EP0058437A1 - Internal mix atomizer and process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid - Google Patents

Internal mix atomizer and process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0058437A1
EP0058437A1 EP82200034A EP82200034A EP0058437A1 EP 0058437 A1 EP0058437 A1 EP 0058437A1 EP 82200034 A EP82200034 A EP 82200034A EP 82200034 A EP82200034 A EP 82200034A EP 0058437 A1 EP0058437 A1 EP 0058437A1
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Prior art keywords
atomizer
heavy liquid
mixing chamber
exit ports
exit
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EP82200034A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Hendrikus Johannes Antonius Hasenack
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23DBURNERS
    • F23D11/00Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/38Nozzles; Cleaning devices therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an internal mix atomizer and a process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid.
  • An object of the invention is to provide such an improved internal mix atomizer.
  • the internal mix atomizer thereto comprises a member having an internal mixing chamber adapted to receive a liquid and fluid supply, a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber and each terminating, at the other end thereof, as an exit port in the surface of the member, the passages being located in the member so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio r i (0) and r j (0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and t ij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
  • This inventive internal mix atomizer is particularly suited for elimination of spray collapse of the first type described in the above at high liquid/fluid throughput.
  • the internal mix atomizer is eminently suited for atomizing heavy liquids, such as heavy residues, for combustion in burners for a wide variety of purposes.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid, wherein the above described first type of collapse of formed spray jets is minimized or eliminated.
  • the process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid according to the invention thereto comprises passing a heavy liquid at a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 20 mm 2 /s and an atomizing fluid to an internal mixing chamber of an internal mix atomizer, having a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber, and each terminating at the other end thereof, as an exit port on the exterior of the atomizer, the passages being located in the atomizer so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio wherein ri(0) and r j (0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and t ij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
  • the heavy liquid may be diluted and/or may be at elevated temperature and pressure. Further the heavy liquid may be combustible, wherein said heavy combustible liquid is combusted utilizing the concepts described herein.
  • the invention is particularly useful where liquid throughputs are high, say in the order of magnitude of 2250 to 3650 kg/hr.
  • suitable heavy liquid may he utilized.
  • suitable liquids should have a kinematic viscosity, when supplied to the atomizer, equal to or less than about 20 mm 2 /s. Such a value may be arrived at by elevation of the temperature of the liquid or by dilution with a lighter liquid, or both as will be recognized by those skilled in the art.
  • Useful liquids, for example, for combusting as a fuel are those having a carbon/ hydrogen weight ratio equal to or greater than 10 and a kinematic viscosity (at 21 0 C) greater than 300 mm2/s.
  • any suitable volume e.g., from 0 percent to 50 percent by volume, preferably 0 percent to 25 percent by volume, may be used. Again, any suitable or conventional diluent may be used.
  • gas oil may be used.
  • any suitable atomizing medium maybe used. Particularly preferred, in the case of heavy liquids, such as residual oils or pyrolysis pitch, are steam or methane.
  • the atomizing medium may be utilized at a wide variety of pressures and temperatures. For example, steam at 315°C and 4100 kPa may be employed for some of the heavier liquids.
  • the temperature of the heavy liquid may also be elevated by heating, e.g., up to 260°C.
  • r i (0) and r.(0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively
  • t ij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j.
  • the critical value of a is smaller than 1, generally less than about 0.8.
  • the jet radius after expansion for exit hole j can be found when accepting the following assumptions:
  • the utilization of the invention say with diluted pyrolysis pitch, excess air, e.g., about 8 to 15 percent by volume, and steam, results in an effective burn with low particulates emissions.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a cross section of an embodiment of the invention
  • Figure 2 represents a top view of the same embodiment.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show an internal mix atomizer according to the invention comprising a member 1 provided with a mixing chamber 2 communicating with a plurality of passages 3, preferably cylindrically shaped:Chamber 2 is adapted by opening 4 and threads 5 for communication and connection with a liquid/fluid supply source (not shown).
  • Passages are positioned in member 1 in accordance with the principles described herein, that is, they are spaced so that the relationship discussed, supra, is observed and the critical pitch diameter with respect to the exit ports 6 of passages 3 is observed.
  • Means may be provided, such as slots 7, for anchoring the atomizer in place in, for example, a burner or liquid contactor.
  • a liquid and a fluid employed for atomatization of the liquid are introduced under pressure into mixing chamber 2 via a source, such as a supply tube or tubes (not shown).
  • the liquid and fluid- may or may not be mixed prior to entry into mixing chamber 2.
  • the mixed fluids are forced through the passages 3, and through the exit ports 6 where they expand because of reduction in pressure.
  • Exit ports 6 are preferably circular in shape, and are preferably, as shown, at an angle to the exterior surface of member 1.
  • the atomizer according to the invention is of substantially cylindrical shape, although other shapes are permissible.
  • the exit ports are spaced around the periphery of the atomizer at a location somewhat disposed from the liquid supply-fluid supply opening.
  • the exit ports may be spaced, in accordance with the relationship described herein, in the side of a frustoconical section whose smaller base is the end of the atomizer opposite the liquid-fluid supply opening of the atomizer, the side of the frustoconical section terminating at the sides of the atomizer.
  • atomizer 1 is eminently adapted for inclusion with a suitable burner or contacting structure.
  • the mixture was supplied at a rate of about 3175 kg/hr., and was fired at 132°C, which corresponds to a 17 mm 2 /s viscosity.
  • the burn was carried out with the atomizer mounted in a front fired boiler utilizing 8 to 15 percent by volume excess air, steam being premixed with the pitch/gas oil mixture.-The atomizer produced a good flame with 7 independent flame fingers. The flames were short in comparison with firebox depth.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Abstract

An internal mix atomizer and process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid featuring prevention of spray collapse by use of critical spacing of atomizer features is disclosed.

Description

  • The invention relates to an internal mix atomizer and a process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid.
  • Many internal mix atomizers are designed so that critical two phase flow occurs at the exits of the atomization ports or orifices. Thus, the pressure at the exits of the ports is higher than ambient pressure. Accordingly, the spray jets will expand outside the atomizer to a much larger diameter than that of the ports. To a point, an increase in either liquid flow or atomizing fluid flow or both will result in a higher pressure in the internal mixing chamber of an internal mix atomizer and through the exits of the ports, and a larger jet spray will result.
  • In the case where the distance between two neighbouring atomization ports is too small, the expanded jets can get too close together and collapse of the jets will result. Again, a set of sprays may collapse because the number of ports is too great. This first type of collapse phenomenon is to be distinguished from collapse of the jet sprays when the jet sprays are coming in contact at larger distances, e.g., 30 centimetres or so, downstream from the atomizer. External factors influencing the above-mentioned second type of collapse of the jet sprays include the crossflow of other fluids or presence of other bodies close to the atomizer. Accordingly, an atomizer design that minimizes or eliminates the first type of collapse of the spray jets would have great utility.
  • An object of the invention is to provide such an improved internal mix atomizer.
  • The internal mix atomizer according to the invention thereto comprises a member having an internal mixing chamber adapted to receive a liquid and fluid supply, a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber and each terminating, at the other end thereof, as an exit port in the surface of the member, the passages being located in the member so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio
    Figure imgb0001
    ri(0) and rj(0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and tij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
  • This inventive internal mix atomizer is particularly suited for elimination of spray collapse of the first type described in the above at high liquid/fluid throughput. In particular the internal mix atomizer is eminently suited for atomizing heavy liquids, such as heavy residues, for combustion in burners for a wide variety of purposes.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid, wherein the above described first type of collapse of formed spray jets is minimized or eliminated.
  • The process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid according to the invention thereto comprises passing a heavy liquid at a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 20 mm2/s and an atomizing fluid to an internal mixing chamber of an internal mix atomizer, having a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber, and each terminating at the other end thereof, as an exit port on the exterior of the atomizer, the passages being located in the atomizer so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio
    Figure imgb0002
    wherein ri(0) and rj(0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and tij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
  • The heavy liquid may be diluted and/or may be at elevated temperature and pressure. Further the heavy liquid may be combustible, wherein said heavy combustible liquid is combusted utilizing the concepts described herein. The invention is particularly useful where liquid throughputs are high, say in the order of magnitude of 2250 to 3650 kg/hr.
  • Any suitable heavy liquid may he utilized. In general, suitable liquids should have a kinematic viscosity, when supplied to the atomizer, equal to or less than about 20 mm2/s. Such a value may be arrived at by elevation of the temperature of the liquid or by dilution with a lighter liquid, or both as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. Useful liquids, for example, for combusting as a fuel, are those having a carbon/ hydrogen weight ratio equal to or greater than 10 and a kinematic viscosity (at 210C) greater than 300 mm2/s.
  • If a diluent is employed, any suitable volume, e.g., from 0 percent to 50 percent by volume, preferably 0 percent to 25 percent by volume, may be used. Again, any suitable or conventional diluent may be used. In the case of heavy residues, for example, gas oil may be used. Similarly, any suitable atomizing medium maybe used. Particularly preferred, in the case of heavy liquids, such as residual oils or pyrolysis pitch, are steam or methane. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the atomizing medium may be utilized at a wide variety of pressures and temperatures. For example, steam at 315°C and 4100 kPa may be employed for some of the heavier liquids. As indicated, to assist flowability, the temperature of the heavy liquid may also be elevated by heating, e.g., up to 260°C.
  • With these considerations in mind, it has been found, that for a given heavy liquid flow, atomizing fluid flow, and geometric configuration of exit ports of potentially unequal size, a critical equivalent pitch circle diameter exists for which no spray collapse will take place. The determining parameters for the spray collapse involved are:
    • - The heavy liquid flow for each port j, m .
    • - The atomizing fluid flow for each port j, m .
    • - The momentum flow for each port j,gj
    • - The number of exit ports, n
    • - The equivalent pitch circle diameter, De

    For these puposes, the equivalent pitch circle diameter is defined as the quantity 4A/P where A is the enclosed area formed by joining the centres of adjacent exit ports with straight line segments and P is the perimeter of the enclosed area A.
  • With an approximate approach it is possible to determine the critical relation between the size of the individual spray jets, the equivalent pitch circle diameter, and the number of atomization ports. In order to prevent spray collapse of the first type mentioned in the above, it is necessary that the fraction of the distance between adjacent exit ports that is occupied by the associated spray jets directly after expansion be smaller than a critical value a, or, in equivalent terms,
  • ri (0)+ rj (0) < a for all pairs of adjacent exit ports t.. ij (i ≠ j) where ri(0) and r.(0)are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and tij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j. The critical value of a, is smaller than 1, generally less than about 0.8. The jet radius after expansion for exit hole j can be found when accepting the following assumptions:
    • - The spray jets expand instantaneously downstream of the exit ports.
    • - Droplet and gas velocities are indentical after expansion.
    • - The atomizingfluid temperature or density will be determined by saturated conditions at ambient pressure. No condensation of the fluid due to the expansion will occur. Heat transfer between the droplets and the vapour under these conditions is so fast that this assumption is reasonable for hot liquids. If cold heavy liquids are used, this assumption is not valid. The vapour velocity after expansion is now given by:
      Figure imgb0003
  • The jet radius after expansion is given by:
    Figure imgb0004
    (p v = 0.6 kg/m3 at ambient pressure)
  • Accordingly, the critical relation can be rewritten in terms of the liquid flow, atomizing fluid ratio and momentum flow for adjacent ports and the distance between ports:
    Figure imgb0005
    < α( π Pv) 1/2tij where a = constant less than about 0.8.
  • For the case of a circular array of equally spaced exit ports of equal size the equivalent pitch circle diameter is in fact the pitch circle diameter D and the pitch diameter and the number of atomization ports are related by the expression t = D sin (180°/n) where t is the distance between adjacent ports. For this case, the critical.pitch circle diameter, as a function of number of ports, liquid flow and atomizing fluid ratio can now be given by:
    Figure imgb0006
    where a = less than about 0.8. Accordingly, design of the atomizer of the invention so that the - pitch circle diameter is less than the mentioned value allows operation without fear of the type of jet spray collapse described. In the case where the atomizer is employed as a component of a burner, the utilization of the invention, say with diluted pyrolysis pitch, excess air, e.g., about 8 to 15 percent by volume, and steam, results in an effective burn with low particulates emissions.
  • In order to describe the invention more fully, reference is made to the accompanying drawings wherein Figure 1 illustrates a cross section of an embodiment of the invention, and Figure 2 represents a top view of the same embodiment.
  • More particularly, the Figures show an internal mix atomizer according to the invention comprising a member 1 provided with a mixing chamber 2 communicating with a plurality of passages 3, preferably cylindrically shaped:Chamber 2 is adapted by opening 4 and threads 5 for communication and connection with a liquid/fluid supply source (not shown). Passages are positioned in member 1 in accordance with the principles described herein, that is, they are spaced so that the relationship discussed, supra, is observed and the critical pitch diameter with respect to the exit ports 6 of passages 3 is observed. Means may be provided, such as slots 7, for anchoring the atomizer in place in, for example, a burner or liquid contactor.
  • In operation, a liquid and a fluid employed for atomatization of the liquid are introduced under pressure into mixing chamber 2 via a source, such as a supply tube or tubes (not shown).
  • The liquid and fluid- may or may not be mixed prior to entry into mixing chamber 2. The mixed fluids are forced through the passages 3, and through the exit ports 6 where they expand because of reduction in pressure. Exit ports 6 are preferably circular in shape, and are preferably, as shown, at an angle to the exterior surface of member 1. Preferably, the atomizer according to the invention is of substantially cylindrical shape, although other shapes are permissible. In general, the exit ports are spaced around the periphery of the atomizer at a location somewhat disposed from the liquid supply-fluid supply opening. For example, if the atomizer is generally cylindrical, as illustrated in the embodiment of the drawings, the exit ports may be spaced, in accordance with the relationship described herein, in the side of a frustoconical section whose smaller base is the end of the atomizer opposite the liquid-fluid supply opening of the atomizer, the side of the frustoconical section terminating at the sides of the atomizer.
  • As indicated, although not shown in the drawings, atomizer 1 is eminently adapted for inclusion with a suitable burner or contacting structure.
  • In order to illustrate the invention, the following procedure was- carried out utilizing an internal mix atomizer according to the invention. The following input and design data were used:
    • number of exit ports, n―7
    • pitch. circle diameter, D―56 mm
    • total atomization angle―85°
    • dj(0)/tn = 0.73
    In this procedure the internal mix atomizer of the invention was employed in a burner, the liquid being atomized was pyrolysis pitch, the diluent was gas oil (20 percent by weight) and the fluidizing medium was steam at about 4480 kPa. The mass ratio of steam to pitch/gas oil was 0.4. The following table, Table 1, shows the composition and properties of the pitch, gas oil mixture:
    Figure imgb0007
  • The mixture was supplied at a rate of about 3175 kg/hr., and was fired at 132°C, which corresponds to a 17 mm2/s viscosity. The burn was carried out with the atomizer mounted in a front fired boiler utilizing 8 to 15 percent by volume excess air, steam being premixed with the pitch/gas oil mixture.-The atomizer produced a good flame with 7 independent flame fingers. The flames were short in comparison with firebox depth.

Claims (7)

1. An internal mix atomizer comprising a member having an internal mixing chamber adapted to receive a liquid and fluid supply, a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber and each terminating, at the other end thereof as an exit port in the surface of the member, the passages being located in the member so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio
Figure imgb0008
ri(0) and rj(0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and tij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
2. A process for the atomization of a heavy liquid, comprising passing a heavy liquid at a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 20 mm2/s. and an atomizing fluid to an internal mixing chamber of an internal mix atomizer having a plurality of interior passages each communicating, at one end thereof, with the internal mixing chamber, and each terminating at the other end thereof, as an exit port on the exterior of the atomizer, the passages being located in the atomizer so that the exit ports are positioned in relation to each other in such a manner that for each pair of adjacent exit ports the ratio
Figure imgb0009
wherein r.(0) and rj(0) are the jet radii directly after expansion of exit ports i and j, respectively, and tij is the distance between the centre of exit port i and the centre of exit port j, is less than about 0.8.
3. The process as claimed in claim 2,wherein the heavy liquid is passed at elevated temperature and pressure and the atomizing fluid is passed under pressure to the internal mixing chamber.
4. The process as claimed in claim 2,wherein the heavy liquid is combustible, and the process further comprising providing air in stoichiometric excess, in the vicinity of the exit ports of the internal mix atomizer to produce a combustible atomized mixture and combusting said mixture.
5. The process as claimed in claim 4,wherein the heavy combustible liquid is passed at elevated temperature to the internal mixing chamber.
6. The process as claimed in any one of the claims 2-5, wherein the heavy liquid contains up to about 50 percent by volume of a diluent.
7. The process as claimed in any one of the claims 2-5, wherein the heavy liquid contains up to about 25 percent by volume ofa diluent.
EP82200034A 1981-02-10 1982-01-13 Internal mix atomizer and process for the atomizing of a heavy liquid Withdrawn EP0058437A1 (en)

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US23326581A 1981-02-10 1981-02-10
US233265 1994-04-26

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0085445A2 (en) * 1982-01-29 1983-08-10 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Process for contacting a gas with atomized liquid
GB2129705A (en) * 1982-11-15 1984-05-23 Shell Int Research Process for contacting a gas with atomized liquid
WO1991012084A1 (en) * 1990-02-12 1991-08-22 Johansson Sven Halvor Nozzle device

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1214986A (en) * 1982-01-29 1986-12-09 Jaime S. Son Quench process

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2933259A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-04-19 Jean F Raskin Nozzle head
GB1253875A (en) * 1969-03-06 1971-11-17 Babcock & Wilcox Co Improvements in liquid fuel burner atomizers
US4002297A (en) * 1974-10-24 1977-01-11 Entreprise Generale De Chauffage Industriel Pillard Burners of liquid fuels atomized by the expansion of a compressed auxiliary fluid
FR2392325A2 (en) * 1976-01-23 1978-12-22 Exxon France Fuel-air mixt. injected into blast furnace tuyere - via nozzle increasing thermal efficiency and reducing coke consumption
US4141505A (en) * 1976-06-07 1979-02-27 Reich Richard B Heavy fuel oil nozzle
EP0044697A1 (en) * 1980-07-18 1982-01-27 John Zink Company Fuel oil atomizer

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2933259A (en) * 1958-03-03 1960-04-19 Jean F Raskin Nozzle head
GB1253875A (en) * 1969-03-06 1971-11-17 Babcock & Wilcox Co Improvements in liquid fuel burner atomizers
US4002297A (en) * 1974-10-24 1977-01-11 Entreprise Generale De Chauffage Industriel Pillard Burners of liquid fuels atomized by the expansion of a compressed auxiliary fluid
FR2392325A2 (en) * 1976-01-23 1978-12-22 Exxon France Fuel-air mixt. injected into blast furnace tuyere - via nozzle increasing thermal efficiency and reducing coke consumption
US4141505A (en) * 1976-06-07 1979-02-27 Reich Richard B Heavy fuel oil nozzle
EP0044697A1 (en) * 1980-07-18 1982-01-27 John Zink Company Fuel oil atomizer

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
REVUE GENERALE DE THERMIQUE, vol. 19, no. 222-223, June-July 1980, pages 519-525, Paris (FR) *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0085445A2 (en) * 1982-01-29 1983-08-10 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Process for contacting a gas with atomized liquid
EP0085445A3 (en) * 1982-01-29 1985-09-18 Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. Process for contacting a gas with atomized liquid
GB2129705A (en) * 1982-11-15 1984-05-23 Shell Int Research Process for contacting a gas with atomized liquid
WO1991012084A1 (en) * 1990-02-12 1991-08-22 Johansson Sven Halvor Nozzle device

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