EP0090539A2 - Abgeschirmter Verbinder - Google Patents
Abgeschirmter Verbinder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0090539A2 EP0090539A2 EP83301401A EP83301401A EP0090539A2 EP 0090539 A2 EP0090539 A2 EP 0090539A2 EP 83301401 A EP83301401 A EP 83301401A EP 83301401 A EP83301401 A EP 83301401A EP 0090539 A2 EP0090539 A2 EP 0090539A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- members
- connector
- housing members
- flanges
- combination according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/648—Protective earth or shield arrangements on coupling devices, e.g. anti-static shielding
- H01R13/658—High frequency shielding arrangements, e.g. against EMI [Electro-Magnetic Interference] or EMP [Electro-Magnetic Pulse]
- H01R13/6598—Shield material
- H01R13/6599—Dielectric material made conductive, e.g. plastic material coated with metal
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/46—Bases; Cases
- H01R13/516—Means for holding or embracing insulating body, e.g. casing, hoods
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a shielded electrical connector, and in particular, to a connector in which the shielding is provided by selectively plating parts that are normally formed of molded insulative material.
- Conducted interference occurs when interconnecting cables and power cables carry interference from place to place. Radiated interference is energy emitted by one device and picked up by another. Thus, every electronic device is both a potential transmitter as well as a potential receiver.
- a material's intrinsic shielding effectiveness is often of less concern than is the leakage caused by shield discontinuities, such as seams and holes. Holes can behave as slot antennae and radiate energy directly. The amount of radiation is a function of the radiating frequency. In general, holes or seams attenuate radiation signiticantly if they are smaller than 1/100 wavelength of the RF emission:
- the present invention overcomes the difficulties of the prior art by providing selective plating of metal on portions of a connector housing which are normally molded from insulative materials.
- the molded members are profiled for an overall positive intermating and are plated so that there is no gap between the mating members.
- the subject connector 10 is of known design and is used to terminate a plurality of conductors 12 of a shielded cable 14 in known fashion.
- the shielding 16 of the cable is peeled back so as to engage the shielding of the connector and expose the conductors 12.
- the connector 10 is enclosed in a pair of mating strain relief and cover members 18, 20.
- the cover members 18, 20 are preferably hermaphroditic and together define a connector receiving cavity 22, a strain relief cable exit 24, connector gripping means 26, latching means 28, and a stepped peripherial flange 30.
- the cover members 18, 20 are preferably molded from insulative material and then plated with conductive material 32 on only the inner surfaces, plus the peripherial flange 30 as best seen in Figure 3.
- the invention has numerous features which are not to be found in the prior art. Amongst these features are the invention provides a lower profile while still providing a requisite amount of shielding. This is something that is generally not available with the prior art metal enclosures. Further, the present invention still maintains an insulative outer housing so that there is no danger of an operator getting shocked by stray ground currents when either engaging or disengaging the subject connector. Third, the connector housing is so arranged that shielding is provided about the entire periphery of the connector thereby obviating any slots or openings which could serve as a slot antenna and radiate electromagnetic interference.
Landscapes
- Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
- Multi-Conductor Connections (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US36412282A | 1982-03-31 | 1982-03-31 | |
US364122 | 1982-03-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0090539A2 true EP0090539A2 (de) | 1983-10-05 |
EP0090539A3 EP0090539A3 (de) | 1985-11-21 |
Family
ID=23433110
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP83301401A Withdrawn EP0090539A3 (de) | 1982-03-31 | 1983-03-15 | Abgeschirmter Verbinder |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0090539A3 (de) |
BR (1) | BR8301504A (de) |
Cited By (41)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0135122A2 (de) * | 1983-08-18 | 1985-03-27 | BURROUGHS CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) | Kabelverbinder und Verfahren zum Verbinden eines mehradrigen Flachkabels |
WO1986000473A1 (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1986-01-16 | Amp Incorporated | Printed circuit board header having coaxial sockets therein and matable coaxial plug housing |
US4585292A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1986-04-29 | Amp Incorporated | Overmolded shielded connector |
US4641902A (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-02-10 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Shielded connector with latches |
EP0211193A1 (de) * | 1985-07-10 | 1987-02-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung zur Verbindung der Schirmung mehrpoliger Stecker mit der Erdpotentialschicht eines Baugruppenträgers |
GB2181607A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1987-04-23 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Shielding electronic devices |
WO1988000790A1 (en) * | 1986-07-10 | 1988-01-28 | Duffield Robert H | Apparatus for expanding the input/output capabilities of a personal computer |
US4731031A (en) * | 1986-10-15 | 1988-03-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Transmission cable connector having a contoured shell |
US4777565A (en) * | 1986-03-15 | 1988-10-11 | Unisys Corporation | Shielded equipment enclosure |
US4800463A (en) * | 1985-12-05 | 1989-01-24 | Tandem Computers Incorporated | Circuit board barrier guide |
US4874319A (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1989-10-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Terminal lead shielding for headers and connectors |
US4902249A (en) * | 1988-06-04 | 1990-02-20 | Nippon Acchakutanshi Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha | Assembly of electrical connector and a shield cable |
GB2227131A (en) * | 1989-01-10 | 1990-07-18 | Itt Ind Ltd | Shielded electrical connectors |
US4974121A (en) * | 1987-05-29 | 1990-11-27 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Wiring module |
EP0403666A1 (de) * | 1989-05-24 | 1990-12-27 | Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co. | Elektrisch abgeschirmte Reihenklemmenanordnung |
EP0421373A1 (de) * | 1989-10-05 | 1991-04-10 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Modularer Steckverbinder |
EP0427630A1 (de) * | 1989-11-10 | 1991-05-15 | Itt Composants Et Instruments | Abgeschirmter elektrischer Verbinder |
US5083929A (en) * | 1990-04-17 | 1992-01-28 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Grounding bulkhead connector for a shielded cable |
US5092794A (en) * | 1990-12-24 | 1992-03-03 | Molex Incorporated | Shielded electrical connector |
EP0473049A2 (de) * | 1990-08-27 | 1992-03-04 | Molex Incorporated | Leitende Hülse zum Klemmen auf einen abgeschirmten elektrischen Steckverbinder |
US5259792A (en) * | 1992-05-26 | 1993-11-09 | Woven Electronics | Electrical connector housing and method for minimizing EMI emissions |
US5386346A (en) * | 1991-08-29 | 1995-01-31 | Hubbell Incorporated | Circuit card assembly with shielding assembly for reducing EMI emissions |
US5411415A (en) * | 1991-10-21 | 1995-05-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Shielded plug connector |
US5456618A (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1995-10-10 | Hosiden Corporation | Electrical connector |
US5463532A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-31 | Hubbell Incorporated | Electrical circuit card with EMI shielding strip adapted to make contact with non-outwardly facing surface of card-receiving housing |
US5466175A (en) * | 1992-02-27 | 1995-11-14 | Yazaki Corporation | Shield connector connecting shield cables |
EP0684665A2 (de) * | 1994-05-25 | 1995-11-29 | Molex Incorporated | Abgeschirmte Steckereinheit |
US5491613A (en) * | 1994-01-31 | 1996-02-13 | Hubbell Incorporated | Electrical circuit card with reduced EMI emission |
EP0700126A1 (de) * | 1994-09-01 | 1996-03-06 | BKS Kabel-Service AG | Stecker für ein Kabel mit mehreren Adern |
EP0727848A2 (de) * | 1995-02-18 | 1996-08-21 | Buchinger, Robert, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) | Lösbare Abdeckung für spannungführende Elektroinstallationsteile |
US6172880B1 (en) | 1998-07-31 | 2001-01-09 | Hubbell Incorporated | Faceplate for an electronic circuit card for reducing EMI emissions between circuit cards inserted in a circuit card housing |
WO2002101887A2 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-19 | Molex Incorporated | Shielded floating electrical connector |
WO2006066046A1 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-22 | Molex Incorporated | Emi gasket for plug connector with latch mechanism |
WO2008040406A1 (de) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-10 | Adc Gmbh | Anschlusselement für die kommunikations- und datentechnik |
FR2911436A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-17 | 2008-07-18 | Tyco Electronics France Sas So | Dispositif et procede de connexion |
EP2003741A1 (de) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-17 | Souriau | Subminiatur abgeschirmte Verbinderanordnung und Verfahren zum Austatten einer solchen Verbinderandordnug. |
FR2917542A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-19 | Souriau Soc Par Actions Simpli | Procede pour equiper d'un cable un ensemble de connexion sub-miniature blinde |
EP1701411A3 (de) * | 2005-03-09 | 2010-03-10 | ADC GmbH | Anschlussdose für ein Datennetz |
US8980972B2 (en) | 2011-11-10 | 2015-03-17 | Vertellus Specialties Inc. | Polymerisable material |
US9006305B2 (en) | 2011-09-01 | 2015-04-14 | Vertellus Specialties Inc. | Biocompatible material |
WO2023025047A1 (zh) * | 2021-08-21 | 2023-03-02 | 长春捷翼汽车零部件有限公司 | 一种屏蔽线缆连接结构 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1293239A (fr) * | 1960-05-27 | 1962-05-11 | Hirschmann Radiotechnik | Fiche électrique à fermeture par cran d'arrêt |
US3977755A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1976-08-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Screening arrangement for a multi-pin cable connector |
-
1983
- 1983-03-15 EP EP83301401A patent/EP0090539A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1983-03-24 BR BR8301504A patent/BR8301504A/pt unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1293239A (fr) * | 1960-05-27 | 1962-05-11 | Hirschmann Radiotechnik | Fiche électrique à fermeture par cran d'arrêt |
US3977755A (en) * | 1974-08-30 | 1976-08-31 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Screening arrangement for a multi-pin cable connector |
Cited By (56)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0135122A3 (de) * | 1983-08-18 | 1987-06-16 | BURROUGHS CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) | Kabelverbinder und Verfahren zum Verbinden eines mehradrigen Flachkabels |
EP0135122A2 (de) * | 1983-08-18 | 1985-03-27 | BURROUGHS CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) | Kabelverbinder und Verfahren zum Verbinden eines mehradrigen Flachkabels |
US4585292A (en) * | 1984-05-04 | 1986-04-29 | Amp Incorporated | Overmolded shielded connector |
WO1986000473A1 (en) * | 1984-06-20 | 1986-01-16 | Amp Incorporated | Printed circuit board header having coaxial sockets therein and matable coaxial plug housing |
EP0211193A1 (de) * | 1985-07-10 | 1987-02-25 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung zur Verbindung der Schirmung mehrpoliger Stecker mit der Erdpotentialschicht eines Baugruppenträgers |
GB2181607A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1987-04-23 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Shielding electronic devices |
GB2181607B (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1989-11-22 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Shielded electronic devices |
EP0222567A3 (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1988-10-12 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Shielded connector with latches |
US4641902A (en) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-02-10 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Shielded connector with latches |
EP0222567A2 (de) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-05-20 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Abgeschirmter Steckverbinder mit Klinke |
US4800463A (en) * | 1985-12-05 | 1989-01-24 | Tandem Computers Incorporated | Circuit board barrier guide |
US4777565A (en) * | 1986-03-15 | 1988-10-11 | Unisys Corporation | Shielded equipment enclosure |
US4744006A (en) * | 1986-07-10 | 1988-05-10 | Duffield Robert H | Apparatus for expanding the input/output capabilities of a personal computer |
WO1988000790A1 (en) * | 1986-07-10 | 1988-01-28 | Duffield Robert H | Apparatus for expanding the input/output capabilities of a personal computer |
US4731031A (en) * | 1986-10-15 | 1988-03-15 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Transmission cable connector having a contoured shell |
EP0269232A1 (de) * | 1986-10-15 | 1988-06-01 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Übertragungskabelverbinder mit einer profilierten Hülse |
US4974121A (en) * | 1987-05-29 | 1990-11-27 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Wiring module |
US4902249A (en) * | 1988-06-04 | 1990-02-20 | Nippon Acchakutanshi Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha | Assembly of electrical connector and a shield cable |
US4874319A (en) * | 1988-07-20 | 1989-10-17 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Terminal lead shielding for headers and connectors |
GB2227131A (en) * | 1989-01-10 | 1990-07-18 | Itt Ind Ltd | Shielded electrical connectors |
EP0403666A1 (de) * | 1989-05-24 | 1990-12-27 | Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co. | Elektrisch abgeschirmte Reihenklemmenanordnung |
EP0421373A1 (de) * | 1989-10-05 | 1991-04-10 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Modularer Steckverbinder |
EP0427630A1 (de) * | 1989-11-10 | 1991-05-15 | Itt Composants Et Instruments | Abgeschirmter elektrischer Verbinder |
FR2654558A1 (fr) * | 1989-11-10 | 1991-05-17 | Itt Composants Instr | Element de connecteur electrique blinde. |
US5083929A (en) * | 1990-04-17 | 1992-01-28 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Grounding bulkhead connector for a shielded cable |
EP0473049A2 (de) * | 1990-08-27 | 1992-03-04 | Molex Incorporated | Leitende Hülse zum Klemmen auf einen abgeschirmten elektrischen Steckverbinder |
EP0473049A3 (en) * | 1990-08-27 | 1992-09-23 | Molex Incorporated | A conductive shell for clamping onto a shielded electrical connector |
US5092794A (en) * | 1990-12-24 | 1992-03-03 | Molex Incorporated | Shielded electrical connector |
US5456618A (en) * | 1991-06-26 | 1995-10-10 | Hosiden Corporation | Electrical connector |
US5386346A (en) * | 1991-08-29 | 1995-01-31 | Hubbell Incorporated | Circuit card assembly with shielding assembly for reducing EMI emissions |
US5411415A (en) * | 1991-10-21 | 1995-05-02 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Shielded plug connector |
US5466175A (en) * | 1992-02-27 | 1995-11-14 | Yazaki Corporation | Shield connector connecting shield cables |
US5259792A (en) * | 1992-05-26 | 1993-11-09 | Woven Electronics | Electrical connector housing and method for minimizing EMI emissions |
US5491613A (en) * | 1994-01-31 | 1996-02-13 | Hubbell Incorporated | Electrical circuit card with reduced EMI emission |
US5463532A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-31 | Hubbell Incorporated | Electrical circuit card with EMI shielding strip adapted to make contact with non-outwardly facing surface of card-receiving housing |
EP0684665A2 (de) * | 1994-05-25 | 1995-11-29 | Molex Incorporated | Abgeschirmte Steckereinheit |
EP0684665A3 (de) * | 1994-05-25 | 1996-08-28 | Molex Inc | Abgeschirmte Steckereinheit. |
EP0700126A1 (de) * | 1994-09-01 | 1996-03-06 | BKS Kabel-Service AG | Stecker für ein Kabel mit mehreren Adern |
EP0727848A2 (de) * | 1995-02-18 | 1996-08-21 | Buchinger, Robert, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) | Lösbare Abdeckung für spannungführende Elektroinstallationsteile |
EP0727848A3 (de) * | 1995-02-18 | 1999-03-10 | Buchinger, Robert, Dipl.-Ing. (FH) | Lösbare Abdeckung für spannungführende Elektroinstallationsteile |
US6172880B1 (en) | 1998-07-31 | 2001-01-09 | Hubbell Incorporated | Faceplate for an electronic circuit card for reducing EMI emissions between circuit cards inserted in a circuit card housing |
WO2002101887A3 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2003-03-27 | Molex Inc | Shielded floating electrical connector |
WO2002101887A2 (en) * | 2001-06-08 | 2002-12-19 | Molex Incorporated | Shielded floating electrical connector |
WO2006066046A1 (en) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-22 | Molex Incorporated | Emi gasket for plug connector with latch mechanism |
EP1701411A3 (de) * | 2005-03-09 | 2010-03-10 | ADC GmbH | Anschlussdose für ein Datennetz |
WO2008040406A1 (de) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-10 | Adc Gmbh | Anschlusselement für die kommunikations- und datentechnik |
FR2911436A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-17 | 2008-07-18 | Tyco Electronics France Sas So | Dispositif et procede de connexion |
WO2008117181A3 (en) * | 2007-01-17 | 2009-03-19 | Tyco Electronics France Sas | Connecting device and process |
WO2008117181A2 (en) * | 2007-01-17 | 2008-10-02 | Tyco Electronics France Sas | Connecting device and process |
US7980881B2 (en) | 2007-01-17 | 2011-07-19 | Tyco Electronics France Sas | Connecting device and method of use |
EP2003741A1 (de) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-17 | Souriau | Subminiatur abgeschirmte Verbinderanordnung und Verfahren zum Austatten einer solchen Verbinderandordnug. |
FR2917542A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-15 | 2008-12-19 | Souriau Soc Par Actions Simpli | Procede pour equiper d'un cable un ensemble de connexion sub-miniature blinde |
US7670180B2 (en) | 2007-06-15 | 2010-03-02 | Souriau | Shielded subminiature connection assembly and process of forming such an assembly |
US9006305B2 (en) | 2011-09-01 | 2015-04-14 | Vertellus Specialties Inc. | Biocompatible material |
US8980972B2 (en) | 2011-11-10 | 2015-03-17 | Vertellus Specialties Inc. | Polymerisable material |
WO2023025047A1 (zh) * | 2021-08-21 | 2023-03-02 | 长春捷翼汽车零部件有限公司 | 一种屏蔽线缆连接结构 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR8301504A (pt) | 1983-12-06 |
EP0090539A3 (de) | 1985-11-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0090539A2 (de) | Abgeschirmter Verbinder | |
US5975953A (en) | EMI by-pass gasket for shielded connectors | |
US4457576A (en) | One piece metal shield for an electrical connector | |
US4687263A (en) | Shielding kit for electrical connectors terminating multiconductor 360 degree shielded cable | |
EP0040941B1 (de) | Abschirmung für eine elektrische Steckverbindung | |
EP0224200B1 (de) | Abgeschirmte Steckerbuchse-Steckverbindung | |
US4829432A (en) | Apparatus for shielding an electrical circuit from electromagnetic interference | |
US6713672B1 (en) | Compliant shaped EMI shield | |
EP0881714B1 (de) | Abgeschirmter elektrischer Steckverbinder | |
CA1169533A (en) | Shielded assembly having capacitive coupling feature | |
EP0351071B1 (de) | Hochfrequenzverbindungs- und Abschirmungssystem | |
EP0085816A2 (de) | Elektromagnetische Abschirmung für einen elektrischen Verbinder | |
EP0406118A2 (de) | Einrichtung und Verfahren zum Reduzieren von Radiofrequenz-Geräusch | |
EP0165490A2 (de) | Auf einer gedruckten Schaltungskarte befestigter Aufnahmestecker für einen am Ende eines Kabels befestigten modularen Steckverbinder | |
CN111628357A (zh) | 用于减轻电谐振的电连接器 | |
US4381129A (en) | Grounded, multi-pin connector for shielded flat cable | |
ZA200605484B (en) | Electronic apparatus and enclosure employing substantially co-planar portions with mating crenellations | |
US5259792A (en) | Electrical connector housing and method for minimizing EMI emissions | |
GB2109649A (en) | Connector shielding assembly | |
US4422700A (en) | Grounded multi-pin connector for shielded flat cable | |
EP0124225A1 (de) | Erdklemme für die Kabelabschirmung | |
EP0108477A1 (de) | Kodierungssystem für Steckerfamilien | |
US6059607A (en) | Shielded electrical connector | |
US5186635A (en) | Electrical connector assembly with EMI protection | |
EP0455575A2 (de) | Abschirmende Mantelanordnung |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE DE FR GB IT NL SE |
|
PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE DE FR GB IT NL SE |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN WITHDRAWN |
|
18W | Application withdrawn |
Withdrawal date: 19860215 |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: CLARK, RICHARD PAUL Inventor name: HAWK, GARY WILBERT Inventor name: HNATUCK, ROBERT JAMES |