welding, screwing, etc.) is known to the person skilled in the art, the figures do not include these; for the same reason, the possible technical solutions for the access and discharge weir were not explained.

• Aus verfahrenstechnischer Sicht ist die Erfindung vorteilhaft, da der hydraulische Widerstand gegen den Dampf- und/oder Gasstrom, infolge der venturiartigen Gestalt der Durchlauföffnungen der Ösen herabgesetzt wird. In der Bodenmitte sind immer in verschiedene Richtungen orientierte Ösen eingebaut; durch ihre Schrägstellung kann keine vertikale Dampf- und/oder Gasströmung entstehen. Die gleichen Ösen führen auf der X-Y Ebene des Raumes zu einer fast vollständigen Durchmischung, wobei auch der infolge der Flüssigkeitsreibung sonst entstehende hydraulische Gradient behoben wird. Somit kann die Durchmischung in der vertikalen Raumrichtung( Z), die infolge der auf die Dampf- und/oder Gasblasen wirkenden Auftriebskraft durch den an die Flüssigkeit übertragenen Impuls hervorgerufen wird, von abgeschwächter Bedeutung sein. In manchen Fällen kann das Ablaufwehr wegen der vollsbändigen Durchmischung weggelassen werden. Dadurch kann der hydraulische Gesamtwiderstand des Bodens( Druckverlust ) auf einem niedrigeren Wert als bei Ventil-, oder Ventil-Siebböden gehalten werden. Gleichzeitig wird ein größerer Wirkungsgrad als bei diesen , beinabe ein 100%-er Wirkungsgrad, gewährleistet. Durch die in der Bodenmitte eingebauten, wechselnd orientierten Ösen wird der Gefahr eines nur teilweisenArbeitens des Bodens entgegengewirkt und es wird auch die Rückvermischung der Flüssigkeit verhindert. Durch die in der Nähe des Zulaufes eingebauten Ösen, die in Richtung der Hauptströmung der Flüssigkeit orientiert sind, wird der Belastungsbereich des Dampfes und/oder Gases erhöht.

The invention has the following advantages:

• From a procedural point of view, the invention is advantageous because the hydraulic resistance to the steam and / or gas flow is reduced due to the venturi-like shape of the through openings of the eyelets. Eyelets oriented in different directions are always installed in the center of the floor; no vertical steam and / or gas flow can occur due to their inclination. The same eyelets lead to an almost complete mixing on the XY level of the room, whereby the hydraulic gradient which otherwise arises as a result of the fluid friction is eliminated. Thus, the mixing in the vertical spatial direction (Z), which is caused by the buoyancy force acting on the vapor and / or gas bubbles by the momentum transmitted to the liquid, can be of less importance. In some cases the weir can be omitted due to the full volume mixing. As a result, the total hydraulic resistance of the floor (pressure loss) can be kept at a lower value than with valve or valve sieve floors. At the same time, a greater degree of efficiency than this, including a 100% degree of efficiency, is guaranteed. Due to the alternately oriented eyelets installed in the middle of the floor, the risk of only partially working the floor is counteracted and the backmixing of the liquid is also prevented. The load area of the steam and / or gas is increased by the eyelets installed in the vicinity of the inlet and oriented in the direction of the main flow of the liquid.

From an operational point of view, the floor according to the invention has advantages in several respects: in the vicinity of the inlet, the risk of raining subsides, which would otherwise result in a deterioration in efficiency; The venturi-like design of the through-openings of the eyelets reduces the risk of contamination and clogging to a minimum, and secondly the contaminants that may have settled over a longer period of time can be easily removed from the eyelets; The eyelets do not deform under the influence of heat, which is why their advantageous properties remain unchanged even after long periods of operation. In contrast to the valve floor, there are no movable, wearable construction elements on the floor, which increases operational safety.

The floor according to the invention is also economical in terms of cost: the material expenditure of the eyelets remains below that of the valves of known bentile floors. With a comparable degree of mechanization, the further part of the manufacturing costs of the eyelets is smaller - at most the same - than the cost of the valves. The manufacturing cost of the non-threaded holes in which the eyelets are installed is practically the same as the manufacturing costs of the sharp-edged valve holes. It is cheaper to produce the threaded holes, if necessary, than e.g. the formation of the valve bores from the Koch company. Installing the eyelets in the base plate also requires less cost than installing the valves in the base plate.

Both the base plates and the eyelets can be made of different materials, e.g. made of metals, different steels, plastics, glass, etc.

The floors according to the invention can be designed as single-flow or multi-flow cross-flow or centrifugal floors.

Of course, the invention does not extend to the exemplary embodiments set out above, but it can be implemented in numerous ways within the patent protection defined by the claims.

Claims (16)

1. Bottom for distillation and / or absorption columns, in the bottom plate provided with an inlet and optionally weir, there are through holes, characterized in that eyelets (8-12, 30) are attached in the holes, which - with respect to the direction of flow of the steam and / or the gas - through openings (15, 24) with an inwardly narrowing inlet section (19; 25), an adjoining cylindrical middle piece (20; 25) and, in its continuation, an outwardly widening outlet section (21 ; 27) and that the geometric central axis (X) of the through openings (15; 24) in at least some of the eyelets (8-12; 30) includes an acute angle (α) with the upper plane of the base plate (Fig. 3 and 6). 2. Floor according to claim 1, characterized in that the inlet portion (19) of the openings with an inclined central axis (X) in plan view projection through the wall through which the through opening (15) is limited, is at least predominantly covered (Fig 3). 3. Floor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the inlet section (19) and the outlet section (21) of the eyelet openings (15) with an inclined central axis (X) are geometrically formed by circular cones, which in one point of the Base circle (K _l ; K ₂ ) have no generatrix (Fig. 3). 4. Floor according to claim 3, characterized in that the points on the base circles (K _l ; K ₂ ) of the inlet and outlet section (19; 21) each have no generatrix, fall on the same vertical or in the vicinity. 5. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the angle enclosed by the axis of the eyelets with inclined axis (8-11; 30) and by the upper plane of the base plate (2) is 45 ° or almost 45 ° ( Fig. 3). 6. Bottom according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the semi-cone angle (β) of the inlet section (19; 25) is greater than the semi-cone angle (γ) of the outlet section (21; 27) (Fig. 3 and 6). 7. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the semi-cone angle (β) of the inlet section is between 9.5 ° and 10.5 °, preferably at about 10 °. 8. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the semi-cone angle of the outlet portion (21; 27) is 3 ° to 4 °, preferably about 3.5 °. 9. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the base plate (2) and the upper level of the eyelets (8-12; 30) are on the same level. 10. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the edges of the inlet opening (22; 28) and / or the outlet opening (23; 29) are rounded. 11. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the through holes in the base plate (2) and the outer lateral surface of the eyelets (8-12; 30) are provided with screw threads (14), and that the eyelets ( 8-12; 30) are fastened in the holes by a threaded connection. 12. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that in the vicinity of the inlet weir (3) preferably in several parallel to the outlet weir, eyelets (8) are installed in the base plate (2), the inclined central axes ( X) of the through openings (15) in plan view have the same or substantially the same direction as the main flow direction of the liquid on the bottom (1) (Fig. 1 and 2). 13. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that in the base plate (2) opposite the inlet weir (3), preferably in the vicinity of the outlet weir (4). Eyelets (12), each of which has a continuous opening (24) with a vertical geometric central axis (Y), preferably in several rows parallel to one another and possibly to the weir (3), are installed (FIGS. 1 and 2). 14. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that in the central region of the base plate (2) eyelets (9; 10; 30; 8) are installed with different orientations (Fig. 1 and 2). 15. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that in the edge region of the base plate (2) eyelets (11) are installed, by the orientation of which the liquid is directed to the center of the base (1). 16. Floor according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the diameter (d) of the cylindrical central piece (20; 26) of the through opening (15; 24) is 5 to 80 mm.

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