EP0081150A2 - Pressure and flame-proof sensor head - Google Patents

Pressure and flame-proof sensor head Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0081150A2
EP0081150A2 EP82110890A EP82110890A EP0081150A2 EP 0081150 A2 EP0081150 A2 EP 0081150A2 EP 82110890 A EP82110890 A EP 82110890A EP 82110890 A EP82110890 A EP 82110890A EP 0081150 A2 EP0081150 A2 EP 0081150A2
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EP
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Prior art keywords
sensor
housing
intermediate piece
piece according
pressure
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EP82110890A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0081150A3 (en
Inventor
Günter Dr. Tauber
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Schott Gerate GmbH
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Schott Gerate GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G12—INSTRUMENT DETAILS
    • G12B—CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF INSTRUMENTS, OR COMPARABLE DETAILS OF OTHER APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G12B17/00—Screening
    • G12B17/08—Screening from influences producing mechanical damage, e.g. caused by blast, by external objects, by person

Definitions

  • the vorliogondu invention provides an anti-jerk and flame-proof head for sensors such as measuring electrodes, resistance thermometers, electrolyte keys and other sensors.
  • suitable sensors are required to record measured values for temperature, ion activities, in particular pH value, redox potential, conductivity, polarization current, etc.
  • Common sensors are e.g. NTC or Pt 100 resistance thermometers, ion-sensitive electrodes, pH glass electrodes, redox electrodes, conductivity measuring cells, double platinum electrodes etc., whereby the actual sensors are melted, cemented or otherwise sealed in a shaft made of glass, plastic or metals.
  • the sensor is brought into contact with the measuring medium by guiding the shaft through an opening into the container wall (pipeline, reaction vessel) and sealing it there (critical point).
  • the sensors 1 ', 1 ", 1"' ' are fastened in a sensor holder 2 which is screwed into the end of an immersion tube 3 which extends through the container wall to which it is flanged (4) or Such a sensor holder can also be screwed, for example, into a flow sensor.
  • a screw thread or a flange cap is generally integrated in the sensor head.
  • the electrolytic procedure which is required for potentiometric measurements with reference electrodes that are spatially separated from the measuring medium, is particularly critical (electrolyte key). If the part of the electrolyte key in the container (usually made of glass or plastic) is destroyed with the diaphragm, the pressure of the container is transferred to the outside through a hole that is usually several millimeters wide. If this is damaged, the sample flows out at high pressure and high speed. If the sample is explosive and if it is ignited outside the container, the flames blow through the large opening of the electrolyte key into the container and can lead to an explosion there. There is currently not yet an electrolytic bushing that meets the requirements for flame arresting safety.
  • the aim of the present invention is a pressure and flame-proof sensor head for mounting sensors for measuring electrical, electrochemical and other physical quantities in pressure vessels and hazardous areas. This goal is achieved with a sensor head according to the patent claims.
  • the sensor heads according to the invention have different features.
  • ion-sensitive electrodes For resistance thermometers, ion-sensitive electrodes, pH electrodes, redox electrodes, pH or redox combination electrodes, conductivity electrodes, double platinum electrodes Troden etc. are usually two electrical conductors (15), (15 ') isolated from one another and from the housing (10). For pull electrodes, one insulated from the housing is sufficient. Ladder.
  • the insulation body (16) pressed into the housing (10) with a length d 'of> 40 mm preferably consists of PTFE.
  • the embedding of the conductors (15) and (15 ') in this body (16) must be ensured over a length of at least 40 mm so that the intermediate piece according to the invention can meet the requirements placed on it.
  • the sensor head must have an electrolytic feedthrough (15 ") through which the electrolyte can be fed into the electrolyte key compartment from a storage vessel located outside the measuring compartment, as well as a ventilation channel (17) for the time when the electrolyte key compartment is filled.
  • electrolytic feedthrough 15
  • Stainless steel capillaries are also preferably used for the venting channel
  • the length of the capillaries for the electrolyte feed-through should be at least 23 mm with an inside diameter of ⁇ 0.6 mm.
  • the venting channel is preferably led to the outside at a point in the area of the hose connection point, so that the vent hole (18) can be covered and sealed by the connecting hose after filling the electrolyte key space.
  • the desired pressure and flame arresting security is achieved in that the properties that provide these security features are moved to the location that is critical in every case, namely in the opening in the container or measuring transducer in which the Sensor is attached.
  • any other sensor can be equipped with an intermediate piece according to the invention.

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Abstract

A pressure and flameproof adaptor for fastening sensors, for example measuring electrodes, resistance thermometers or salt bridges in pressure containers and in areas with an explosion hazard consists 1) of an elongated housing, which fixedly and sealingly accommodates the sensor at its end reaching into the reaction chamber, 2) is constructed at its other end such that it can be connected coaxially to conventional sensor heads and/or to cables and/or to plug-in contacts or to tubular or hose connections, 3) has a screw or flange connection for fastening to the container wall or piping, 4) guides the electrical conductor and/or electrolyte conductor sealingly through this housing, and 5) consists in all parts of corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant materials. <IMAGE>

Description

Die vorliogondu Erfindung botrifft oinun uruck- und flammendurchschlagsicheren Kopf für solche Sensoren, wie beispielsweise Meßelektroden, Widerstandsthermometer, Elektrolytschlüssel und andere Sensoren.The vorliogondu invention provides an anti-jerk and flame-proof head for sensors such as measuring electrodes, resistance thermometers, electrolyte keys and other sensors.

Für die Kontrolle und Steuerung von chemischen und technischen Prozessen benötigt man geeignete Sensoren zur Aufnahmevon Meßwerten für Temperatur, Ionenaktivitäten, insbesondere pH-Wert, Redoxpotential, Leitfähigkeit, Polarisationsstrom u.a.. Gebräuchliche Sensoren sind z.B. NTC- oder Pt 100-Widerstandsthermometer, ionensensitive Elektroden, pH-Glaselektroäen, Redoxelektroden, Leitfähigkeitsmeßzellen, Doppel-Platinelektroden usw., wobei die eigentlichen Sensoren in einem Schaft aus Glas, Kunststoff oder Metallen eingeschmolzen, gekittet oder anders dichtend befestigt sind. Der Sensor wird mit dem Meßmedium in Kontakt gebracht, indem er mit dem Schaft durch eine öffnung in die Behälterwand (Rohrleitung, Reaktionskessel) geführt und dort (kritische Stelle) dichtend befestigt wird.For the control and control of chemical and technical processes, suitable sensors are required to record measured values for temperature, ion activities, in particular pH value, redox potential, conductivity, polarization current, etc. Common sensors are e.g. NTC or Pt 100 resistance thermometers, ion-sensitive electrodes, pH glass electrodes, redox electrodes, conductivity measuring cells, double platinum electrodes etc., whereby the actual sensors are melted, cemented or otherwise sealed in a shaft made of glass, plastic or metals. The sensor is brought into contact with the measuring medium by guiding the shaft through an opening into the container wall (pipeline, reaction vessel) and sealing it there (critical point).

Häufig (s. Figur 1) sind die Sensoren 1', 1", 1''' in einer Sensorenhalterung 2 befestigt, die in das Ende eines Eintauchrohres 3 geschraubt ist, das durch die Behälterwand reicht, an welcher es festgeflanscht (4) oder auf andere Weise dichtend befestigt ist. Eine derartige Sensorenhalterung kann auch z.B. in einen Durchlaufmeßgeber geschraubt sein. Zur Befestigung desSensors in der Behälteröffnung, bzw. der Sensorenhalterung ist i.a. ein Schraubgewinde oder eine Flanschkappe im Sensorenkopf integriert.Frequently (see FIG. 1) the sensors 1 ', 1 ", 1"' 'are fastened in a sensor holder 2 which is screwed into the end of an immersion tube 3 which extends through the container wall to which it is flanged (4) or Such a sensor holder can also be screwed, for example, into a flow sensor. To fasten the sensor in the container opening or the sensor holder, a screw thread or a flange cap is generally integrated in the sensor head.

Dieser Sensorenkopf erfüllt neben der Befestigungsmöglichkeit weitere wichtige Funktionen:

  • 1) Er bildet den Übergang von Sensorenschaft zum Kabel oder zu einer geeigneten Steckverbindung (Steckkopf), um das elektrische Signal weiterzuleiten.
  • 2) Er muß fest mit Kabel und Schaft verbunden sein und gas- und flüssigkeitsdicht die elektrischen Zuführungen schützen.
  • 3) Er muß korrosions- und hitzebeständig bis ca. 135°C sein.
  • 4) Die Gesamtkonstruktion vom Sensor bis zum Kabel, also auch die elektrische Durchführung durch den Sensorenkopf muß meist hochisolierend ( »10 12 Ω ) die Meßleitung zum Meßverstärker (Meßgerät) führen (z.B. bei pH-, Redox-und ionensensitiven Elektroden).
In addition to being able to be fastened, this sensor head fulfills other important functions:
  • 1) It forms the transition from the sensor shaft to the cable or to a suitable plug connection (plug head) in order to pass on the electrical signal.
  • 2) It must be firmly connected to the cable and shaft and protect the electrical leads in a gastight and liquid-tight manner.
  • 3) It must be corrosion and heat resistant up to approx. 135 ° C.
  • 4) The overall construction from the sensor to the cable, including the electrical feedthrough the sensor head, must usually be highly insulating (»10 12 Ω) and lead the measuring line to the measuring amplifier (measuring device) (eg with pH, redox and ion-sensitive electrodes).

Diese hohen Anforderungen, die an den Sensorenkopf gestellt werden, werden von einigen handelsüblichen Instrumenten seit mehreren Jahren mehr oder weniger zufriedenStellend erfüllt. Es existiert jedoch noch kein Sensorenkopf, der zusätzlich die Eigenschaft der Druck- und Flaiiiniundurchschlagsicherheit aufweist. Für solche Einsatzbedingungen verwendet man z.Zt. mehrere hintereinandergeschaltete, aber jeweils nicht sichere Durchführungen, z.B. herkömmlicher Sensor mit Schraub- oder Flanschkappe im Meßgeber befestigt, danach Kabeldurch- Führungen und evtl. zusätzlich eine metallische Schutzhaube. Weder die einzelnen Durchführungen noch die Gesamtheit der hintereinandergeschalteten Durchführungen entsprechen den Sicherheitsvorschriften.These high demands placed on the sensor head have been more or less satisfactorily met by some commercially available instruments for several years. However, there is still no sensor head, which additionally has the property of pressure and flain resistance. At present, such conditions are used. several cascaded but not safe bushings, e.g. Conventional sensor with screw or flange cap fastened in the transmitter, then cable bushings and possibly also a metal protective hood. Neither the individual bushings nor the entirety of the bushings connected in series comply with the safety regulations.

Besonders kritisch ist die elektrolytische Durchführung, die bei potentiometristhen Messungen mit vom Meßmedium räumlich getrennten Bezugselektroden erforderlich ist (Elektrolytschlüssel) . Wird der im Behälter befindliche Teil des Elektrolytschlüssels (meist aus Glas oder Kunststoff) mit dem Diaphragma zerstört, so wird der Druck des Behälters durch eine meist mehrere Millimeter weite öffnung nach außen übertragen auf einen Schlauch. Wird dieser beschädigt, entströmt das Meßgut mit hohem Druck und großer Geschwindigkeit. Ist das Meßgut ex - plosiv und wird es außerhalb des Behälters entzündet, schlagen die Flammen durch die große Öffnung des Elektrolytschlüssels in den Behälter und können dort zur Explosion führen. Es existiert z.Zt. noch keine elektrolytische Durchführung, die den Anforderungen der Flammendurchschlagsicherheit entspricht.The electrolytic procedure, which is required for potentiometric measurements with reference electrodes that are spatially separated from the measuring medium, is particularly critical (electrolyte key). If the part of the electrolyte key in the container (usually made of glass or plastic) is destroyed with the diaphragm, the pressure of the container is transferred to the outside through a hole that is usually several millimeters wide. If this is damaged, the sample flows out at high pressure and high speed. If the sample is explosive and if it is ignited outside the container, the flames blow through the large opening of the electrolyte key into the container and can lead to an explosion there. There is currently not yet an electrolytic bushing that meets the requirements for flame arresting safety.

Ziel der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ein druck- und flammendürchschlagsicherer Sensorenkopf zur Befestigung von Sensoren für die Messung elektrischer, elektrochemischer und anderer physikalischer Größen in Druckbehältern und explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen. Dieses Ziel wird mit einem Sensorenkopf gemäß den Patentansprüchen erreicht.The aim of the present invention is a pressure and flame-proof sensor head for mounting sensors for measuring electrical, electrochemical and other physical quantities in pressure vessels and hazardous areas. This goal is achieved with a sensor head according to the patent claims.

Je nachdem, um was für einen Sensor es sich handelt, weisen die erfindungsgemäßen Sensorenköpfe unterschiedliche Merkmale auf.Depending on the type of sensor, the sensor heads according to the invention have different features.

A. Sensorenkopf mit elektronenleitenden, metallischen Durchhfuhrungon (Fig. 2)A. Sensor head with electron-conducting, metallic bushingon (Fig. 2)

Für Widerstandsthermometer, ionensensitive Elektroden, pH-Elektroden, Redoxelektroden, pH- oder Redox-Einstabmeßketten, Leitfähigkeitsmeßketten, Doppel-Platinelektroden usw. werden meist zwei, voneinander und vom Gehäuse (10) isolierte,elektrische Leiter (15), (15') vorwondut. Bei Bczugselektroden genügt ein vom Gehäuse isolierter. Leiter.For resistance thermometers, ion-sensitive electrodes, pH electrodes, redox electrodes, pH or redox combination electrodes, conductivity electrodes, double platinum electrodes Troden etc. are usually two electrical conductors (15), (15 ') isolated from one another and from the housing (10). For pull electrodes, one insulated from the housing is sufficient. Ladder.

Der in das Gehäuse (10) mit einer Länge d' von > 40 mm eingepreßte Isolationskörper (16) besteht vorzugsweise aus PTFE. Die Einbettung der Leiter (15 ) und (15') in diesen Körper (16) muß, damit die an das erfindungsgemäße Zwischenstück die an es gestellten Forderungen erfüllen kann, über eine Länge von mindestens 40 mm gewährleistet sein.The insulation body (16) pressed into the housing (10) with a length d 'of> 40 mm preferably consists of PTFE. The embedding of the conductors (15) and (15 ') in this body (16) must be ensured over a length of at least 40 mm so that the intermediate piece according to the invention can meet the requirements placed on it.

B. Zwischenstück mit Kapillardurchführung, z.B. für Elektrolytschlüssel (Fig. 3)B. intermediate piece with capillary feedthrough, e.g. for electrolyte key (Fig. 3)

Hier muß der Sensorenkopf eine elektrolytische Durchführung (15") aufweisen, durch welche der Elektrolyt von einem außerhalb des Meßraumes befindlichen Vorratsgefäß in den Elektrolytschlüsselraum nachgeführt werden kann, sowie einen Entlüftungskanal (17) für den Zeitpunkt des Füllens des Elektrolytschlüsselraumes. Sowohl für die Elektrolytdurchführung als auch für den Entlüftungskanal werden vorzugsweise Edelstahlkapillaren verwendet, wobei die Länge der Kapillaren für die Elektrolytdurchführung mindestens 23 mm bei einem Innendurchmesser von ≤ 0,6 mm betragen soll. Der Entlüftungskanal ist vorzugsweise an einer Stelle im Bereich der Schlauchanschlußstelle nach außen geführt,. so daß die Entlüftungsbohrung (18) nach dem Füllen des Elektrolytschlüsselraumes von dem Anschlußschlauch verdeckt und abgedichtet werden kann.Here the sensor head must have an electrolytic feedthrough (15 ") through which the electrolyte can be fed into the electrolyte key compartment from a storage vessel located outside the measuring compartment, as well as a ventilation channel (17) for the time when the electrolyte key compartment is filled. Both for the electrolyte feedthrough and Stainless steel capillaries are also preferably used for the venting channel, the length of the capillaries for the electrolyte feed-through should be at least 23 mm with an inside diameter of ≤ 0.6 mm. The venting channel is preferably led to the outside at a point in the area of the hose connection point, so that the vent hole (18) can be covered and sealed by the connecting hose after filling the electrolyte key space.

Alle vorstehend beschriebenen Ausführungsformen erfindungsgemäßer Zwischenstücke weisen die folgenden gemeinsamen Merkmale auf:

  • a) sie besitzen eine Schraub- oder Flanschverbindung, wie sie bereits bei herkömmlichen Sensorenköpfen, bzw. Behälteranschlüusen üblich sind;
  • b) sie sind am sensorenseitigen Ende so konstruiert, daß sie den jeweiligen Sensor auf die gleiche Weise aufnehmen, wie dies von herkömmlichen Sensorenköpfen bekannt ist; im allgemeinen ist der Sensor in dieses Ende des Gehäuses eingekittet;
  • c) sie sind am anschlußseitigen Ende des Gehäuses so konstruiert, daß sie die Sensoren mit den erforderlichen Anschlüssen verbinden (Steckbuchsen, Schläuche, Kabel u.ä.);
  • d) sie bestehen ausschließlich aus korrosions- und hitzebeständigen Werkstoffen, wie z.B. Edelstahl, Monel, Kunststoffen (PTFE).
All the above-described embodiments of intermediate pieces according to the invention have the following common features:
  • a) they have a screw or flange connection, as is already common with conventional sensor heads or container connections;
  • b) they are designed at the sensor end so that they receive the respective sensor in the same way as is known from conventional sensor heads; generally the sensor is cemented into this end of the housing;
  • c) they are designed at the connection-side end of the housing in such a way that they connect the sensors to the required connections (sockets, hoses, cables, etc.);
  • d) they consist exclusively of corrosion and heat resistant materials such as stainless steel, Monel, plastics (PTFE).

Mit diesen erfindungsgemäßen Sensorenköpfen wird die angestrebte Druck- und Flammendurchschlagsicherheit dadurch erreicht, daß die diese Sicherheiten bringenden Eigenschaften, bzw..Merkmale an den Ort verlegt sind, der in jedem Falle kritisch ist, nämlich in die Öffnung im Behälter oder Meßgeber, in welcher der Sensor befestigt ist.With these sensor heads according to the invention, the desired pressure and flame arresting security is achieved in that the properties that provide these security features are moved to the location that is critical in every case, namely in the opening in the container or measuring transducer in which the Sensor is attached.

Es ist klar ersichtlich, daß über die vorstehend erläuterten Sensoren hinaus jeder beliebige andere Sensor mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Zwischenstück ausgerüstet werden kann.It is clearly evident that, in addition to the sensors explained above, any other sensor can be equipped with an intermediate piece according to the invention.

Claims (8)

1. Druck- und flammendurchschlagsicheres Zwischenstück zur Befestigung von Sensoren für die Messung physikalischer Größen in Druckbehältern und in explosionsgefährdeten Bereichen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß er aus einem länglichen Gehäuse (10) besteht, welches - mit seinem einen Ende (11)den Sensor (1) fest und dichtend aufnimmt wie ein herkömmlicher Sensorenkopf, - an seinem anderen Ende (12) so konstruiert ist, daß er koaxial mit herkömmlichen Sensorenköpfen und/oder Kabeln und/oder Steckkontakten oder mit Rohr- oder Schlauchverbindungen o.ä. verbunden werden kann, - eine Schraub- oder Flanschverbindung (14) aufweist, mittels derer das Zwischenstück wie ein herkömmlicher Sensorenkopf in der Behälterwand, Rohrleitung, Sensorenhalterung o.ä. befestigt werden kann, daß durch dieses Gehäuse der Leiter (15) dichtend hindurchgeführt ist, und daß alle Teile dieses Sensorenkopfes aus korrosions- und hitzebeständigen Werkstoffen bestehen. 1. Pressure and flame arrester intermediate piece for attaching sensors for the measurement of physical quantities in pressure vessels and in potentially explosive areas, characterized in that it consists of an elongated housing (10), which - With one end (11) the sensor (1) firmly and sealingly receives like a conventional sensor head, - At its other end (12) is constructed so that it coaxially with conventional sensor heads and / or cables and / or plug contacts or with pipe or hose connections or the like. can be connected - Has a screw or flange connection (14), by means of which the intermediate piece like a conventional sensor head in the container wall, pipeline, sensor holder or the like. can be attached that through this housing the conductor (15) is sealingly passed, and that all parts of this sensor head are made of corrosion and heat resistant materials. 2. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sensor (11) ein eine elektrische Größe abgebender Sensor oder eine Bezugselektrode ist, und der oder die Leiter aus elektrisch leitenden Metallstiften (15') bestehen, die au.f einer Länge d von mindestens 40 mm in einem, in das Gehäuse (10) fest eingepreßten, hoch isolierenden Körper (16) fest und dichtend eingebettet sind.2. Intermediate piece according to claim 1, characterized in that the sensor (1 1 ) is an electrical quantity emitting sensor or a reference electrode, and the conductor or conductors consist of electrically conductive metal pins (15 '), which also have a length d of at least 40 mm are firmly and sealingly embedded in a highly insulating body (16) which is firmly pressed into the housing (10). 3. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Leiter aus einer druckfesten Kapillare (15") besteht, die mit der Innenwand des Gehäuses (10) dicht verbunden ist.3. Intermediate piece according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductor consists of a pressure-resistant capillary (15 ") which is tightly connected to the inner wall of the housing (10). 4. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sensor (1") ein Elektrolytschlüssel ist und eine zweite Kapillare (17) als Entlüftung für den Elektrolytschlüsselraum mit der Innenwand des Gehäuses (10) dicht verbunden ist, die während des Betriebs des Elektrolytschlüssels verschlossen werden kann.4. Intermediate piece according to claim 3, characterized in that the sensor (1 ") is an electrolyte key and a second capillary (17) as a vent for the electrolyte key space with the inner wall of the housing (10) is tightly connected, which during operation of the electrolyte key can be locked. 5. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dieser Isolationskörper (16) aus einem polymerisierten Fluorkohlenwasserstoff wie Polytetrafluoräthylen besteht.5. Intermediate piece according to claim 2, characterized in that this insulating body (16) consists of a polymerized fluorocarbon such as polytetrafluoroethylene. 6. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese Kapillare (17) am sensorenseitigen Ende des Gehäuses gegenüber der Kapillare (15") verkürzt ist, und im Inneren des Gehäuses (10) an einer Stelle endet, von welcher sie zu einer Entlüftungsbohrung (18) in der Gehäusewand geführt ist.6. Intermediate piece according to claim 4, characterized in that this capillary (17) is shortened at the sensor end of the housing relative to the capillary (15 "), and ends in the interior of the housing (10) at a point from which it is led to a vent hole (18) in the housing wall. 7. Zwischenstück nach den Ansprüchen 3, 4 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß diese Kapillaren aus Edelstahl oder einem anderen hitze- und korrosionsbeständigen Metall bestehen.7. Intermediate piece according to claims 3, 4 or 6, characterized in that these capillaries consist of stainless steel or another heat and corrosion-resistant metal. 8. Zwischenstück nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das anschlußseitige Ende des Gehäuses (10) in Gestalt einer Schlaucholive ausgebildet ist und diese Entlüftungsbohrung (18) an einer Stelle im Bereich dieser Olive liegt.8. Intermediate piece according to claim 6, characterized in that the connection-side end of the housing (10) is in the form of a hose olive and this vent hole (18) lies at one point in the area of this olive.
EP82110890A 1981-12-01 1982-11-25 Pressure and flame-proof sensor head Withdrawn EP0081150A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3147484 1981-12-01
DE19813147484 DE3147484A1 (en) 1981-12-01 1981-12-01 PRESSURE AND FLAME-RETARDANT PROOF SENSOR HEAD

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EP0081150A2 true EP0081150A2 (en) 1983-06-15
EP0081150A3 EP0081150A3 (en) 1985-05-22

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Review of Scientific Instruments, Band 41, Nr. 1, Januar 1970, New York, (US). seiten 142-143. D.K.L. TAN: "Simple Teflon Sealed Thermocouple for High Pressure and Vacuum Systems". *
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Technische Temperaturmessung, Nr. 112, 1966, Dusseldorf (DE) W. OBROWSKI: "Auswahl von Thermometerschutzrohren". seiten 59-62. *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4341239C2 (en) * 1992-12-18 2002-03-28 Eckart Hiss Sicherheitsmeßfühler

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