EP0059208A1 - Dispositif generateur de tension utilisant des cellules thermovoltaiques et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Dispositif generateur de tension utilisant des cellules thermovoltaiques et son procede de fabrication

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Publication number
EP0059208A1
EP0059208A1 EP81902502A EP81902502A EP0059208A1 EP 0059208 A1 EP0059208 A1 EP 0059208A1 EP 81902502 A EP81902502 A EP 81902502A EP 81902502 A EP81902502 A EP 81902502A EP 0059208 A1 EP0059208 A1 EP 0059208A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrolyte
electrode
generating device
electrodes
further defined
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP81902502A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Meredith C. Gourdine
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Energy Innovations Inc
Original Assignee
Energy Innovations Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Energy Innovations Inc filed Critical Energy Innovations Inc
Publication of EP0059208A1 publication Critical patent/EP0059208A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/21—Temperature-sensitive devices

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to voltage generating devices or cells and, more specifically to energy generating cells capable of producing an electrical voltage derived from the ion or charge carrier concentration of an electrolyte and the relatively different work functions of the associated electrodes of the device.
  • the interaction between the positive electrode and the electrolyte is one of charge exchange or flow and does not necessarily involve any chemical reactions between the electrodes and the electrolyte.
  • the prior art which may appear initially to relate to the present invention has been characterized as ionic generating devices, thermal batteries, solid state thermally active batteries, sea water batteries and the like.
  • the prior art discloses a wide range of chemically activated cells and/or battery devices which represent a broad variety of capabilities for the possible detection and generation of electrical voltages or currents.
  • the majority of these prior art devices rely primarily upon chemical reactions within the devices for their operation, that is, some type of galvanic corrosion of an electrode in the presence of an electrolyte.
  • the present invention is uniquely different from the prior art device in that it is neither dependent upon the directed irradiation of either of the electrodes or chemical reaction between electrodes and the electrolyte for its operation and novelty.
  • thermovoltaic cells wherein an electrolyte containing an equal concentration of plus and minus charge carriers is sandwiched between two dissimilar conductive elements which function as electrodes of the cells.
  • the electrolyte of the cells is a liquid aqueous salt solution
  • the first electrode of the sandwich arrangement has a larger thermal flux of electrons than the second electrode and therefore, has a larger positive electrical potential with respect to the electrolyte, such that an open-circuit voltage is presnt, and as charge moves from the positive electrode to the negative electrode through an external load resistance, electrical energy is generated at the expense of an internal process involving thermal energy effects.
  • a voltaic cell which has means of continually and efficiently generating voltages between two electrodes without the presence of any chemical reaction between the electrolyte and electrodes.
  • thermovoltaic device in which the electrolyte may be either a liquid, solid or gas containing equal concentrations of plus and minus charge carriers.
  • thermovoltaic cells can be connected together in series internally such that the voltage thereof is a multiple of the number of cells in the device.
  • Still another object of the invention is the provision of a device which thermally cools itself as electrical power is dissipated in an external Joad resistance connected thereto.
  • Yet another object of the invention is the provision of a device in which there is an electric potential gradient induced adjacent to the surface of the positive electrode which attracts negative charges existing in the electrolyte towards the positive electrode and repells positive charges in the electrolyte away from the positive electrode.
  • Still a further object of the invention is the provision of a device that can convert the heat of its local environment directly into electricity without the use of moving parts.
  • Yet a further object of the invention is the provision of a heat-pump wherein all or part of the thermal energy in an initial environment is transformed or converted into electrical energy by means of a thermovoltaic device, then transmitted by electrical conductors to another environment at higher temperature and reconverted into heat by dissipation in an external load resistance.
  • thermovoltaic generating device including an electrolyte sandwiched between two conductive electrodes, one of said electrodes having a larger thermal flux of electrons than the other electrode and a larger positive electrical potential with respect to the electrolyte than the other electrode.
  • the individual cells of the device generate a voltage by some of the thermally excited electrons in the positive electrode emigrating therefrom out into the electrolyte which are replaced by electrical charges from the electrolyte as a result of an electric potential gradient which is induced near the surface of the electrolyte.
  • the resulting exchange of charge carriers at the surface of the positive electrode adjacent the electrolyte accounts for the possible movement of electrical charge from the positive electrode to the negative electrode in an external circuit if they are connected to one another through an external electrical resistance load.
  • Figure 1 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a portion of a thermovoltaic cell illustrating the relative position of the elements of a cell embodying the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of three thermovoltaic cells connected in series embodying the present invention
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention wherein a thermovoltaic device is connected to a matching load resistance for transferring heat from one reservoir of a chamber containing one or more cells connected in series to a second reservoir of the chamber containing a matching load resistor;
  • Figure 4 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein a group of cavities are connected in a series and/or a Branching arrangement to be utilized advantageously to heat and/or cool the various enclosures;
  • Figure 5 is a plot of voltage versus temperature in degrees Rankine, ( O R) , which illustrates the operation of a thermovoltaic device in accordance with the present invention wherein the voltage output of the cell varies linearly with temperature;
  • Figure 6 is a plot of the voltage (V) versus the current (I) for a cell with stainless steel and aluminum foil for electrodes which illustrates the load line therefore as it compares with a theoretical load line shown in the plot;
  • Figure 7 is a plot of the natural logarithm of current density divided by temperature squared versus the reciprocal of temperature illustrating agreement with Dushman's equation
  • Figure 8 is a plot of voltage (V) versus current density (J) for three different cells where the positive electrodes are stainless steel, stainless steel plated with gold and stainless steel plated with rhodium illustrating the improvement in the perform
  • thermovoltaic cell by utilizing materials for the positive electrode which provide a larger flux of the thermionic electrons;
  • Figure 9 is a chart which summarizes the predictable performance of a thermovoltaic cell at various temperatures illustrating the practical use of such cells in terms of power output;
  • Figure 10 is a diagramatic sketch of another embodiment of the present invention illustrating a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a thermovoltaic cell where a heated electrolyte flows through the cell;
  • FIG 11 is a cross-sectional view of a thermovoltaic device which is adapted to permit a heated liquid electrolyte to flow through the device in a manner as illustrated in Figure 10;
  • Figure 12 is a cross-sectional veiw of the thermovoltaic device shown in Figure 11, taken along the line 12-12.
  • a class of voltaic cells which obey the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Gibbs and Helmholtz independently derived an expression for the open circuit voltage of an electro-chemical cell as follows : which after integration, becomes:
  • ⁇ X is the change in chemical potential of a unit charge as it moves through different chemical species in the cell
  • ⁇ is the temperature coefficient
  • T is the temperature of the cell.
  • cells of the present invention comprise an electrolyte, in the form of a liquid, solid or gas, sandwiched between two dissimilar conductive surfaces that are essentially chemically inert to the electrolyte.
  • the thermal fluxes of posi tive and negative charges from the electrolyte to the electrodes are unequally influenced by the thermal flux of electrons from the dissimilar conductive surfaces causing charge separation and an induced electric field in thin boundary layers at each elec , trode.
  • V OC open circuit voltage
  • thermovoltaic cell 10 in accordance with the present invention comprising an eletrolyte 12, a first electrode 14, and a second electrode 16.
  • adjacent electrode 14 a sheath potential ( ⁇ 1 ) 18, and a sheath thickness ( ⁇ 1 ) 20, and adjacent electrode 16 a second sheath potential ( ⁇ 2 ) 22, which is less than ⁇ and a second sheath thickness ( ⁇ 2 ) which is equal to ⁇ 1 .
  • both of the sheath potentials ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are positive due to the copious injection of electrons from the electrodes when thermionic emission occurs.
  • electrode 14 is a better emitter than electrode 16 such that a positive conduction current density J is illustrated as flowing from electrode 16 to electrode 14 and the resulting output voltage is the difference between the sheath potentials ( ⁇ 1 ) and ( ⁇ 2 ) as expressed by the equation: (3)
  • ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the respective sheath thickness of the electrodes 14 and 16, or the Debye length which is expressed by the equation:
  • ⁇ ⁇ is the permittivity of free spece
  • n is the concentration of plus and minus charges in the electrolyte. It has been observed that ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are much less than S, and that for S less than 10 -3 m. the conductivity is so large in those electrolytes of interest that
  • ⁇ is the sheath potential of the electrode
  • B is the charge on an electron
  • k is Boltzmann's constant
  • T is the temperature.
  • Equations (7) and (9) may be solved for ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 respectively:
  • thermovoltaic cell (11) so that equation (6) may be used to express the voltage generated by a thermovoltaic cell:
  • thermovoltaic device An expression for the maximum predictable power density (W) which can be generated by a thermovoltaic device is. found using equation (12) since it has been observed that J 1 /J 2 can be as large as 10 6 or greater. If J 1 /J 2 is equal to 10 6 , then the maximum power density is:
  • a liquid such as common water can provide a power density at room temperature of 100 watts/m 3 and greater when the thickness of the electrolyte is less than .007 inch.
  • the first electrode 14 should have a high thermionic flux of electrons, that is, J 1 should be very much larger than J 2 ; that operation at higher temperatures gives higher power; and that the electrolyte thickness should be as small as possible.
  • thermonic emission
  • thermovoltaic cell in terms of Richardson's constant (A) and the work function (w) of the electrode. That is: (18)
  • equation (20) satisfies the Gibbs-Helmholtz relationship, and hence it satisfies the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
  • thermovoltaic cells 10 which are connected in series.
  • electrodes 16 and 14 of alternate cells are connected to one another to complete the series connections.
  • a dielectric gasket 26 at each end of the spece between electrodes 14 and 16 is utilized to retain the electrolyte between electrodes 14 and I6 of each cell 10.
  • a second dielectric material 28 is employed along gaskets 26 to retain the entire configuration in place as a series of connected cells.
  • series of cells in accordance with the present invention, may be utilized as means for absorbing thermal energy from the environment in which the cells may be located.
  • FIG 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention,wherein a thermovoltaic device 10 is connected to a matching load resistance 34 through external leads 36 and 38 which are respectively connected to electrodes 14 and 16.
  • a thermovoltaic device 10 and matching load resistor 34 are enclosed in a chamber 40, having two cavities 42 and 44 within said chamber.
  • An internal member designated 46 divides the chamber 40 into the cavities 42 and 44.
  • Electrical leads 36 and 38 pass through apertures in chamber section 46 and are electrically insulated therefrom.
  • the cabities are hermetically sealed at opposite ends of the apertures 48 and 50 with a suitable sealing material.
  • FIG. 3 Also shown in the drawing are two temperatures of the respective cavities 42 and 44. Prior to closing a switch 56, the two chambers 42 and 44 are substantially at the same temperature. Operation of the arrangement shown in Figure 3 is commenced by closing switch 56. After switch 56 is closed current flows from the device 10 and the temperature of cavity 42 commences to cool down, while the temperature of cavity 44 is raised. The maximum induced temperature difference between the two enclosures depends upon the power output of the cell device 10 and the heat conductance between the two thermal enclosures 42 and 44.
  • thermovoltaic device In the arrangement shown in Figure 3, there are at least two externally important applications and uses of the thermovoltaic device according to the present invention illustrated.
  • the device 10 is useful as a means of generating electrical power and thus acting as a cooling device or a heat-pump.
  • a further useful function of the thermovoltaic device illustrated by Figure 3 is that heat may be introduced into enclosure 42 by appropriate means to enable it to continue its current generating capabilities. More specifically and importantly, the thermovoltaic device is capable of absorbing heat from its surrounding environment and converting the same to electrical energy.
  • thermovoltaic device makes it uniquely adaptable for receiving and capturing thermal energy from its environment, such as thermal energy from the sun or thermal heat (energy) from fossil or nuclear fuel or from the smoke and heat exhaust from the stack of a oil, gas, or coal fired power station.
  • thermal energy from the sun or thermal heat (energy) from fossil or nuclear fuel or from the smoke and heat exhaust from the stack of a oil, gas, or coal fired power station.
  • thermal energy from the sun or thermal heat (energy) from fossil or nuclear fuel or from the smoke and heat exhaust from the stack of a oil, gas, or coal fired power station.
  • These hot exhaust gases are traditionally vented to the open atmosphere of the stack's envrionment and are lost.
  • the present invention enables such traditionally wasted heated gases to be readily used for a wide range of practical purposes and uses.
  • FIG. 4 A further useful application of the present invention is shown in Figure 4, wherein a chamber 58 and a series of enclosures or cavities 60 through 70 are shown within the chamber.
  • Enclosure 60 has an initial thermovoltaic device 10 feeding cavity 62 which utilizes the thermal energy generated by the resistor 34 to generate heat for the next series connected cavity 64. This process is repeated for as many cycles as may be desired.
  • thermovoltaic device 10 in cavity 68 which is coupled to branching cavity 72.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the use of the thermovoltaic device 10 and cavity arrangement wherein such cavities may be used in series or with branching circuit cavities. This flexibility provides broad utility of device 10 for many applications to thereby enhance the novelty of the device.
  • cavity 64 Another modification to the application of thermal energy to a cavity is shown in cavity 64 where a second resistor 34 is fed By a branching cavity 74.
  • thermovoltaic device may be thermally heated by sources other than by the resistors 34 to provide broad use and versatility to the use of the thermovoltaic device.
  • Figure 5 is a plot of actual data points for voltage (V oc ) versus temperatures ( o R).
  • the plot of data is typical data derived from many cells which have been evaluated. The data demonstrates that the thermovoltaic cell voltage is linear in relation to temperature.
  • Figure 6 is a plot of voltage (V) versus current (I) for a typical thermovoltaic cell in accordance with the present invention. Shown is a plot of the voltage versus current for a theoretical curve 78 utilizing the equations disclosed (equations 12, 13, and 15). An actual curve is designated 80 and the points which determine the shape of this curve were derived by using resistances of 500 ohms, 50.4 ohms, and 5.04 ohms. As can
  • Figure 7 is a plot of the versus reciprocal of tem perature ) at various temperatures.
  • Figure 8 is a plot of three different curves for voltage versus current for three different cells where the positive electrodes 14 were respectively, stainless-steel (SS); stainless-steel plated with gold (G); and stainless-steel plated with rhodium (R); and the negative electrode 16 was aluminum foil having a thin oxide coating adjacent the electrolyte.
  • the positive electrodes 14 were respectively, stainless-steel (SS); stainless-steel plated with gold (G); and stainless-steel plated with rhodium (R); and the negative electrode 16 was aluminum foil having a thin oxide coating adjacent the electrolyte.
  • SS stainless-steel
  • G stainless-steel plated with gold
  • R stainless-steel plated with rhodium
  • Figure 8 illustrates that the current generating capacity of thermovoltaic cells may be enhanced by use of materials which emit higher thermionic fluxes of electrons and do not oxidize readily.
  • Figure 8 has been discussed with reference to stain less-steel, stainless-steel plated with gold, and stainless- steel plated with rhodium, it should be noted that such material as copper, silver, platinum, palladium, alloys of the foregoing or other metals or ceramics treated to have electrical conductive properties may be utilized as envisioned by the invention.
  • thermovoltaic cells in accordance with the present invention.
  • the chart lists four parameters associated with the cells and illustrates the unique capabilities of the present invention over prior art devices.
  • J current
  • V voltage
  • W power density
  • FIG. 10 there is shown a diagramatic sketch of a segment of a thermovoltaic cell 10' having a positive electrode 14', a negative electrode 16' and an electrolyte 12' which flows Between the two electrodes. Connected between the electrodes 14' and 16' is a load resistor 34 through which current flows when switch 56 is closed.
  • electrolyte 12' passes through the cell 10' to an outlet line 80 and thence to an external heat source 78 which functions to heat the electrolyte 12' as it passes along the flow-path of the electrolyte.
  • the heated electrolyte 12' flows out of the heat source along a path 82 to a liquid pump 76 which functions to maintain the flow of liquid into cell 10' along an inlet path 88.
  • the mode of operation of the thermovoltaic device is different than that discussed where the electrolyte was a static liquid sandwiched between the electrodes.
  • this embodiment illustrates the heat is being conveyed by the liquid electrolyte directly as heat is removed from the circulating electrolyte.
  • the rate of flow of the liquid electrolyte may be controlled so that the maxi ⁇ m ⁇ m thermal energy is extracted therefrom. The rate of flow may depend upon the temperature of the circulating liquid electrolyte 12', the rate of thermovoltaic heat-to-electrical current conversion, the resistance of the load resistance and other factors.
  • thermovoltaic device having an internal configuration adapted to permit the flow of electrolyte 12' therethrough when utilized in an embodiment as illustrated in Figure 10.
  • the device has a positive electrode 14' having a plurality of inward extending elements 84 and a negative electrode 16' having inward extending elements 86.
  • two T-shaped elements 92, and two end U-shaped elements 90 are also shown. The elements 90 and 92 hold the positive and negative electrodes electrically separated while preventing any leakage of the electrolyte as it flows and circulates through the main body of the device.
  • Figure 12 is a view of the device shown in Figure 11, illustrating the flow of the electrolyte 12' through device 10' between the extensions 86 of negative electrode 16'.
  • thermo-electric conversion between the electrolyte 12' and the electrodes 14' and 16' is identical to that discussed hereinabove.
  • the embodiment illustrates another way in which a larger and high capacity device can be constructed, while utilizing the benefit of a heated circulating electrolyte.
  • thermovoltaic cell contains a radio active isotope, such as plutonium, radium or tritium and the like.
  • the isotope material may be disposed internally such that it generates heat within the cell derived from the radio active particles as the isotope decays during its half-life.
  • the specific location of the isotopes within the cell is not critical and may be disposed, for example, as shown in Figure 11 at location cavaties 94 and 96. A single location may be utilized or it may be desirable to utilize multiple placements of the isotopes within the cell.
  • radio active isotopes in cells of the present invention. For example, it may be desirable to maintain the voltage generating capabilities of a cell at some minimum level when the external thermal energy of the environment in which the cell is disposed fluctuates or it may be desirable to utilize a cell containing an isotope to function as a long-life signal source or generator device in applications where the cell is disposed in some remote location not readily accessible for replacement. Numerous other applications and uses of this embodiment will be discovered by others as they become more familiar with the utility of the cells containing an isotope material.
  • thermovoltaic cells or devices of the present invention have been described with reference to only several particular embodiments, it will be understood that various different modifications or changes could be made in the construction, application, use of material, electrolytes, etc. thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
  • the present invention encompasses the use of solid electrolyte materials such, as semiconductive material of the class including germanium, silicon and gallium arsenide or solid electrolyte material consisting of fibrous material such as paper, cloth or synthetic substances in which liquid electrolyte is suspended.
  • either the positive or negative electrodes may be coated with conductive coating materials on their surfaces adjacent the electrolyte to form respectively, high or low, electron thermionic emitters, in lieu of the metallic electrodes disclosed and taught hereinabove.
  • conductive coating materials on their surfaces adjacent the electrolyte to form respectively, high or low, electron thermionic emitters, in lieu of the metallic electrodes disclosed and taught hereinabove.
  • One of the primary advantages of utilizing such coatings appears to be economic or cost benefits to be derived in mass productions of certain types of thermovoltaic cells or devices. Such coatings are readily adaptable and com patable with modern manufacturing techniques and therefore offer additional benefits.
  • Various types of coating materials may be employed such as inks containing electrical conductive materials such conductive particles and the like.
  • the invention also encompases the use of gas media for the electrolyte.
  • gas media for the electrolyte.
  • gas or gaseous plasma will require very high temperature operation and therefore may have certain limitations in view of current technology.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif generateur de tension comprend une premiere (14) et une seconde (16) electrode ayant des surfaces conductrices en materiaux differents, la premiere electrode (14) ayant un flux thermique d'electrons plus grand que celui de la seconde electrode (16) et le flux thermique est sensiblement augmente lorsque l'electrode est soumise a une excitation thermique supplementaire et possede aussi un potentiel positif augmente par rapport a un electrolyte (12) dans lequel ces electrodes sont maintenues en contact en surface pendant cette excitation thermique. Plusieurs cellules (10) comprenant cette premiere et cette seconde electrode et un electrolyte (12) sont montees en sandwich et connectees interieurement en serie de telle sorte que la tension du dispositif resultant soit multipliee par le nombre de cellules (10) contenues dans le dispositif en sandwich. Le courant electrique peut etre extrait des cellules individuelles ou d'un ensemble en sandwich d'une serie de cellules lorsqu'une resistance de charge exterieure (34) est connectee sur les bornes (36, 38) des electrodes du dispositif. Lorsqu'elle est disposee dans une enceinte initiale (40) separee thermiquement d'une enceinte associee, la cellule thermovoltaique (10) peut etre utilisee comme un element essentiel d'une pompe de chaleur pour extraire l'energie thermique sous forme de chaleur de son environnement dans l'enceinte (42) et pour transferer cette chaleur a l'enceinte associee (44) a l'aide d'un courant electrique passant au travers d'une resistance de charge (34) connectee a la cellule, cette resistance etant physiquement et thermiquement separee de l'enceinte initiale et disposee dans l'enceinte associee.
EP81902502A 1980-09-05 1981-08-20 Dispositif generateur de tension utilisant des cellules thermovoltaiques et son procede de fabrication Withdrawn EP0059208A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18424480A 1980-09-05 1980-09-05
US184244 1988-04-21

Publications (1)

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EP0059208A1 true EP0059208A1 (fr) 1982-09-08

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EP (1) EP0059208A1 (fr)
IL (1) IL63716A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1982000922A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4686320A (en) * 1985-12-27 1987-08-11 Ford Motor Company Electronically and ionically conducting electrodes for thermoelectric generators
US4916033A (en) * 1987-02-13 1990-04-10 Meredith Gourdine Method and apparatus for converting chemical and thermal energy into electricity
EP1464087A4 (fr) * 1999-02-24 2006-09-27 Chang Je Cho Rectificateur d'electrons thermiquement agites et procede de conversion de l'energie thermique en energie electrique a l'aide de ce rectificateur
CN109494388B (zh) * 2017-09-28 2021-11-09 大连融科储能技术发展有限公司 一种用于实时监测全钒液流电池副反应的方法及系统
CN109639180B (zh) * 2018-12-12 2023-11-28 深圳大学 一种双温层热伏发电装置
CN109450295B (zh) * 2018-12-12 2023-11-28 深圳大学 一种温层交错式热伏发电装置

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US3040113A (en) * 1962-06-19 Thermal power generating system
US3074242A (en) * 1961-08-24 1963-01-22 Rca Corp Thermoelectric heat pumps
US3360942A (en) * 1966-04-18 1968-01-02 Thore M. Elfving Thermoelectric heat pump assembly
US3725132A (en) * 1970-09-14 1973-04-03 Catalyst Research Corp Solid state thermally active battery
US3899353A (en) * 1974-04-02 1975-08-12 Yuasa Battery Co Ltd Thermal battery
US4074027A (en) * 1977-03-04 1978-02-14 Akers Raymond F Generating device utilizing irradiated copper electrode
US4211828A (en) * 1978-11-09 1980-07-08 Atlantic Richfield Company Thermoelectric energy system
US4284838A (en) * 1979-06-07 1981-08-18 Indech Robert B Thermoelectric converter and method

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WO1982000922A1 (fr) 1982-03-18
IL63716A0 (en) 1981-12-31

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