EP0045622A1

EP0045622A1 - Dispersion-strengthened aluminium alloys

Info

Publication number: EP0045622A1
Application number: EP19810303470
Authority: EP
Inventors: John Herbert Weber; Joseph Robert Pickens
Original assignee: MPD Technology Corp
Current assignee: MPD Technology Corp
Priority date: 1980-07-31
Filing date: 1981-07-28
Publication date: 1982-02-10
Also published as: DE3167605D1; EP0045622B1

Abstract

Dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed aluminium-lithium alloys comprising more than 1.5 but less than 3.5 wt % lithium, from 0.4 to 1.5 wt % oxygen and from 0.2 to 1.2 wt % carbon are disclosed, together with methods for their production. The strength of such alloys may be increased by an age-hardening treatment, although the alloys, particular those comprising less than 3 wt % lithium and at least 0.25 wt % carbon may be used without age-hardening.

Description

This invention relates to dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed aluminium alloys, and methods of producing and age-hardening them.
There is a demand in the aircraft industry for aluminium alloys having high strength, elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance coupled with low density. The addition of lithium to aluminium offers the possibility of producing improvements in the density and elastic modulus. Several Al-Li alloy systems are presently being studied. For example, T.H. Sanders and E.S. Balmuth have reported on three experimental alloy systems in "Metal Progress", pp 32-37 (March 1978). These alloys which apparently are formed by conventional melting and casting techniques,are Al-Li containing 2.83 and 2.84 wt % Li, Al-Cu-Li containing 1.5 wt % Li, and Al-Mg-Li containing 1.37 to 3.14 wt % Li. They derive their strength from precipitates of the δ' phase, Al₃Li. This δ' phase may coarsen at elevated temperatures and transform to the incoherent 0 phase, which does not confer so much strength on the alloy. It has been reported that the δ' phase coarsens rapidly at temperatures of about 200°C. Furthermore, conventionally produced Al-Li alloys suffer from severe oxidation during melting, and it may be difficult to break down the cast ingot during subsequent working.
It has already been proposed to make inter alia dispersion strengthened Al-Li alloys by a powder metallurgy technique known as mechanical alloying.
Mechanical alloying techniques are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 3 591 362; 3 740 210 and 3 816 080. Mechanical alloying is a method of producing composite metal powders with a controlled, uniform,fine microstructure by means of the fracturing and rewelding of a mixture of powder particles during high energy impact milling, e.g., in an Attritor Grinding Mill. The process takes place entirely in the solid state. The repetitive cold welding and fracturing of the powder particles during mechanical alloying of aluminium incorporates dispersoid materials, such as the naturally occurring oxides on the surface of the powder particles, into the interior of the composite powder particles. As the process continues, the incorporated dispersoid particles become homogeneously dispersed throughout the powder particles. In a similar fashion metallic alloy ingredients also are finely distributed within the powder particles. Powders produced by mechanical alloying may be subsequently consolidated by known methods such as hot compaction followed by extrusion, rolling or forging.
Of the patents mentioned above,the latter two are specifically directed to mechanically alloyed aluminium and alloys containing one or more other elements, for example up to 1.5 wt % lithium. Various solubility limits for Li in Al at room temperature have been reported, including 0.6, 0.7 and 1.5%.
It has now surprisingly been found that certain mechanically produced alloys containing more than 1.5 wt % lithium, i.e. with lithium available over the solubility limit, have improved strength, specific modulus, corrosion resistance and thermal stability, particularly when in the age-hardened condition.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed aluminium-lithium alloy which comprises more than 1.5 but less than 3.5 wt % lithium, from 0.4 to 1.5 wt % oxygen, and from 0.2 to 1.2 wt % carbon, the balance being essentially aluminium.
The essential components of dispersion strengthened aluminium base alloys of the present invention are aluminium, lithium, oxygen and carbon. Small percentages of these components are present in combination as insoluble dispersoids, such as oxides of lithium. Other elements, e.g., magnesium, iron and copper, may be incorporated in the alloy matrix, e.g., for solid solution strengthening, so long as they do hot interfere with the desired properties of the alloy for a particular end use. Thus the magnesium content should not exceed 1% and the iron content 0.5%. Similarly, additional insoluble, stable dispersoids may be incorporated in the system to provide increased strength at elevated temperatures so long as they do not otherwise adversely affect the alloy.
The lithium content of the alloy must exceed 1.5% and is preferably at least 1.7%. Amounts of lithium up to 1.5% may be present in equilibrium solution, and further amounts may be present in supersaturated solution. A small fraction of the lithium e.g. from 0.03 to 0.5%, depending on the available oxygen content of the powder charge and the total lithium content of the alloy, may be present as a stable insoluble oxide dispersoid which forms in situ during mechanical alloying and/or consolidation and is uniformly distributed in the alloy matrix. This dispersoid is believed to be lithium peroxide, and is particularly effective in increasing the strength of the alloy.
The lithium content must not exceed 3.5 wt % since above this figure excessive amounts of 0 phase may form, and the alloy may be embrittled. Preferably the lithium content does not exceed 2.8%, as additional strength gained by the use of larger amounts does not compensate for the loss in ductility.
The lithium is introduced into the alloy system as a powder (elemental or prealloyed with aluminium), thereby avoiding problems which accompany the melting of lithium.
The oxygen content is from 0.4 wt % to 1.5 wt % and preferably does not exceed 1.0 wt %. The oxygen content should be sufficient to provide enough dispersoid for the desired level of strength without being so high as to combine with the lithium in solid solution and reduce the amount of dissolved lithium below the solubility limit, taking into account the amount of lithium which may be present in supersaturated solution. As excessive amounts of both lithium and oxygen tend to embrittle the alloys, when the Li content is at the low end of the specified range, e.g. about 1.6 wt %, the oxygen level may be up to 1.5 wt %, whilst when the Li content is high, e.g. 2.3 wt %, the oxygen content is preferably less than 1 wt %, e.g. 0.4 to 0.5 wt %.
The carbon content is from 0.2 to 1.2 wt % and more preferably from 0.25 to 1 wt %. The carbon is generally provided by the process control agent used during mechanical alloying to control inter-particle welding, as described below.
Dispersion strengthening in alloys of the present invention is provided by oxide- and carbide-based dispersoids which may be formed during the mechanical alloying or subsequent consolidation or both. Alternatively, they may be added as such to the powder. Examples of dispersoid that may be present are Al₂O₃, AlOOH, Li₂0, Li₃AlO₄, LiAlO₂, LiAl₅O₈, Li₅AlO₄, Li₂O₂ and ^A1 ₄ ^C ₃. Other dispersoids may be used provided that they are stable in the Al-Li matrix at the temperature of service. Oxides of lithium are particularly suitable for use as dispersoid in alloys of the present invention, and,of these, Li₂0₂ is preferred.
Preferably, the dispersoid content is as low as possible consistent with the desired strength. The dispersoid content may thus be up to 8% by volume and more preferably lies in the range from 3 to 5 vol. %. The dispersoid should be'very fine, preferably having a particle size of about 0.02 microns, and should be uniformly dispersed throughout the alloy. It is believed that the fine grain size of alloys of this invention (about 0.1 microns) is, at least in part, responsible for their high room temperature strength.
The mechanical alloying process used to prepare the alloys of the present invention comprises the dry, high energy milling of aluminium and lithium powders in the presence of a grinding medium, e.g. balls, and a carbon- containing process control agent, so as to comminute the powder particles and, by a combination of repeated communi- tion and welding, to create new, dense composite particles containing fragments of the initial powder materials intimately associated and uniformly interdispersed. The process control agent, which serves to control interparticle welding, may for example be graphite or a volatilisable organic compound which may also contain oxygen. We prefer to use methanol,stearic acid, or graphite, but other organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, or heptanes may be used. The process control agent is added intermittently during milling, the amount used being calculated based in known manner on such factors as the ball-to-powder ratio, starting powder size, and mill temperature. The milling is carried out under a blanket of argon or nitrogen to facilitate control of the oxygen content of the powder, as virtually the only sources of oxygen are the starting powders and the process control agent (if this contains oxygen). The powder may be prepared in an attritor using a ball-to-powder weight ratio of from 15:1 to 60:1.
The dispersion strengthened mechanically alloyed powder is then degassed and consolidated at a temperature below its liquation temperature. Degassing may be carried out at a temperature in the ranqe from 220° to 600°C. Subsequent consolidation may also be carried out at a temperature in the range from 220 to 600°C, preferably at about 500^oC. If desired a separate compaction step may be employed. For example, the powder may be canned, degassed at 510°C, hot compacted and extruded at a temperature in the range from 315° to 510°C. It is believed that these preferred conditions produce alloys in which fine grain size, high dislocation density, fine uniform dispersion of oxides and carbides, and lithium in solid solution all contribute to strength. The lithium present in solid solution (equilibrium and supersaturated) and that present as oxide dispersoid contribute to the high specific modulus. In addition to high strength, low density and high elastic modulus, alloys of the invention have good resistance to corrosion including stress corrosion cracking, and good thermal stability.
The strength of alloys according to the invention may be further increased by an age-hardening heat treatment.
This heat treatment consists of two steps; a solution treatment at a temperature not exceeding that used in the degassing or consolidation and an ageing treatment, between which the alloy is cooled. The cooling may be in air, or by quenching, for example in water or oil.
Preferably the solution treatment is effected at the same temperature as the consolidation. A suitable temperature range for both operations is from 400 to 540°C.
The solution treatment may be carried out for a length of time ranging from that sufficient to bring the alloy up to temperature (generally at least 0.5 hours) up to 4 hours.
The age-hardening may be effected at a temperature in the range from 95 to 260°C for a period of from 1 to 48 hours. More preferably, the age-hardening temperature range is from 120 to 230°C and the duration of the ageing is from 1 to 24 hours. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that for both solution treatment and age-hardening the time element bears an inverse relationship to the temperature.
Alloys of the present invention, particularly those containing less than 3% lithium and at least 0.25% carbon, may also, of course, be used without age-hardening. In this event, the strength of the alloys may be maximised by controlling their compositon very carefully to avoid excessive uncontrolled precipitation of the 0 phase (Al₃Li) as this tends to render the alloys somewhat brittle and may impair their corrosion resistance. Thus if the alloys are not to be further strengthened by age-hardening the lithium content preferably does not exceed 2.3% so as to minimise the risk of phase formation. The Li in the system then comprises about 1.5 wt % in equilibrium solid solution and up to about 0.8 wt % in supersaturated solid solution. Some Li, of course, will be tied up with available oxygen as dispersoid. Thus a preferred composition range for alloys which are not to be age-hardened is from 1.7 to 2.3 wt % lithium, from 0.4 to 1.0 wt % oxygen and from 0.25 to 0.7 wt % carbon.
The invention will now be further described with reference to some examples.

EXAMPLE I

Specimens of two Al-Li alloys according to the invention (Alloys A and B) were prepared from dispersion-strengthened, mechanically alloyed powders which had been ground in a high energy impact mill for 4 hours using a ball:powder ratio by weight of 40:1 under a blanket of argon in the presence of a process control agent. The powders were canned, vacuum degassed for 3 hours and compacted at 510 C, then extruded to rod of diameter 1.6 cm at a temperature of 343°C.
The compositions of alloys A and B are shown in Table I below.
^* Analysis of chips from extruded rod _- other analyses are of the powder.
Samples of alloys A and B were subjected to different heat treatments after extrusion and the effect of the heat treatments on the hardness of the alloys was determined. The heat treatments began with a solution treatment of duration 0.5 hours at 510°C. The specimens were quenched in water and then age-hardened at 177°C for various periods between O and 16 hours. The age hardened alloys were air cooled and their hardnesses on the Rockwell B (R_B) scale were determined at room temperature.
The results of the tests are shown in Table II.
From Table II it can be seen that with a lithium content of 2.6 wt % (alloy A), there is a significant ageing response, whereas the effect of heat treatment on the 1.9 wt % lithium alloy (alloy B) is minimal, apparently because the lithium content is only slightly above the solubility limit and there is little lithium available for precipitation. It therefore appears that the heat treatment produces an ageing response which is dependent on the lithium contents of the alloys. One familiar with ageing in alloys would expect the extent of the response to be dependent also on the ageing temperature, with lower temperatures producing a greater response albeit at longer treatment times.

EXAMPLE II

Samples of the two alloys A and B used in Example _I were subjected to different heat treatments after extrusion and the effect of these heat treatments on their strength was determined. As in Example I, a solution treatment of duration 0.5 hours at the temperature previously used for degassing and consolidation, (in this case 510°C) was carried out. This was followed by a water quench and then an age hardening treatment at 177°C. Specimens of alloy A were age hardened for 1 hour whilst specimens of alloy B were age hardened for 4 hours. The alloys were air cooled and their tensile strengths were measured at room temperature.
The results of these measurements are shown in Table III below together with data for the as-extruded alloys. The parameters measured were ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS_.), % elongation to fracture (% El), % reduction in area to fracture (% RA) and elastic modulus (E).
From Table III,it can be seen that for Alloy A (2.6 wt % Li) the heat treatment improves the strength and this is indicative of age hardening of the alloy. Again the effect of heat treatment on Alloy B (1.9 wt % Li) is minimal.
From the above tests it appears that heat treatment is beneficial for alloys containing more than about 2.0 wt % lithium in that the tensile properties can be improved. The thermal stability of the alloys may also be improved by age-hardening. Ageing treatments at lower temperatures are expected to produce benefits in Al-Li alloys with lower lithium contents.

EXAMPLE III

The effect of alloying element content on the tensile properties of dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed Al-Li alloys was investigated. Samples of 17 different alloys were prepared by high energy impact milling mixtures of powders in a 4 gallon attritor for from 6 to 18 hours at various ball-to-powder weight ratios (B/P) under a blanket of nitrogen or argon and in the presence of either methanol (M) or stearic acid (S) as the process control agent (PCA). The PCA was introduced either by discrete additions or by absorption through the attritor atmosphere when this was bubbled through a flask containing the PCA ("the bubbler"). The mechanically alloyed powders were canned, vacuum degassed and compacted at 510 C and extruded to rod of diameter 1.6 cm at a temperature of 343°C or427°C. The composition of each sample was analysed either as powder or as rod or both.
The compositions of, and process details used for, the different alloys are shown in Table IV as is the Brinell hardness of the consolidated billets (Can BHN) at 500 and 3000 kg load. Alloys 13 and 14 were degassed for 4 hours and the other alloys were all degassed for 3 hours.
The following tensile properties were determined at room temperature for rod extruded from each alloy: UTS, YS, % El, % RA, E, density (ρ), and specific modulus (E/p). The results are shown in Table V.
Alloys 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16 are according to the present invention. Of these alloys, particularly good properties are shown by alloys 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16. All these alloys have a yield strength of at least 380 N/mm2 (tensile elongation between 2 and 13%) and a specific modulus of at least 2.89 x 10⁶ m. It can be seen from Table IV that none of these alloys has a lithium content greater than 2.6 wt %. The deleterious effect of too much oxygen is shown by the results for alloy 4.
The presence of small amounts of Mg may increase the strength. However, it appears that alloys of the invention which have a high specific modulus, (6, 7, 10, 11 and 12) have sufficiently high strength without magnesium. The allowable magnesium content seems to be governed at least in part by the oxygen content. Alloy 3, for example, has a magnesium content of 0.072 wt % and an oxygen content of 1.53 wt % and the ductility is poor. With higher amounts of Mg, (see Alloy 2) the effect is even more marked. The Mg content is therefore restricted to a maximum of 1.0 wt %.

EXAMPLE IV

The effect of alloying element content on the resistance to corrosion of Al-Li alloys was investigated. Samples of extruded rod were intermittently immersed in an aqueous solution of 35 wt % NaCl at 35°C. Table VI shows corrosion rates in mg/dm²/day (mdd) of alloys 7, 9 and 10 of Example III, a commercially available corrosion resistant alloy 5083, alloy 7075, and a sample of electrically conductive aluminium (EC Al).
From Table VI it can be seen that the corrosion resistance of alloys 7 and 10 of the present invention is at least as good as that of the known alloys.
NaCl at 35°C for 45 days, whilst loaded at or near the yield stress. Table VII shows the results of these tests on samples of alloys 7, 10 and 11 of Example 3, and on'a sample of alloy 7075.
From Table VII it can be seen that alloys 10 and 11 of this invention showed excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking even when loaded at the yield stress.

FURTHER TESTS

In an attempt to determine the nature of the dispersoid, the electron diffraction pattern of a foil of alloy 1 and the X-ray diffraction pattern of extruded rod of alloy 2 were studied. Electron diffraction patterns using transmission electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction data suggest that the dispersoid is Li₂0₂.
The thermal stability of samples of alloys 7 and 11 was investigated and it was found that there was no loss in room temperature strength after 100 hrs at 135°C. The results were as follows:
The electrical resistivity of various Al-Li alloys was measured and the accompanying Figure shows these results plotted as a function of Li content. From the Figure it can be seen that there is a steady increase in resistivity as the Li content is increased even above 1.5 wt %. This increase, which does not end until an Li content of 2.3 wt % has been reached suggests that above 1.5 wt % Li a number of different processes compete for the extra Li, these being supersaturation, formation of incoherent dispersoid and formation of coherent δ'. Although δ' formation is facilitated by its low energy of formation, the results suggest that there is a high degree of supersaturation.
Transmission electron microscopy of a sample of alloy 1 showed a grain size of about 0.1 microns.
Tensile strength tests at elevated temperatures showed a sharp drop in strength with increasing temperature. It appears that alloys of the present invention which are not hardened are suitable for use at temperatures in the range from room temperature up to about 93°C.
Further increases in temperature up to about 195°C do not change the room temperature strength.

Claims

1. A dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed aluminium lithium alloy which comprises more than 1.5 but less than 3.5 wt % lithium, from 0.4 to 1.5 wt % oxygen, and from 0.2 to l.2 wt % carbon, the balance being essentially aluminium.

2. An alloy as claimed in claim 1, which comprises less than 3 wt % lithium and at least 0.25 wt % carbon.

3. An alloy as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which comprises from 1.7 to 2.8 wt % lithium.

4. An alloy as claimed in any preceding claim, which contains up to 8 vol % of dispersoid.

5. An alloy as claimed in claim 4, which contains from 3 to 5 vol % of dispersoid.

6. An alloy as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein lithium is present in solid solution and as an oxide dispersoid.

7. An alloy as claimed in claim 6, wherein the dispersoid comprises Li₂ ⁰ ₂.

8. An alloy as claimed in any preceding claim which comprises from 0.4 to 1.0 wt % oxygen.

9. An alloy as claimed in any preceding claim, which comprises 0.25 to 1.0 wt % carbon.

10. An alloy as claimed in any preceding claim, which further comprises from O to 0.5 wt % iron and from O to 1.0 wt % magnesium.

11. An age-hardened dispersion-strengthened mechanically alloyed aluminium-lithium alloy as claimed in any one of the preceding claims.

12. A method of producing an alloy as claimed in claim 11, which comprises degassing and compacting the mechanically-alloyed powder at an elevated temperature but below its liquation temperature, solution treating the compacted powder at a temperature not exceeding that used in the degassing and compaction, cooling the solution treated alloy and ageing the alloy at an elevated temperature.

13. A method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the solution treatment is carried out at the same temperature as the compaction.

14. A method as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein both the compaction and solution treatment are carried out at a temperature in the range from 400 to 540°C, the maximum solution treatment time being 4 hours.

15. A method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the solution treated alloy is cooled by water quenching.

16. A method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein the alloy is aged at a temperature in the range from 95 to 260°C for from 1 to 48 hours.

17. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the alloy is aged at a temperatire in the range from 120 to 230°C for from 1 to 24 hours.

18. A method as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein the alloy is compacted at 510°C, solution treated for O.5 hours at 510°C, and aged at 177°C for from 1 to 4 hours.

19. A method of producing an alloy as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 10, comprising degassing and compacting the mechanically alloyed powder at a temperature in the range from 220°C to 600°C.

20. A compacted alloy produced by the method of claim 19 which comprises from 1.7 to 2.3 wt % lithium, from 0.4 to 1.0 wt % oxygen and from 0.25 to 0.7 wt % carbon.