EP0108906B1 - Defrosting method for the evaporator of a refrigerator machine used, for example, as a heat pump - Google Patents

Defrosting method for the evaporator of a refrigerator machine used, for example, as a heat pump Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0108906B1
EP0108906B1 EP83109864A EP83109864A EP0108906B1 EP 0108906 B1 EP0108906 B1 EP 0108906B1 EP 83109864 A EP83109864 A EP 83109864A EP 83109864 A EP83109864 A EP 83109864A EP 0108906 B1 EP0108906 B1 EP 0108906B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
time
defrosting
heating operation
defrosting process
value
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP83109864A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0108906A3 (en
EP0108906A2 (en
Inventor
Franz-Georg Dr. Dipl.-Phys. Gärtner
Dieter Kühl
Hans Ulrich Schweer
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Priority to AT83109864T priority Critical patent/ATE31808T1/en
Publication of EP0108906A2 publication Critical patent/EP0108906A2/en
Publication of EP0108906A3 publication Critical patent/EP0108906A3/en
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Publication of EP0108906B1 publication Critical patent/EP0108906B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D21/00—Defrosting; Preventing frosting; Removing condensed or defrost water
    • F25D21/002—Defroster control

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for defrosting an evaporator of a refrigerator operating as a heat pump.
  • the heating operation is interrupted again and the evaporator is defrosted if, after the basic time has elapsed, the instantaneous value of the state variable is equal to or less than the lower limit. Furthermore, a second timing is started at the beginning of the new defrost. When the new defrost is terminated when the upper limit of the state variable is reached, the second timing is also ended and the result of this timing is recorded. All subsequent times of heating operation are determined by the basic time and a correction value added to this basic time, which is formed from the penultimate time value minus the last time value and a constant. The base time is set at the factory based on experience.
  • the object of the invention is to modify the method according to EP-A-0 063 178 in such a way that even in extreme weather conditions the number of defrosting processes is kept small without sacrificing comfort and the factory determination of constant orientation parameters can be omitted.
  • the heating operating time following a defrosting process is determined by the heating operating time preceding the defrosting process, plus the time value that results from a difference between the penultimate and the linearly multiplied by a positive gain factor last defrost time.
  • the defrosting time preceding a defrosting process was 80 minutes
  • the defrosting time preceding this heating operating time was 4 minutes
  • the defrosting time following the heating operating time of 80 minutes was 3 minutes
  • a new heating operating time of 100 minutes results. The new heating operating time is therefore longer than the previous one.
  • the new heating operating time is reduced by 20 minutes compared to the previous heating operating time to 60 minutes, because in this case the difference between the penultimate and the last one Defrost time is negative.
  • heating operating times In order to obtain heating operating times in which the heat pump operates economically under all circumstances, these heating operating times are limited to a minimum value, for example 40 minutes, and a maximum value, for example 240 minutes.
  • a defrosting process is only initiated if the heat pump's runtime ratio is greater than a specified value, since the heat pump defrosts on its own during the downtime due to the high outside temperature.
  • the system switches to heating mode.
  • a further expedient process measure is to abort the defrosting process and switch to the minimum heating time if, after a specified time, for example 7 minutes, the instantaneous value of the condition variable of the refrigerant in the evaporator has not been reached.
  • the heating operation is started for 8 minutes after the voltage has returned, and then a defrosting process is initiated. The subsequent heating operating time is then equated to the heating operating time that was recorded before the power failure.
  • the method described can also be used analogously in the case of refrigeration machines used for cooling processes, cooling mode being used instead of heating mode and the temperature of the room or goods to be cooled instead of outside temperature.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Defrosting Systems (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)

Abstract

1. A method of defrosting an evaporator of a refrigerating machine which operates as a heat pump, comprising the following features : a) after each heating operation, a defrosting process is started, the end of which is determined by the instantaneous value of a variable of state ; b) after each defrosting process a new heating operation is started, the duration of which is determined by a linearly multiplied, positive difference between a defrosting time to be established, and the last defrosting time in each case ; c) below a predetermined instantaneous value of the external temperature, the heating operation time which in each case follows a defrosting process, is determined by the heating operation time which has preceded the defrosting process plus a time value which is calculated from the difference between the last but one and the last defrosting time, linearly multiplied by a positive amplification factor ; d) after a preceding heating operation, each defrosting process is terminated when a variable of state of the refrigerating medium reaches the predetermined instantaneous value in the evaporator ; e) above the predetermined instantaneous value of the external temperature, a defrosting process is initiated if the ratio of running time to shut-down time of the heat pump exceeds a predetermined value, for example 2:1 ; f) the time of the heating operation is limited by a minimum value and a maximum value ; g) the defrosting process is broken off and a switch-over takes place to the minimum heating time when, at the end of a preset time, for example seven minutes, the predetermined instantaneous value of the variable of state of the refrigerating medium contained in the evaporator has not been reached.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Abtauen eines Verdampfers einer als Wärmepumpe arbeitenden Kältemaschine.The invention relates to a method for defrosting an evaporator of a refrigerator operating as a heat pump.

Ein solches Verfahren ist in der EP-A-0 063 178 beschrieben, die unter Artikel 54 (3) EPÜ fällt. An sich verläuft das in der nachveröffentlichten Druckschrift beschriebene Verfahren zufriedenstellend. Es führt jedoch bei extremen Wetterlagen zu unangemessen häufigen Abtauvorgängen, welche die Wirtschaftlichkeit herabsetzt. Ferner muss die Grundzeit des Heizbetriebes für jeden Kältemaschinentyp gesondert ermittelt werden. Bei diesem Verfahren wird nach Erreichen eines unteren Grenzwertes einer Zustandsgrösse die Wärmepumpe auf Abtauen geschaltet und eine erste Zeitnahme begonnen. Sobald während des Abtauens die Zustandsgrösse auf einen oberen Grenzwert angestiegen ist, wird die Wärmepumpe von Abtauen auf Heizbetrieb umgeschaltet und zugleich die erste Zeitnahme beendet sowie das Ergebnis der Zeitnahme festgehalten. Der Heizbetrieb wird fortgesetzt, wenn nach einer festgelegten Grundzeit die Zustandsgrösse noch über dem unteren Grenzwert liegt. Die Heizbetrieb wird erneut unterbrochen und der Verdampfer abgetaut, wenn nach Ablauf der Grundzeit der Momentanwert der Zustandsgrösse gleich oder kleiner dem unteren Grenzwert ist. Ferner wird mit Beginn des neuerlichen Abtauens eine zweite Zeitnahme begonnen. Mit der sodann beim Erreichen des oberen Grenzwertes der Zustandsgrösse eintretenden Beendigung des neuerlichen Abtauens wird auch die zweite Zeitnahme beendet und das Ergebnis dieser Zeitnahme festgehalten. Alle folgenden Zeiten des Heizbetriebes werden durch die Grundzeit und einem zu dieser Grundzeit hinzuaddierten Korrekturwert bestimmt, der aus der vorletzten Zeitnahmewert minus dem letzten Zeitnahmewert und einer Konstanten gebildet ist. Die Grundzeit wird werkseitig nach Erfahrungswerten festgelegt.Such a process is described in EP-A-0 063 178, which falls under Article 54 (3) EPC. As such, the process described in the post-published publication is satisfactory. However, in extreme weather conditions, it leads to inappropriately frequent defrosting processes, which reduces economy. Furthermore, the base time of the heating operation must be determined separately for each type of chiller. In this method, after a lower limit value of a state variable has been reached, the heat pump is switched to defrost and a first time measurement is started. As soon as the status parameter has risen to an upper limit during defrosting, the heat pump is switched from defrosting to heating mode and at the same time the first timing is stopped and the result of the timing is recorded. Heating operation continues if the state variable is still above the lower limit after a specified basic time. The heating operation is interrupted again and the evaporator is defrosted if, after the basic time has elapsed, the instantaneous value of the state variable is equal to or less than the lower limit. Furthermore, a second timing is started at the beginning of the new defrost. When the new defrost is terminated when the upper limit of the state variable is reached, the second timing is also ended and the result of this timing is recorded. All subsequent times of heating operation are determined by the basic time and a correction value added to this basic time, which is formed from the penultimate time value minus the last time value and a constant. The base time is set at the factory based on experience.

Es ist auch schon bei Wärmepumpen bekannt, jeweils die tatsächliche Zeit der Enteisung eines Verdampfers festzustellen und mit einer vorbestimmten Zeitspanne zu vergleichen, die für jeden Gerätetyp experimentell festzustellen ist. Ist die tatsächliche Enteisungszeit kürzer als die vorbestimmte Zeitspanne, wird die Zeit zwischen zwei Enteisungen verlängert. Ist die tatsächliche Enteisungszeit jedoch länger als die vorbestimmte Zeitspanne, wird die Zeit zwischen zwei Enteisungen verkürzt (DE-A-2 945 691).It is also known in the case of heat pumps to determine the actual defrosting time of an evaporator and to compare it with a predetermined period of time which can be determined experimentally for each type of device. If the actual defrost time is shorter than the predetermined time, the time between two defrosts is extended. However, if the actual defrosting time is longer than the predetermined time period, the time between two defrosting operations is reduced (DE-A-2 945 691).

Ein dem vorstehend genannten Verfahren ähnliches Verfahren wird auch bei Kühlgeräten angewandt (US-A-4 156 350).A method similar to the above-mentioned method is also used for cooling devices (US-A-4 156 350).

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, das Verfahren nach der EP-A-0 063 178 so abzuwandeln, dass auch bei extremen Wetterlagen die Zahl der Abtauvorgänge ohne Komforteinbusse kleingehalten wird und die werkseitige Ermittlung von konstant bleibenden Orientierungsgrössen--entfallen kann.The object of the invention is to modify the method according to EP-A-0 063 178 in such a way that even in extreme weather conditions the number of defrosting processes is kept small without sacrificing comfort and the factory determination of constant orientation parameters can be omitted.

Die gestellte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss durch die im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Massnahmen gelöst.The object is achieved according to the invention by the measures specified in claim 1.

Zweckmässige weitere Verfahrensschritte sind in den Ansprüchen 2 und 3 angegeben.Appropriate further process steps are specified in claims 2 and 3.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachstehend beschrieben.An embodiment of the invention is described below.

Unterhalb eines vorgegebenen Momentanwertes der Aussentemperatur, beispielsweise unterhalb +10°C, wird die jeweils auf einen Abtauvorgang folgende Heizbetriebszeit bestimmt durch die dem Abtauvorgang vorausgegangene Heizbetriebszeit, zuzüglich dem Zeitwert, der sich aus einer mit einem positiven Verstärkungsfaktor linear vervielfachten Differenz zwischen der vorletzten und der letzten Abtauzeit ergibt.Below a given instantaneous value of the outside temperature, for example below + 10 ° C, the heating operating time following a defrosting process is determined by the heating operating time preceding the defrosting process, plus the time value that results from a difference between the penultimate and the linearly multiplied by a positive gain factor last defrost time.

Betrug beispielsweise die einem Abtauvorgang vorausgegangene Heizbetriebszeit 80 Minuten, die dieser Heizbetriebszeit vorausgegangene Abtauzeit 4 Minuten und die auf die Heizbetriebszeit von 80 Minuten folgende Abtauzeit 3 Minuten und wird als Verstärkungsfaktor der Wert 20 eingesetzt, so ergibt sich eine neue Heizbetriebszeit von 100 Minuten. Die neue Heizbetriebszeit ist also länger als die vorausgegangene.For example, if the heating operating time preceding a defrosting process was 80 minutes, the defrosting time preceding this heating operating time was 4 minutes, and the defrosting time following the heating operating time of 80 minutes was 3 minutes, and if the value 20 is used as the gain factor, a new heating operating time of 100 minutes results. The new heating operating time is therefore longer than the previous one.

Wenn jedoch, umgekehrt wie bei dem vorstehenden Beispiel, die vorletzte Abtauzeit 4 Minuten und die letzte Abtauzeit Minuten betrug, verkürzt sich die neue Heizbetriebszeit gegenüber der vorausgegangenen Heizbetriebszeit um 20 Minuten auf 60 Minuten, da in diesem Falle die Differenz zwischen der vorletzten und der letzten Abtauzeit negativ ist.However, conversely, as in the previous example, if the penultimate defrost time was 4 minutes and the last defrost time was minutes, the new heating operating time is reduced by 20 minutes compared to the previous heating operating time to 60 minutes, because in this case the difference between the penultimate and the last one Defrost time is negative.

Um unter allen Umständen noch vertretbare Heizbetriebszeiten zu erhalten, in denen die Wärmepumpe wirtschaftlich arbeitet, werden diese Heizbetriebszeiten auf einen Minimalwert, beispielsweise 40 Minuten und einen Maximalwert, beispielsweise 240 Minuten begrenzt.In order to obtain heating operating times in which the heat pump operates economically under all circumstances, these heating operating times are limited to a minimum value, for example 40 minutes, and a maximum value, for example 240 minutes.

Oberhalb des vorgegebenen Momentwertes der Aussentemperatur von zum Beispiel 10oe, wird ein Abtauvorgang nur eingeleitet, wenn das Verhältnis Laufzeit der Wärmepumpe grösser einem festgelegten Wert ist, da bei umgekehrtem Verhältnis die Wärmepumpe auf Grund der hohen Aussentemperatur während der Stillstandzeit von alleine abtaut.Above the specified momentary value of the outside temperature of 10 o e, for example, a defrosting process is only initiated if the heat pump's runtime ratio is greater than a specified value, since the heat pump defrosts on its own during the downtime due to the high outside temperature.

Liegt die Aussentemperatur oberhalb des vorgegebenen Momentanwertes von wiederum beispielsweise 10°C, so wird ein Abtauvorgang nur eingeleitet, wenn die Laufzeit der Wärmepumpe um den festgelegten Wert von beispielsweise 2 grösser war als die Standzeit.If the outside temperature is above the specified instantaneous value of 10 ° C, for example, then a defrosting process is only initiated if the runtime of the heat pump was longer than the service life by the specified value, for example 2.

  • Mit den Daten
  • Aussentemperatur = 10,5°C
  • Laufzeit der Wärmepumpe infolge Heizbedarfs
= 200 Minuten
  • With the data
  • Outside temperature = 10.5 ° C
  • Running time of the heat pump due to heating requirements
= 200 minutes

Standzeit der Wärmepumpe mangels Heizbedarfs = 50 Minuten ergibt sich ein Verhältnis von 4:1 zwischen Laufzeit und Standzeit der Wärmepumpe. Nach Ablauf der Heizbetriebszeit muss also abgetaut werden.Service life of the heat pump due to a lack of heating requirements = 50 minutes, there is a ratio of 4: 1 between the service life and service life of the heat pump. After the heating operating time has expired, defrosting is required.

Abgetaut wird jedoch nur solange, wie eine auf dem Verdampfer befindliche Eisschicht die Wärmezufuhr zum Innern des Verdampfers so weitHowever, defrosting takes place only as long as an ice layer on the evaporator so far supplies heat to the inside of the evaporator

mindert, dass der Druck oder die Temperatur des Kältemittels im Verdampfer unter einem vorbestimmten Momentanwert liegen. Sobald der vorbestimmte, vom verwendeten Kältemittel abhängige Momentanwert erreicht ist, wird auf Heizbetrieb umgeschaltet.reduces the pressure or temperature of the refrigerant in the evaporator below a predetermined instantaneous value. As soon as the predetermined instantaneous value, which depends on the refrigerant used, is reached, the system switches to heating mode.

Als zweckmässige Verfahrensmassnahme hat es sich erwiesen, den Abtauvorgang schon vor Erreichen des vorbestimmten Momentanwertes des Druckes oder der Temperatur des Kältemittels im Verdampfer abzubrechen und auf die minimale Heizzeit umzuschalten, wenn die Temperatur eines vom Verflüssiger der Wärmepumpe aufzuheizenden Wärmeträgers einer Heizungsanlage auf einen festgesetzten Wert, zum Beispiel 15°C, abgesunken ist. Mit diesem Verfahrensschritt wird wirksam ein Einfrieren der Wärmepumpe, das heisst ein Absinken der Zustandsgrössen Druck und Temperatur des Kältemittels unter zulässige Werte, verhindert.It has proven to be an expedient process measure to abort the defrosting process before the predetermined instantaneous value of the pressure or the temperature of the refrigerant in the evaporator is reached and to switch over to the minimum heating time if the temperature of a heating medium of a heating system to be heated by the condenser of the heat pump is at a fixed value, for example 15 ° C, has dropped. This process step effectively prevents the heat pump from freezing, i.e. the state variables pressure and temperature of the refrigerant drop below permissible values.

Um zu vermeiden, dass der Druck oder die Temperatur des Kältemittels im Verdampfer unter unzulässige Werte absinkt, besteht eine weitere zweckmässige Verfahrensmassnahme darin, den Abtauvorgang abzubrechen und auf die minimale Heizzeit umzuschalten, wenn nach Ablauf einer festgesetzten Zeit, beispielsweise 7 Minuten der Momentanwert der Zustandsgrösse des im Verdampfer befindlichen Kältemittels nicht erreicht ist.In order to prevent the pressure or the temperature of the refrigerant in the evaporator from dropping below impermissible values, a further expedient process measure is to abort the defrosting process and switch to the minimum heating time if, after a specified time, for example 7 minutes, the instantaneous value of the condition variable of the refrigerant in the evaporator has not been reached.

Wenn während eines Abtauvorganges die Energiezufuhr zur Wärmepumpe unterbrochen wird, beispielsweise durch eine vom zuständigen Elektro-Versorgungsunternehmen ausgelöste Sperre, wird nach Wiederkehr der Spannung zunächst der Heizbetrieb für beispielsweise 8 Minuten aufgenommen und sodann ein Abtauvorgang eingeleitet. Die darauf folgende Heizbetriebszeit wird dann gleichgesetzt der Heizbetriebszeit, die vor dem Spannungsausfall zu verzeichnen war.If the energy supply to the heat pump is interrupted during a defrosting process, for example by a lock triggered by the responsible electrical supply company, the heating operation is started for 8 minutes after the voltage has returned, and then a defrosting process is initiated. The subsequent heating operating time is then equated to the heating operating time that was recorded before the power failure.

Das beschriebene Verfahren lässt sich sinngemäss auch bei für Kühlvorgänge verwendete Kältemaschinen anwenden, wobei anstelle Heizbetrieb Kühlbetrieb und anstelle Aussentemperatur Temperatur des zu kühlenden Raumes- oder Gutes zu setzen ist.The method described can also be used analogously in the case of refrigeration machines used for cooling processes, cooling mode being used instead of heating mode and the temperature of the room or goods to be cooled instead of outside temperature.

Claims (3)

1. A method of defrosting an evaporator of a refrigerating machine which operates as a heat pump, comprising the following features:
a) after each heating operation, a defrosting process is started, the end of which is determined by the instantaneous value of a variable of state;
b) after each defrosting process a new heating operation is started, the duration of which is determined by a linearly multiplied, positive difference between a defrosting time to be established, and the last defrosting time in each case;
c) below a predetermined instantaneous value of the external temperature, the heating operation time which in each case follows a defrosting process, is determined by the heating operation time which has preceded the defrosting process plus a time value which is calculated from the difference between the last but one and the last defrosting time, linearly multiplied by a positive amplification factor;
d) after a preceding heating operation, each defrosting process is terminated when a variable of state of the refrigerating medium reaches the predetermined instantaneous value in the evaporator;
e) above the predetermined instantaneous value of the external temperature, a defrosting process is initiated if the ratio of running time to shut-down time of the heat pump exceeds a predetermined value, for example 2:1;
f) the time of the heating operation is limited by a minimum value and a maximum value;
g) the defrosting process is broken off and a switch-over takes place to the minimum heating time when, at the end of a preset time, for example seven minutes, the predetermined instantaneous value of the variable of state of the refrigerating medium contained in the evaporator has not been reached.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the defrosting process is broken off before the predetermined instantaneous value of the state variable of the refrigerating medium contained in the evaporator has been reached and a switch-over takes place to the minimum heating time, if the temperature of the heat carrier of a heating system, which is to be heated by the condenser of the heat pump, has fallen to a preset value, for example +15°C, on entering the heat pump.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 and 2, characterised in that after the restoration of a voltage failure which has occurred during a defrosting process, the heating operation is first commenced for a predetermined time, for example, eight minutes, whereupon a defrosting process is initiated and the subsequent heating operation time is arranged to be equal to the heating operation time determined prior to the voltage failure.
EP83109864A 1982-10-15 1983-10-03 Defrosting method for the evaporator of a refrigerator machine used, for example, as a heat pump Expired EP0108906B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT83109864T ATE31808T1 (en) 1982-10-15 1983-10-03 METHOD OF DEFROSTING THE EVAPORATOR OF A REFRIGERATOR OPERATED FOR EXAMPLE AS A HEAT PUMP.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3238354 1982-10-15
DE19823238354 DE3238354A1 (en) 1982-10-15 1982-10-15 METHOD FOR DEFROSTING THE EVAPORATOR OF AN EXAMPLE OF A REFRIGERATOR USED AS A HEAT PUMP

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0108906A2 EP0108906A2 (en) 1984-05-23
EP0108906A3 EP0108906A3 (en) 1985-07-03
EP0108906B1 true EP0108906B1 (en) 1988-01-07

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP83109864A Expired EP0108906B1 (en) 1982-10-15 1983-10-03 Defrosting method for the evaporator of a refrigerator machine used, for example, as a heat pump

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0108906B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE31808T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3238354A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8702722D0 (en) * 1987-02-06 1987-03-11 York Int Ltd Defrosting of heat exchangers
US4951473A (en) * 1988-10-12 1990-08-28 Honeywell, Inc. Heat pump defrosting operation
CN113899123B (en) * 2021-10-29 2022-12-13 四川虹美智能科技有限公司 Remote control defrosting method and system for intelligent refrigeration equipment

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4173871A (en) * 1977-12-27 1979-11-13 General Electric Company Refrigeration apparatus demand defrost control system and method
US4156350A (en) * 1977-12-27 1979-05-29 General Electric Company Refrigeration apparatus demand defrost control system and method
US4251988A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-02-24 Amf Incorporated Defrosting system using actual defrosting time as a controlling parameter
US4680940A (en) * 1979-06-20 1987-07-21 Vaughn Eldon D Adaptive defrost control and method
US4328680A (en) * 1980-10-14 1982-05-11 General Electric Company Heat pump defrost control apparatus
DE3115599C2 (en) * 1981-04-16 1986-07-10 KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH, 8650 Kulmbach Defrost control for a heat pump

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3238354A1 (en) 1984-04-19
EP0108906A3 (en) 1985-07-03
EP0108906A2 (en) 1984-05-23
DE3375202D1 (en) 1988-02-11
ATE31808T1 (en) 1988-01-15

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