EP0077464B1 - Kinoform - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0077464B1
EP0077464B1 EP82108499A EP82108499A EP0077464B1 EP 0077464 B1 EP0077464 B1 EP 0077464B1 EP 82108499 A EP82108499 A EP 82108499A EP 82108499 A EP82108499 A EP 82108499A EP 0077464 B1 EP0077464 B1 EP 0077464B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
kinoform
picture elements
discrete
image
distribution function
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP82108499A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0077464A3 (en
EP0077464A2 (en
Inventor
Heinrich Peter Baltes
Michel Vincent Romerio
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens Building Technologies AG
Original Assignee
LGZ Landis and Gyr Zug AG
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Publication date
Application filed by LGZ Landis and Gyr Zug AG filed Critical LGZ Landis and Gyr Zug AG
Priority to AT82108499T priority Critical patent/ATE16052T1/en
Publication of EP0077464A2 publication Critical patent/EP0077464A2/en
Publication of EP0077464A3 publication Critical patent/EP0077464A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0077464B1 publication Critical patent/EP0077464B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
    • G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
    • G03H1/0841—Encoding method mapping the synthesized field into a restricted set of values representative of the modulator parameters, e.g. detour phase coding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
    • G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K1/00—Methods or arrangements for marking the record carrier in digital fashion
    • G06K1/12—Methods or arrangements for marking the record carrier in digital fashion otherwise than by punching
    • G06K1/126—Methods or arrangements for marking the record carrier in digital fashion otherwise than by punching by photographic or thermographic registration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
    • G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
    • G06K19/16—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards the marking being a hologram or diffraction grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
    • G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
    • G07F7/086—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means by passive credit-cards adapted therefor, e.g. constructive particularities to avoid counterfeiting, e.g. by inclusion of a physical or chemical security-layer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
    • G03H1/04—Processes or apparatus for producing holograms
    • G03H1/08—Synthesising holograms, i.e. holograms synthesized from objects or objects from holograms
    • G03H1/0841—Encoding method mapping the synthesized field into a restricted set of values representative of the modulator parameters, e.g. detour phase coding
    • G03H2001/085—Kinoform, i.e. phase only encoding wherein the computed field is processed into a distribution of phase differences

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a kinoform according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a kinoform of this type can e.g. B. can be used as a synthetically produced, machine-readable optical authenticity feature for documents of value.
  • documents of value include: B. banknotes, checks, securities, identity cards, ID cards, credit cards, tickets, tickets and the like, which are checked more and more by machine in authenticity in many countries for authenticity.
  • Most of these documents of value can be forged with modern means of reproduction with little effort.
  • Numerous proposals are known which aim to store authenticity information on such value documents, which increase the effort required for a promising forgery and thus increase the security against forgery.
  • the recording of authenticity information in the form of optical markings, e.g. B. of holograms that can be read by machine.
  • this method is generally not readily applicable, since the number M of pixels is small, e.g. B. 2 ... M _ 50.
  • the radiation intensity of the M pixels represents the M bits of an M-bit code word, with each pixel z. B. has two discrete light / dark values.
  • the code word does not necessarily have to be a binary code word, but can also have more than two discrete level values and z. B. be a ternary code word.
  • FIG. 1 shows an arrangement for reproducing an image using a kinoform
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the radiation intensity I of the pixels as a function of the solid angle 8.
  • a coherent radiation source not shown, generates e.g. B. a plane wave 1 of coherent radiation that a z. B. radiation-permeable Kinoform 2, the stray field in a known manner in the plane of an image 3, a picture information stored in the Kinoform, z. B. of the letter A reproduced.
  • the evaluation of the pixels of the authenticity feature is usually done using photodetectors.
  • the not infinitely small detector size is used and the requirement for spatial sharpness of the M pixels is weakened.
  • Each of the M pixels is replaced by an image spot, which in turn consists of N discrete pixels, all of which are approximately the same Radiation intensity is like the original pixel, replaced by the image spot.
  • the radiation intensity of the image points within each image spot is thus approximately constant and the number N of the image points to be selected per image spot should be in the order of 50.
  • Fig. 2. 2 shows the solid angle of each pixel and I its radiation intensity.
  • Line a shows the image generated by the conventional cinema form.
  • the corresponding cinema form is calculated on the basis of a large number M of z.
  • B binary pixels that are more or less evenly distributed over the entire solid angle available.
  • the output image used to produce the modified cinema form is shown, consisting of a small number of image spots - in the figure 2 there are three -, each image spot consisting of N discrete pixels, which are more or less evenly than for the solid angles A8 available are distributed to the respective image spots.
  • A8 is not shown to scale in FIG. 2 and is drawn oversized.
  • a kinoform is a pure phase structure, which is calculated in such a way that it only generates diffracted beams of a single diffraction order.
  • the radiation yield efficiency is very high and a bright image is generated.
  • the entire radiation energy of the coherent radiation source is thus concentrated in the few M image spots without significant energy losses.
  • the radiation amplitudes of the stray field in the individual pixels of image 3 in FIG. 1 are first determined and the propagation of the wave amplitude in the backward direction from the plane of FIG. 3 to the kinoform plane is calculated by means of an inverse Fourier transformation. Any point between zero and 2 ⁇ is assigned to each point of the stray field. B. is statistically randomly distributed with a uniform distribution density. In the case described, the points of the stray field are the N discrete points of each of the M image spots.

Abstract

1. A method of producing a kinoform wherein the amplitude distribution function of a plurality of discrete picture elements of an image which is to be reproduced by the kinoform upon coherent irradiation, is established, recorded and converted by computer means into the associated phase distribution function which is required at the location of the kinoform characterised in that for the purposes of producing a kinoform of a code word comprising M discrete light/dark picture elements with 2 =< M =< 50, when establishing the amplitude distribution function of the image to be reproduced, each of the picture elements is replaced by a picture spot which in turn comprises N discrete picture elements which all have approximately the same intensity of radiation, wherein N is so selected that the product of M and N amounts to several hundreds.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Kinoforms gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for producing a kinoform according to the preamble of claim 1.

Ein Kinoform solcher Art kann z. B. als synthetisch hergestelltes, maschinenlesbares optisches Echtheitsmerkmal für Wertdokumente verwendet werden.A kinoform of this type can e.g. B. can be used as a synthetically produced, machine-readable optical authenticity feature for documents of value.

Als Wertdokumente in diesem Sinne gelten z. B. Banknoten, Schecks, Wertpapiere, Identitätsausweise, Kennkarten, Kreditkarten, Fahrkarten, Eintrittskarten und dergleichen, die in vielen Ländern mehr und mehr in Annahmegeräten maschinell auf Echtheit geprüft werden. Die meisten dieser Wertdokumente können mit modernen Reproduktionsmitteln mit nicht allzu grossem Aufwand gefälscht werden. Es sind zahlreiche Vorschläge bekannt, die darauf abzielen, auf solchen Wertdokumenten Echtheitsinformationen zu speichern, welche den für eine erfolgversprechende Fälschung erforderlichen Aufwand und damit die Fälschungssicherheit erhöhen. Bekannt ist insbesondere die Aufzeichnung von Echtheitsinformationen in Form von optischen Markierungen, z. B. von Hologrammen, die maschinell gelesen werden können.In this sense, documents of value include: B. banknotes, checks, securities, identity cards, ID cards, credit cards, tickets, tickets and the like, which are checked more and more by machine in authenticity in many countries for authenticity. Most of these documents of value can be forged with modern means of reproduction with little effort. Numerous proposals are known which aim to store authenticity information on such value documents, which increase the effort required for a promising forgery and thus increase the security against forgery. The recording of authenticity information in the form of optical markings, e.g. B. of holograms that can be read by machine.

Aus der DE-A-1 957 475 ist als gelegentlicher Ersatz für Hologramme das Kinoform bekannt, das unter Beibehaltung der Vorteile eines Hologramms dessen Nachteile nicht besitzt, wie z. B. das Vorhandensein mehrerer Beugungsordnungen bzw. deren Konjugierten,

  • die geringe Lichtausbeute und
  • den aufwendigen und zeitraubenden Rechneraufwand bei rechnergesteuert, synthetisch hergestellten Hologrammen.
From DE-A-1 957 475 the kinoform is known as an occasional replacement for holograms, which does not have its disadvantages while maintaining the advantages of a hologram, such as. B. the existence of several diffraction orders or their conjugates,
  • the low luminous efficacy and
  • the complex and time-consuming computing effort for computer-controlled, synthetically produced holograms.

Da bisher kein Weg gefunden wurde, ein Kinoform rein optisch zu erzeugen, muss dieses rechnergesteuert synthetisch hergestellt werden.Since no way has yet been found to produce a kinoform purely optically, it has to be produced synthetically under computer control.

Die Berechnung eines solchen herkömmlichen Kinoforms benötigt eine Vielzahl diskreter, über die gesamte Fläche der gewünschten Abbildung mehr oder weniger regelmässig verteilter Bildpunkte. Diese Vielzahl von Bildpunkten ist normalerweise, d. h. bei der Wiedergabe bildlicher Darstellungen wie z. B. eines Photos, ein Vorteil, da durch viele Bildpunkte die Auflösung des Bildes verbessert wird.The calculation of such a conventional cinema form requires a large number of discrete pixels that are more or less regularly distributed over the entire area of the desired image. This variety of pixels is usually d. H. when playing visual representations such. B. a photo, an advantage because the resolution of the image is improved by many pixels.

Im Fall maschinenlesbarer optischer Echtheitsmerkmale ist dagegen dieses Verfahren ohne weiteres in der Regel nicht anwendbar, da die Anzahl M derBildpunkte klein ist, z. B. 2... M _ 50. Die Strahlungsintensität der M Bildpunkte stellt dabei die M Bit eines M-Bit Codewortes dar, wobei jeder Bildpunkt z. B. zwei diskrete Hell/Dunkel-Werte besitzt. Das Codewort braucht jedoch nicht unbedingt ein Binär-Codewort zu sein, sondern kann auch mehr als zwei diskrete Pegelwerte besitzen und z. B. ein Ternär-Codewort sein.In the case of machine-readable optical authenticity features, on the other hand, this method is generally not readily applicable, since the number M of pixels is small, e.g. B. 2 ... M _ 50. The radiation intensity of the M pixels represents the M bits of an M-bit code word, with each pixel z. B. has two discrete light / dark values. However, the code word does not necessarily have to be a binary code word, but can also have more than two discrete level values and z. B. be a ternary code word.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Kinoform herzustellen, welches folgende Bedingungen erfüllt :

  • Möglichkeit der Reproduktion von M diskreten Hell/Dunkel-Bildpunkten einer Abbildung, mit 2,≤M≤50.
The object of the invention is to produce a kinoform which fulfills the following conditions:
  • Possibility of reproducing M discrete light / dark pixels of an image, with 2, ≤M≤50.

Möglichkeit, dass die M diskreten Hell/Dunkel-Bildpunkte zusätzlich mit einer beschränkten Anzahl diskreter Grauwerte versehen sind.Possibility that the M discrete light / dark pixels are additionally provided with a limited number of discrete gray values.

Maximale Konzentration der Strahlungsenergie einer das Kinoform bestrahlenden kohärenten Strahlungsquelle in den wenigen M diskreten Bildpunkten.Maximum concentration of the radiation energy of a coherent radiation source irradiating the kinoform in the few M discrete pixels.

Die genannte Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss durch die im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 angegebenen Merkmale gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved by the features specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben. Es zeigen :An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and will be described in more detail below. Show it :

Figur 1 eine Anordnung zum Reproduzieren einer Abbildung mittels eines Kinoforms,FIG. 1 shows an arrangement for reproducing an image using a kinoform,

Figur 2 ein Diagramm der Strahlungsintensität I der Bildpunkte in Funktion des Raumwinkels 8.FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the radiation intensity I of the pixels as a function of the solid angle 8.

Eine nicht gezeichnete kohärente Strahlungsquelle erzeugt z. B. eine ebene Welle 1 kohärenter Strahlung, die ein z. B. strahlungsdurchlässiges Kinoform 2 beleuchtet, dessen Streufeld auf bekannte Art in der Ebene eines Bildes 3 eine im Kinoform gespeicherte Bildinformation, z. B. des Buchstabens A, reproduziert.A coherent radiation source, not shown, generates e.g. B. a plane wave 1 of coherent radiation that a z. B. radiation-permeable Kinoform 2, the stray field in a known manner in the plane of an image 3, a picture information stored in the Kinoform, z. B. of the letter A reproduced.

Das Herstellungsverfahren und die Funktionsweise eines Kinoforms ist aus dem angegebenen Stand der Technik bekannt.The production process and the mode of operation of a kinoform is known from the stated prior art.

Da bei maschinenlesbaren optischen Echtheitsmerkmalen nur wenige M Bit eines Codewortes in Form von Hell-Dunkel-Bildpunkten, mit oder ohne diskrete Grauwerte, vorhanden sind, mit 2 % M ≤ 50, sind die im angegebenen Stand der Technik beschriebenen Berechnungen nicht ohne weiteres realisierbar. Bei so wenigen Bildpunkten, ausser für den in der Praxis wenig interessanten Fall M = 1 ist beim herkömmlichen Kinoform die Einhaltung der sogenannten Kinoform-Bedingung, d. h. das Konstanthalten der Wellenamplituden bzw. der Strahlungsintensitäten in der Kinoform-Ebene, praktisch nicht möglich.Since there are only a few M bits of a code word in the form of light-dark pixels, with or without discrete gray values, with 2% M ≤ 50 in the case of machine-readable optical authenticity features, the calculations described in the stated prior art cannot be easily implemented. With so few pixels, except for the case M = 1, which is of little interest in practice, in the conventional kinoform the compliance with the so-called kinoform condition, i. H. keeping the wave amplitudes or the radiation intensities constant in the kinoform plane is practically impossible.

Eine statistische Schätzung der relativen Abweichung von dieser Konstanz zeigt, dass sie annähernd gleich M-112 ist. Somit ist ersichtlich, dass nur ein grosser Wert von M gleich einigen Hundert Bildpunkten, mit z. B. M = 300, diese Abweichung erträglich gering hält.A statistical estimate of the relative deviation from this constancy shows that it is approximately equal to M- 112 . It can thus be seen that only a large value of M equals a few hundred pixels, with z. B. M = 300, this deviation keeps tolerably low.

Die Auswertung der Bildpunkte des Echtheitsmerkmals geschieht in der Regel mittels Photodetektoren. Um trotz des kleinen Wertes von M ein Kinoform mit genügender Qualität, d. h. als reines Phasenobjekt zu erhalten, wird die nicht unendlich kleine Detektorgrösse ausgenutzt und die Forderung nach räumlicher Schärfe der M Bildpunkte abgeschwächt. Jeder der M Bildpunkte wird dabei durch einen Bildflecken ersetzt, welcher seinerseits aus N diskreten Bildpunkten besteht, die alle annähernd die gleiche Strahlungsintensität besitzen wie der ursprüngliche, durch den Bildflecken ersetzte, Bildpunkt. Die Strahlungsintensität der Bildpunkte innerhalb eines jeden Bildfleckens ist somit annähernd konstant und die Anzahl N der zu wählenden Bildpunkte pro Bildflecken sollte in der Grössenordnung von 50 liegen.The evaluation of the pixels of the authenticity feature is usually done using photodetectors. In order to obtain a kinoform of sufficient quality, ie as a pure phase object, despite the small value of M, the not infinitely small detector size is used and the requirement for spatial sharpness of the M pixels is weakened. Each of the M pixels is replaced by an image spot, which in turn consists of N discrete pixels, all of which are approximately the same Radiation intensity is like the original pixel, replaced by the image spot. The radiation intensity of the image points within each image spot is thus approximately constant and the number N of the image points to be selected per image spot should be in the order of 50.

Der Unterschied zwischen einem herkömmlichen und dem abgeänderten Kinoform ist aus der Fig. 2 ersichtlich. In dieser Fig..2 stellt den Raumwinkel eines jeden Bildpunktes und I dessen Strahlungsintensität dar.The difference between a conventional and the modified Kinoform can be seen from Fig. 2. 2 shows the solid angle of each pixel and I its radiation intensity.

Auf der Zeile a ist das vom herkömmlichen Kinoform erzeugte Bild dargestellt. Das entsprechende Kinoform wird berechnet auf der Basis einer grossen Anzahl M von z. B. binären Bildpunkten, die mehr oder weniger gleichmässig über den gesamten zur Verfügung stehenden Raumwinkel verteilt sind.Line a shows the image generated by the conventional cinema form. The corresponding cinema form is calculated on the basis of a large number M of z. B. binary pixels that are more or less evenly distributed over the entire solid angle available.

Auf der Zeile b ist das zur Herstellung des abgeänderten Kinoforms verwendete Ausgangsbild dargestellt, bestehend aus einer kleinen Anzahl Bildflecken - in der Fig.2 sind es deren drei -, wobei jeder Bildfleck aus N diskreten Bildpunkten besteht, die mehr oder weniger gleichmässig über den für den betreffenden Bildflecken zur Verfügung stehenden Raumwinkel A8 verteilt sind. A8 ist allerdings in der Fig. 2 nicht massstabgerecht dargestellt und übergross gezeichnet.On line b, the output image used to produce the modified cinema form is shown, consisting of a small number of image spots - in the figure 2 there are three -, each image spot consisting of N discrete pixels, which are more or less evenly than for the solid angles A8 available are distributed to the respective image spots. However, A8 is not shown to scale in FIG. 2 and is drawn oversized.

Ein Kinoform ist bekanntlich eine reine Phasenstruktur, die so berechnet ist, dass sie nur gebeugte Strahlen einer einzigen Beugungsordnung erzeugt. Da somit die gesamte Strahlungsenergie der kohärenten Strahlungsquelle in dieser einzigen Beugungsordnung konzentriert ist, ist die Strahlungsausbeute-Effizienz sehr hoch, und es wird eine lichtstarke Abbildung erzeugt. Die ganze Strahlungsenergie der kohärenten Strahlungsquelle wird somit ohne nennenswerte Energieverluste in den wenigen M Bildflecken konzentriert.As is well known, a kinoform is a pure phase structure, which is calculated in such a way that it only generates diffracted beams of a single diffraction order. Thus, since the entire radiation energy of the coherent radiation source is concentrated in this single diffraction order, the radiation yield efficiency is very high and a bright image is generated. The entire radiation energy of the coherent radiation source is thus concentrated in the few M image spots without significant energy losses.

Zum Berechnen eines Kinoforms werden zuerst die Strahlungsamplituden des Streufeldes in den einzelnen Bildpunkten des Bildes 3 in der Fig. 1 festgelegt und die Fortpflanzung der Wellenamplitude in Rückwärtsrichtung von der Ebene der Abbildung 3 zur Kinoformebene mittels einer inversen Fouriertransformation berechnet. Jedem Punkt des Streufeldes wird dabei eine beliebige Phase zwischen Null und 2π zugeordnet, die z. B. statistisch zufallsverteilt mit einer gleichmässigen Verteilungsdichte angenommen wird. Die Punkte des Streufeldes sind im beschriebenen Fall die N diskreten Punkte eines jeden der M Bildflecken.To calculate a kinoform, the radiation amplitudes of the stray field in the individual pixels of image 3 in FIG. 1 are first determined and the propagation of the wave amplitude in the backward direction from the plane of FIG. 3 to the kinoform plane is calculated by means of an inverse Fourier transformation. Any point between zero and 2π is assigned to each point of the stray field. B. is statistically randomly distributed with a uniform distribution density. In the case described, the points of the stray field are the N discrete points of each of the M image spots.

In der Praxis werden jeweils, z. B. durch Randeffekte und Ungenauigkeiten bei der Herstellung des Kinoforms, die N Bildpunkte zu einem Bildflecken verschmiert, ein hier erwünschter Effekt.In practice, e.g. B. by edge effects and inaccuracies in the production of the Kinoforms that smeared N pixels to an image spot, a desired effect here.

Claims (5)

1. A method of producing a kinoform wherein the amplitude distribution function of a plurality of discrete picture elements of an image which is to be reproduced by the kinoform upon coherent irradiation, is established, recorded and converted by computer means into the associated phase distribution function which is required at the location of the kinoform characterised in that for the purposes of producing a kinoform of a code word comprising M discrete light/dark picture elements with 2 ≤ M ≤ 50, when establishing the amplitude distribution function of the image to be reproduced, each of the picture elements is replaced by a picture spot which in turn comprises N discrete picture elements which all have approximately the same intensity of radiation, wherein N is so selected that the product of M and N amounts to several hundreds.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterised in that each of the picture elements is replaced by a picture spot comprising N discrete picture elements, with N being of the order of magnitude of 50.
3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the discrete light/dark picture elements of the code word are so formed that they have only two discrete light/dark values.
4. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the discrete light/dark picture elements of the code word are so formed that they have more than two discrete level values.
5. Use of the method according to one of claims 1 to 4 for producing authenticity features on documents representing value.
EP82108499A 1981-10-15 1982-09-15 Kinoform Expired EP0077464B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT82108499T ATE16052T1 (en) 1981-10-15 1982-09-15 CINEMA FORM.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH6594/81A CH653782A5 (en) 1981-10-15 1981-10-15 KINOFORM.
CH6594/81 1981-10-15

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0077464A2 EP0077464A2 (en) 1983-04-27
EP0077464A3 EP0077464A3 (en) 1983-05-25
EP0077464B1 true EP0077464B1 (en) 1985-10-09

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EP82108499A Expired EP0077464B1 (en) 1981-10-15 1982-09-15 Kinoform

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US5982918A (en) 1995-05-02 1999-11-09 Cummins-Allison, Corp. Automatic funds processing system
US6039645A (en) 1997-06-24 2000-03-21 Cummins-Allison Corp. Software loading system for a coin sorter
US6220419B1 (en) 1994-03-08 2001-04-24 Cummins-Allison Method and apparatus for discriminating and counting documents
US6237739B1 (en) 1997-05-07 2001-05-29 Cummins-Allison Corp. Intelligent document handling system
US6241069B1 (en) 1990-02-05 2001-06-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Intelligent currency handling system
US6351551B1 (en) 1990-02-05 2002-02-26 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for discriminating and counting document
US6363164B1 (en) 1996-05-13 2002-03-26 Cummins-Allison Corp. Automated document processing system using full image scanning
US6398000B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2002-06-04 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency handling system having multiple output receptacles
US6493461B1 (en) 1998-03-17 2002-12-10 Cummins-Allison Corp. Customizable international note counter
US6588569B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2003-07-08 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency handling system having multiple output receptacles
US6601687B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2003-08-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency handling system having multiple output receptacles
US6628816B2 (en) 1994-08-09 2003-09-30 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for discriminating and counting documents
US6636624B2 (en) 1990-02-05 2003-10-21 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for currency discrimination and counting
US6661910B2 (en) 1997-04-14 2003-12-09 Cummins-Allison Corp. Network for transporting and processing images in real time
US6778693B2 (en) 1995-05-02 2004-08-17 Cummins-Allison Corp. Automatic currency processing system having ticket redemption module
US7103206B2 (en) 2000-02-08 2006-09-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for detecting doubled bills in a currency handling device
US7647275B2 (en) 2001-07-05 2010-01-12 Cummins-Allison Corp. Automated payment system and method
US7672499B2 (en) 1990-02-05 2010-03-02 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for currency discrimination and counting
US7817842B2 (en) 1994-03-08 2010-10-19 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for discriminating and counting documents
US7881519B2 (en) 2001-09-27 2011-02-01 Cummins-Allison Corp. Document processing system using full image scanning
US7903863B2 (en) 2001-09-27 2011-03-08 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency bill tracking system
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US8125624B2 (en) 1996-11-27 2012-02-28 Cummins-Allison Corp. Automated document processing system and method
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US8701857B2 (en) 2000-02-11 2014-04-22 Cummins-Allison Corp. System and method for processing currency bills and tickets
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US6237739B1 (en) 1997-05-07 2001-05-29 Cummins-Allison Corp. Intelligent document handling system
US6039645A (en) 1997-06-24 2000-03-21 Cummins-Allison Corp. Software loading system for a coin sorter
US5940623A (en) 1997-08-01 1999-08-17 Cummins-Allison Corp. Software loading system for a coin wrapper
US6621919B2 (en) 1998-03-17 2003-09-16 Cummins-Allison Corp. Customizable international note counter
US6493461B1 (en) 1998-03-17 2002-12-10 Cummins-Allison Corp. Customizable international note counter
US7103206B2 (en) 2000-02-08 2006-09-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for detecting doubled bills in a currency handling device
US6398000B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2002-06-04 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency handling system having multiple output receptacles
US6601687B1 (en) 2000-02-11 2003-08-05 Cummins-Allison Corp. Currency handling system having multiple output receptacles
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0077464A3 (en) 1983-05-25
DK154587C (en) 1989-04-24
DK154587B (en) 1988-11-28
DK456182A (en) 1983-04-16
CH653782A5 (en) 1986-01-15
EP0077464A2 (en) 1983-04-27
ATE16052T1 (en) 1985-10-15
DE3266856D1 (en) 1985-11-14
JPS5868780A (en) 1983-04-23

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