EP0077991B1

EP0077991B1 - Multilayer fuser member and method of making

Info

Publication number: EP0077991B1
Application number: EP19820109594
Authority: EP
Inventors: James Stanley Newkirk; Robert Anton Wiederhold
Original assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Current assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Priority date: 1981-10-22
Filing date: 1982-10-18
Publication date: 1986-01-29
Also published as: EP0077991A2; DE3268869D1; EP0077991A3

Description

This invention relates generally to the field of electrography and, more particularly, this invention relates to the fusing of toner images to receivers by means of heat and pressure.
In the field of electrography, as practiced, for example, in commercial copiers, a radiation image of an original to be reproduced is projected upon a uniformly charged photoconductive member to produce a latent electrostatic image corresponding to the original image. A visible toner image is produced by developing the electrostatic image with charged toner particles. If the photoconductive member is reusable in the form of a belt or drum, the toner image is then transferred to a receiver such as a web or sheet of plain paper and fused to the receiver. If the photoconductive member itself is the receiver, then the toner image is fused directly to the member.
One technique which may be used to fuse a toner image to a receiver is through the application of heat and pressure by contacting the toner image with a heated fuser member such as a roller or belt. Commonly, a pair of rollers held together under pressure form a nip through which a toner image-carrying receiver is passed. One or both of the rollers are heated to melt the heat-softenable toner particles to fuse the toner image to the receiver.
In such fusers, one or both rollers preferably includes an elastomeric layer to lengthen the nip through which the receiver passes in order to increase fusing time and fo lower fusing energy requirements. To prevent offset of toner particles onto the surface of the fuser roller and to minimize any tendency of the copy sheet to wrap around one of the rollers causing copier malfunction, the elastomeric material must have good release characteristics. Although silicone elastomers and fluoroelastomers exhibit good release characteristics, it has been found highly desirable to apply a coating of an oil, such as fluorocarbon oils, silicone oils, and fluorosilicone oils, to the elastomeric layer to improve its toner offset- preventing characteristics. Over a period of time, however, it has been observed that such oils tend to be absorbed into the silicone elastomer causing it to swell. This swell causes the growth of a step pattern in the roller when copy sheets of a variety of lengths are processed by the copier. These steps are formed by greater swelling due to fuser oil absorption beyond the areas of the roller used to process the shorter length copies. When longer length copies are passed through the nip of the roller fuser, uneven fusing causes image deterioration in the processed copy sheet and damage to the sheet. Step pattern growth in elastomeric fuser rollers has been found to be especially troublesome when both fuser roller members are provided with elastomeric layers as when processing copy sheets with unfused toner images on both sides of the sheet.
Swelling of a silicone elastomeric layer by absorption of silicone fuser oil may be minimized by providing a multi-layer fuser member wherein the silicone elastomeric layer is overcoated with a layer of material which is resistant to absorption of silicone fuser oil. See, for example, US-A-3,883,293 and JP-A-41330n9. Such silicone oil resistant materials include the fluoroelastomers (e.g. fluorosilicone elastomer) and fluoropolymer-based elastomers (e.g. various vinylidene fluoride-based elastomers which contain hexafluoropropylene as a comonomer). Examples of such fluoropolymer-based elastomers are Viton° A (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) and Viton° B (vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene) which are trademarked compounds available from the DuPont Company, Wilmington, Delaware, USA. Such materials, though substantially more costly than silicone elastomer, are more resistant to silicone fuser oil absorption than silicone elastomer and substantially decrease the forming of steps in the silicone elastomeric underlayer.
Although the aforementioned multilayer fuser rollers have been found to minimize the formation of steps and consequent image degradation in processed copy sheets, thereby substantially increasing the life of the fuser roller, it has been found difficult to form the multilayered fuser members due to the difficulty in adhering fluoroelastomers to silicone elastomers. Thus, a fuser roller having a silicone elastomer base layer to which is adhered a fluoroelastomer layer has been found to exhibit separation between the layers with prolonged use. This separation may be accounted for by the lack of affinity of the fluoroelastomers for other materials and by the constant flexing of the fuser roller during use.
US-A-4,147,832 discloses a fixing roller having bonded to a core four layers in the following order: a heat resistant adhesive layer, a heat and oil resistant elastic layer, a heat and oil resistant adhesive layer, and an offset preventing layer. All layers are formed by spraying the respective materials thereof on a supporting member or by immersing the supporting member in the respective materials. The offset preventing layer on the heat and.oil resistant adhesive layer is formed before the solvent of the heat and oil resistant layer has been evaporated. Furthermore, at least one component of the heat and oil resistant adhesive layer is similar in properties to the components of said heat and oil resistant elastic layer and the offset preventing layer.
To overcome the above-mentioned problems of the prior art there are provided first and second related inventions; i.e. a product invention and a method invention.
According to the product invention, a multilayer member for fusing toner images to a receiver comprises a first, inner layer of an oil-swellable elastomeric material, a second surrounding layer of a material which is resistant to absorption of fuser oil, and a bonding layer intermediate of said first and second layers for bonding said first and second layers. Such intermediate layer is characterized in that said bonding layer comprises a blend of said elastomeric material and said material resistant to oil absorption in which the proportion of the elastomeric material to the material resistant to oil absorption gradually varies, in a direction from the first layer toward the second layer, from substantially only the elastomeric material to substantially only the material resistant to oil absorption. Preferably the material resistant to oil absorption also comprises an elastomeric material, a particularly preferred material being an elastomeric cross-linked fluoropolymer having tetrafluoroethylene repeating units and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinylether repeating units.
According to the method invention, a fuser member of the above construction is manufactured by a method characterized by the steps of spraying a base member with a first material comprising an oil-swellable elastomer; while spraying such base member with said first material, spraying such base member with a second material which is substantially impervious to oil; gradually increasing the relative proportion of said second material to said first material until only said second material is sprayed, thereby forming an intermediate bonding layer comprising a variable blend of the first and second materials; and continuing to spray said second material only to form an oil-impervious layer of said second material atop said first material.
The invention and their various advantages will become more apparent in the ensuing detailed description of preferred embodiments, reference being made to the accompanying drawings wherein:

Fig. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a fuser member structured according to the product invention;
Fig. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a fuser member according to the product invention;
Fig. 3 shows the fuser member of Fig. 2 as used in a roller fusing apparatus for fixing toner images to a receiver; and
Fig. 4 illustrates an apparatus which may be used in effecting the method invention disclosed herein.

Multilayered fuser members may have different configurations. For example, a fuser member may comprise a flat plate, a belt or a roller. However, in commercial electrophotographic copiers, the most common configuration is a roller. Accordingly, the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 includes a fuser roller 10 which may be heated internally. Roller 10 includes a core 12 of heat conductive material (e.g. aluminum, brass or stainless steel) or heat transmissive material (e.g. glass) which supports an inner elastomeric layer 14 and an outer oil-impervious layer 16, both layers being made of materials which are resistant to degradation at high temperatures, e.g. in the range of 100°C to 200°C. According to one embodiment of the product invention herein disclosed, the elastomeric material of layer 14 comprises a polysiloxane elastomer such as silicone elastomer. The material of layer 16 preferably comprises a fluoroelastomer which resists absorption of silicone fuser oil, i.e., is substantially impervious to such fuser oil. Layer 16 may, for example, comprise a fluorosilicone or fluoropolymeric elastomer such as the vinylidene fluoride based fluoropolymers. Particularly preferred fluoropolymers are those cross-linked fluoropolymers having tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinylether repeating units, e.g. disclosed in US-A-4,199,626. Positioned intermediate layers 14 and 16 is a bonding layer 15 which comprises a gradually varying mixture from only the material of layer 14 to only the material of layer 16. The intermediate layer can best be described by the method by which it is formed.
According to the method invention herein, layer 15 and at least the respective contiguous portions of layers 14 and 16 are formed by a spraying technique. Where a thickness of layer 14 has already been formed on core 12 (e.g. by a conventional molding process) it is preferred that a thin coating of the same elastomer as layer 14 be initially sprayed onto layer 14 to form a continuous layer therewith. While the material of layer 14 is continued to be sprayed, the material which is to form layer 16 is simultaneously sprayed in gradually increasing proportion with the layer 14 material. As spraying continues, the proportion of the layer 14 material is decreased while the proportion of layer 16 material increases (or remains constant) until only the layer 16 material is being sprayed. Only this material is then sprayed to the desired thickness of layer 16. Alternatively, the layer 14 material may be sprayed directly upon core 12 and a desirable thickness thereof built up before the formation of layer 15 is initiated.
In the formation of the intermediate bonding layer 15 between layers 14 and 16 by the above-described process, it is preferred that the proportion of the two materials continuously vary during the spraying process so that the proportion of the layer 16 material to layer 14 material gradually increases. Alternatively, the proportions can be changed in fixed steps so that, for example, initially only layer 14 elastomer is sprayed; then a mixture of 75% of layer 14 elastomer and 25% of layer 16 elastomer is sprayed; then a mixture of 50% of each elastomer is sprayed; then a mixture of 25% of layer 14 elastomer and 75% of layer 16 elastomer is sprayed (all percentages are by volume); and then only layer 16 elastomer is sprayed. Other variations in the proportions of materials and number of layers may be effected within the scope of the present invention.
The layer 14 elastomer and layer 16 elastomer are preferably dissolved in the same solvents prior to spraying in order to maximize compatibility of the materials once sprayed on the roller. The solvents used are preferably a suitable mixture of low boiling point and high boiling point solvents, the ratio of one solvent to another being selected to obtain proper drying time to insure acceptable roller properties such as the ability to resist delamination between layers.
In the embodiment of Fig. 2, a very thin layer 18 of toner offset preventing elastomer is bonded to the oil-impervious layer 16 by a bonding layer 17. The bonding layer is applied by the spraying technique described above and comprises a gradually varying proportion of the layer 16 elastomer and the layer 18 elastomer from substantially only the layer 16 elastomer to substantially only the layer 18 elastomer. The elastomer of layer 18 is preferably the same as the elastomer of layer 14 and may, for example, comprise silicone elastomer. Layer 16, being made of a fuser oil-resistant elastomer such as fluoroelastomer, substantially prevents any oil absorbed by layer 18 from penetrating to layer 14 and thereby swelling it. Though not depicted as such, layer 18 is substantially thinner than layer 14; thus, any swelling of layer 18 due to absorption of fuser oil will be minimal compared to the swelling of layer 14 were it allowed to absorb oil.
Referring now to Fig. 3, there is shown a fuser roller according to the embodiment of Fig. 2 incorporated into a roller fusing apparatus used in an electrographic copier for fusing toner images 60 carried by one side of a receiver 58. As shown, roller 30 includes a metallic core 32 which is internally heated by a quartz lamp 62; a first layer 34 of high-temperature resistant silicone elastomer bonded thereto; a second layer 36 of fluoroelastomer which is impervious to silicone fuser oil and resistant to degradation at high temperatures such as the aforementioned fluoroelastomers; and a bonding layer 35 intermediate of and continuous with layers 34 and 36 in which the proportion of the silicone elastomer to the fluoroelastomer gradually varies from substantially only the silicone elastomer to substantially only the fluoroelastomer. A third layer 38 is provided which may be any high temperature resistant material which has good toner offset preventing characteristics. Preferably layer 38 is of the same material as layer 34 and therefore may comprise silicone elastomer. However, this material may be any other high temperature resistant elastomer which shows good toner offset preventing characteristics or may be a flexible polymer which is not elastomeric but which has good toner offset preventing characteristics and which is heat resistant, such as the fluoropolymer which comprises a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and polypropylene.
In layer 37 which is intermediate and continuous with layers 36 and 38 the proportion of the layer 36 material to the layer 38 material gradually varies from substantially only the layer 36 material to substantially only the layer 38 material.
In order to enhance the toner offset preventing characteristics of the surface of layer 38, fuser oil is applied by means of a wick 40 held against roller 30 by member 42. Wick 40 is saturated with fuser oil contained in sump 44. A large number of known fuser oils are commercially available and suitable for such use.
A pressure roller 50 is held in pressure engagement with fuser roller 30 by suitable force-applying means such as that disclosed in Research Disclosure No. 13,703, Sept. 1975, published by Industrial Opportunities, Ltd., Homewell, Havant, Hampshire, UK. Pressure roller 50 includes a core 52 of metallic material mounted on shaft 54 and an outer layer 56 of material having good toner offset preventing characteristics such as polytetrafluoroethylene, silicone elastomer or fluoroelastomers such as the vinylidene-fluoride based fluoropolymeric elastomers. Rollers 50 and 30 form a nip through which is passed receiver 58 carrying an unfixed toner image 60 on its underside. Through heat and pressure, toner image 60 is fixed permanently to receiver 58 as it passes this nip.
Referring now to Fig. 4, there is shown apparatus which is useful for carrying out the above-described method invention. As shown, an aluminum core 70 is rotatably mounted in bearings 72 and 74 by gudgeons 71 and 73, respectively. A motor 76 is connected to core 70 to rotate it at a predetermined rotational speed. Spray assembly 78 is provided and includes a carriage 80 upon which are mounted spray heads 82 and 84. Carriage 80 is driven for movement in directions 86 by means of a threaded rod 88 rotatably mounted in bearings 90 and 92 and driven by motor 93. The spray areas of spray heads 82 and 84 are contiguous. Spray head 84 is supplied with first material to be sprayed from reservoir 95 by means of flexible conduit 94. In like manner, spray head 82 is supplied with second material to be sprayed from reservoir 96 -by means of flexible conduit 98. Valves 114 and 116 in conduits 94 and 98 respectively control the amount of material supplied to spray heads 84 and 82. A source 104 of pressurized fluid such as air provides pressure to drive fluid motors 76 and 93, provides a pneumatic source for spraying materials from spray heads 84 and 82 and provides pressure to reservoirs 95 and 96. Conduits 100 and 101 having regulators 102 and 103 supply pressurized air to reservoirs 95 and 96, respectively. Conduits 106 and 108 supply pressurized air to spray heads 84 and 82 respectively. Valves 110 and 112 control the amount of air supplied over conduits 106 and 108 respectively, while valves 114 and 116 control the actuation of spray heads 84 and 82.
The following is a description of the formation of a fuser roller according to the method invention using the apparatus of Fig. 4. The spraying operation is carried out at ambient temperature and humidity but both temperature and humidity are preferably controlled to avoid extremes of either or both. The ultimate fuser roller will be assumed to have a final structure in accordance with the multi-layer roller shown in Fig. 2. In such case, the fuser roller may comprise inner and outer layers of silicone elastomer and a middle layer of a fluoroelastomer. Thus, the inner layer is the thickest layer (e.g. 0.1 to 0.2 centimeter) of the multilayer fuser roller. The outer layer which contacts a toner image is relatively thin (e.g. between 0.005 and 0.012 centimeters), and the middle layer of fluoroelastomer is about 0.025 to 0.050 centimeters thick. The bonding layers (i.e. layers 15 and 17) are of the order of several 11m thick. A fuser roller is formed by the apparatus of Fig. 4 as follows:

The aluminum core 70 which may be pretreated to promote adhesion of the silicone elastomer is rotatably driven at a predetermined velocity. Simultaneously, motor 93 causes spray heads 84 and 82 carried by carriage 80 to move back and forth across cylinder 70 as it is rotated by motor 76. The rotational velocity of roller 70 and velocity of carriage 80 are synchronized to effect the desired buildup of layers on roller 70. Layer buildup is also a function of the rate of spraying by spray heads 84 and 82 and of the characteristics of materials being sprayed.

As roller core 70 is rotated and carriage 80 is caused to move back and forth across the width of roller 70, silicone elastomer is sprayed upon core 70 to build up the inner layer to the desired thickness. Since spraying techniques might require an unnecessarily long time for building up such a thickness, it may be desirable as mentioned above, to provide a core 70 upon which a layer of silicone elastomer has already been formed by other techniques such as molding. Then, only an initial thin layer of silicone elastomer need be applied over this layer so that the time required for spraying is substantially reduced or a mixture of silicone elastomer and fluoroelastomer may be sprayed immediately on the silicone layer.
After the desired thickness of silicone elastomer has been sprayed onto core 70, silicone elastomer is continued to be sprayed upon roller 70, and valve 116 is gradually opened to actuate spray head 82. Valve 114 which has been fully opened during spraying of silicone elastomer only by head 84 is now gradually closed as valve 116 is gradually opened so that the mixture of the silicone elastomer and fluoroelastomer sprayed by heads 84 and 82 will gradually vary from only silicone elastomer being sprayed to only fluoroelastomer being sprayed. When only fluoroelastomer is being sprayed, valve 114 will have been closed, valve 116 will be fully opened, and fluoroelastomer will continue to be sprayed until the desired thickness of the fluoroelastomer layer is built up.
To build up an outer layer of silicone elastomer, the reverse process is now effected. As fluoroelastomer is continued to be sprayed upon roller 70 silicone elastomer is progressively added to the spray mixture until only silicone elastomer is being sprayed to a desired thickness. The multi- layer fuser roller is then removed from the spraying apparatus and cured by known curing techniques.
Fusing rolls structured and manufactured in accordance with the aforedescribed product and method inventions were used to fuse toner images to 600,000 receiver sheets. After such use the rolls were thoroughly examined and it was found that step growth in the multilayer roller was only one-half of that expected to be found in a fuser roller having a single silicone elastomer layer of comparable thickness. Adhesion between the fluoroelastomer layer and silicone base layer was found to be comparable both before and after processing, indicating no deterioration in the adhesion between these layers after the 600,000 sheets were processed.

Claims

1. A multilayer member (10; 30) for fusing toner images to a receiver comprising a first, inner layer (14; 34) of an oil-swellable elastomeric material, a second, surrounding layer (16; 36) of a material which is resistant to absorption of fuser oil, and a bonding layer (15; 35) intermediate of said first and second layers for bonding said first and second layers, characterized in that said bonding layer (15; 35) comprises a blend of said elastomeric material and said material resistant to oil absorption in which the proportion of the elastomeric material to the material resistant to oil absorption gradually varies, in a direction from the first layer (14; 34) toward the second layer (16; 36), from substantially only the elastomeric material to substantially only the material that is resistant to oil absorption.

2. A member as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that said material resistant to oil absorption comprises an elastomer.

3. A member as claimed by Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said first and second layers (14; 34; 16; 36) comprise elastomers resistant to degradation at high temperatures, e.g. in the range of 100° to 200°C.

4. A member as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said material resistant to oil absorption comprises a crosslinked fluoropolymer having repeating units of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinylether.

5. A member as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that said elastomeric material of the first layer comprises a silicone material and said material resistant to oil absorption comprises a fluoropolymer.

6. A member as claimed in Claim 5, characterized in that said elastomeric material comprises a silicone elastomer and said material resistant to oil absorption comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of fluorosilicone elastomer and vinylidene fluoride-based fluoropolymeric elastomers.

7. A member as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of said first layer (14; 34) is substantially greater than the thickness of said second layer (16; 36).

8. A method for forming a resilient, oil-impervious member for fusing toner images to a receiver, characterized by the steps of:

spraying a base member (12; 32; 70) with a first material comprising an oil-swellable elastomer;

while spraying such base member with said first material, spraying such base member with a second material which is substantially impervious to oil;

gradually increasing the relative proportion of said second material to said first material until only said second material is sprayed, thereby forming an intermediate bonding layer comprising a variable blend of the first and second materials; and

continuing to spray said second material only to form an oil-impervious layer (16; 36) of said second material atop said first material.

9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, characterized in that said second material comprises an elastomer.

10. A method as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, characterized in that said first material comprises a silicone material and said second material comprises a fluoropolymer.

11. A method as claimed in Claim 8, characterized in that said first material comprises a silicone elastomer and said second material comprises a fluoroelastomer selected from the group consisting of fluorosilicone elastomers and vinylidene fluoride-based fluoropolymeric elastomers.

12. A method as claimed in Claim 8, characterized in that said second material comprises a crosslinked elastomeric fluoropolymer having repeating units of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl perfluorovinylether.