EP0042995B1 - Einrichtung und Verfahren zum Stranggiessen metallischer Litze bei aussergewöhnlich hohen Geschwindigkeiten unter Verwendung einer oszillierenden Formeinrichtung - Google Patents

Einrichtung und Verfahren zum Stranggiessen metallischer Litze bei aussergewöhnlich hohen Geschwindigkeiten unter Verwendung einer oszillierenden Formeinrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0042995B1
EP0042995B1 EP81104301A EP81104301A EP0042995B1 EP 0042995 B1 EP0042995 B1 EP 0042995B1 EP 81104301 A EP81104301 A EP 81104301A EP 81104301 A EP81104301 A EP 81104301A EP 0042995 B1 EP0042995 B1 EP 0042995B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
die
coolerbody
melt
strand
casting
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81104301A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0042995A1 (de
Inventor
George Shinopulos
Ronald Randlett
Terry F. Bower
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Kennecott Mining Corp
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Kennecott Corp
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Priority to AT81104301T priority Critical patent/ATE13265T1/de
Publication of EP0042995A1 publication Critical patent/EP0042995A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10—Supplying or treating molten metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/14—Plants for continuous casting
    • B22D11/141—Plants for continuous casting for vertical casting

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method for continuously upcasting a metallic strand from a metallic melt comprising: providing a vertically oriented die having an inlet end with a coolerbody having a free end portion surrounding a portion of said die to enable portions of said die to be cooled and with an insulating member located within a recess in the coolerbody and between a portion of said die and a portion of said coolerbody to insulate a portion of said die from the cooling of said coolerbody, the inlet end of said die extending substantially below the free end portion of said coolerbody, and the location of said insulating member being at the free end portion of the coolerbody extending between said die and said coolerbody a predetermined distance, immersing said free end portion of said coolerbody into the melt a distance greater than said predetermined distance to produce a solidification front within the die when the melt is withdrawn through said coolerbody, withdrawing molten metal from the melt through said die while cooling said die through said coolerbody, said cooling completely solidifying the molten metal into a strand within
  • An up-casting method and apparatus, resp., of this general type is known from EP-A -1-0 007 581.
  • alternating forward and reverse movements are caused in the solidified strand by withdrawal means operating on a controlled basis such that with the die having a fixed position forward and reverse strokes are generated in the strand, preferably with a dwell period between a reverse stroke and the next following forward stroke. It has been found that this type of operation is not completely satisfactory in some cases because, in order to achieve a fast reversal of the strand, heavy drive means are necessary for the withdrawal means.
  • US-A-25 53 921 employs a water cooled, metallic "mold pipe” with an outer ceramic Edng that is immersed in a melt.
  • the casting suffers from uneven cooling, and condensed metallic vapors collect in a gap between the mold pipe and the liner due to differences in their coefficients of thermal expansion.
  • US ⁇ A ⁇ 21 71 132 also uses a water-cooled "casing", but it is mounted above the melt and a vacuum is required to draw melt up to the casting. A coaxial refractory extension of the casing extends into the melt.
  • the refractory extension is necessary to prevent "mushrooming", that is, the formation of a solid mass of the metal with a diameter larger than that of the cooled casing.
  • thermally generated gaps in this instance between the casing and the extension, can collect condensed metal vapor which results in poor surface quality of termination of the casting.
  • the second patent avoids problems associated with thermal expansion differences by placing only the tip of a "nozzle" in the melt.
  • a water-cooled jacket encloses the upper end of the nozzle. Because the surface of the melt is below the cooling zone, a vacuum chamber at the upper end of the nozzle is necessary to draw the melt upwardly to the cooling zone. The presence of the vacuum chamber, however, limits the rate of strand withdrawal and requires a seal.
  • US ⁇ A ⁇ 37 46 077 avoids the vacuum chamber by immersing a cooling jacket and a portion of an enclosed nozzle into the melt.
  • the immersion depth is sufficient to feed melt to the solidification zone, but it is not deeply immersed.
  • the jacket, as well as the interfaces between the jacket and the nozzle, are protected against the melt by a surrounding insulating lining.
  • the lower end of the lining abuts the lower outer surface of the nozzle to block a direct flow of the melt to the cooling jacket.
  • the foregoing systems are commonly characterized as "closed” mold, in that the liquid metal communicates directly with the solidification front.
  • the cooled mold is typically fed from an adjoining container filled with the melt.
  • an "open” mold system feeds the melt, typically by a delivery tube, directly to a mold where it is cooled very rapidly.
  • Open mold systems are commonly used in downcasting large billets of steel, and occasionally aluminium, copper or brass. However, open mold casting is not used to form products with a small cross section because it is very difficult to control the liquid level and, hence, the location of the solidification front.
  • a problem that arises in closed mold casting is a thermal expansion of the bore of the casting die between the beginning of the solidification front and the point of complete solidification termed "bell-mouthing". This condition results in the formation of enlargements of the casting cross section which wedge against a narrower portion of the die. The wedged section can break off and form an immobile "skull". The skulls can either cause the strand to terminate or can lodge on the die and produce surface defects on the casting. Therefore, it is important to maintain the dimensional uniformity of the die bore within the casting zone. According to US-A-38 72 913 and US ⁇ A ⁇ 37 46 077 these problems are controlled by a relatively gentle vertical temperature gradient along the nozzle due in part to a modest cooling rate to produce a generally flat solidification front. With this gentle gradient, acceptable quality castings can be produced only at a relatively slow rate, typically five to forty inches per minute.
  • a cycled pattern of a forward withdrawal stroke followed by a dwell period is used commercially in conjunction with the mold unit described in the aforementioned US-A-38 72 913.
  • US-A-39 08 747 discloses a controlled reverse stroke to form the casting skin, prevent termination of the casting, and compensate for contraction of the casting within the die as it cools.
  • GB-A-10 87 026 also discloses a reverse stroke to partially remelt the casting.
  • US-A-33 54 936 discloses a pattern of relatively long forward strokes, followed by periods where the casting motion is stopped and reversed for a relatively short stroke. This pattern is used in downcasting large billets to prevent inverse seg- ration.
  • This object is accomplished according to the invention in that the solidified strand is withdrawn from said melt at a constant rate, and that said die is oscillated in a direction parallel to the direction of travel of said strand.
  • a preferred apparatus for continuously up- casting a metallic strand from a metallic melt comprises: a vertically oriented, generally tubular die having an inlet end for fluid communicatibn with the melt, a coolerbody having a free end portion surrounding a portion of said die to enable portions of said die to be cooled the inlet end of said die extending substantially below the free end portion of said coolerbody, an insulating member located between a portion of said die and said coolerbody to insulate a portion of said die from the cooling of said coolerbody, the location of said insulating member being at said free end portion of the coolerbody and extending between said die and said coolerbody a predetermined distance, supporting means mounted for immersing said free end portion of said coolerbody in the melt a distance greater than said predetermined distance to produce a solidification front within the die below the level of the melt when the melt and the solidified strand is withdrawn through said die, means for withdrawing the melt and the strand through said die while cooling said die through said coolerbody, said cooling completely solidifying the
  • a mold assembly of this invention oscillates in substantially the same direction as the rod being cast with little or not lateral movement.
  • An inventive mold assembly accommodates a steep temperature gradient along a casting die, particularly at the lower end of a solidification zone, without the formation of skulls or loss of dimensional uniformity in the casting zone.
  • a mold assembly according to the invention having the foregoing advantages that, has a relatively low cost of manufacture, is convenient to service and is durable.
  • an oscillating cooled mold assembly for continuous high-speed casting of metf'iic strands has a hollow die formed of a refractory material.
  • a melt typically of copper or copper alloys such as brass, is in fluid communication with one end of the die.
  • a coolerbody preferably water-cooled, encloses the die, preferably in a tight-fitting relationship.
  • the coolerbody preferably has a high cooling rate that produces a solidification front within a casting zone of the die spaced from the die end adjacent the melt.
  • Means are provided for drawing the melt through the mold assembly to effect solidification of a rod or strand.
  • the mold assembly is supported for oscillation in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of travel of the rod through the mold, and.
  • the means by which the mold assembly is caused to oscillate as the rod or strand advances creates the effect of both upward and downward casting strokes.
  • the relative motion between mold and rod is controllable over a wide range.
  • Means are provided to deliver coolant to the chilled mold during oscillation.
  • a coolant manifold extension assembly communicates with, and supplies coolant to, the coolerbody.
  • the manifold extension assembly in turn attaches to a support manifold which supplies the extension assembly with coolant.
  • An insulating hat surrounds the coolerbody and manifold ex- - tension assembly, thermally insulating them from the metallic melt.
  • the insulating hat attaches the support manifold by spring biased mounting means.
  • the manifold extension assembly features three concentric tubes forming two annular elongated passageways therebetween, with one of the annular passageways being adapted for supplying coolant to the coolerbody, and the other passageway being adapted for receiving the coolant from the coolerbody.
  • the two inner tubes fit slidably into 0-ring gland seals in the support manifold.
  • the means for accomplishing mold oscillation may include at least one hydraulic actuator controlled by a servo valve and computer means. Mold oscillation wave forms can be shaped to provide unlimited variation in stripping velocity, return velocity and dwell. This is extremely useful in determining optimum mold motion programs for different casting alloys.
  • the die preferably has a longitudinally uniform cross section. It can have a slight upwardly narrowing taper or stepped configuration on its inner surface.
  • the die is preferably slip fit into the coolerbody to facilitate replacement. Before the die expands thermally against the coolerbody, it is restrained against axial movement by a slight upset in the mating coolerbody wall near the top and a stepped outer surface that engages the lower face of the coolerbody. Also, in the preferred form a metallic foil sleeve is interposed between the outside insulating member and the counterbore to facilitate removal of the insulator.
  • the coolerbody preferably has a double wall construction with an annular space between the walls.
  • the inner wall adjacent the die is preferably formed from a sound ingot of age hardened chrome copper alloy; the outer sleeve is preferably formed of stainless steel.
  • the inner and outer walls or “bodies” are preferably bonded at their lower ends by a copper/gold braze joint. Water is typically circulated in a temperature range and flow rate that yields a high cooling rate of the melt advancing through the die while avoiding condensation of water vapor on the mold assembly or the casting.
  • a vapor shield and gaskets are preferably disposed between the immersed end of the coolerbody and the surrounding insulating hat.
  • Fig. 1 shows a suitable facility for the continuous production of metallic strands in indefinite lengths by upwardly casting the strands through cooled molds according to this invention.
  • Four strands 12 are cast simultaneously from a melt held in a casting furnace 16.
  • the strands which can assume a variety of cross sectional shapes such as square or rectangular, and diameters will be described as rods having a substantially circular cross section with a diameter in the range of one quarter to two inches.
  • the strands 12 are cast in four cooled mold assemblies 18 mounted on four vertically movable carriage assemblies 20.
  • a withdrawal machine 22 draws the strands at a constant rate through the mold assemblies and directs them to a pair of booms 24, 24' that guide the strands to four pouring type coilers 26 where the strands are collected in coils.
  • Each boom 24 is hollow to conduct cooling air supplied by the ducts 28 along the length of the boom.
  • the melt is produced in one or several melt furnaces (not shown) or in one combination melting and holding furnace (not shown). While this invention is suitable for producing continuous strands formed from a variety of metals and alloys, it is particularly directed to the production of copper alloy strands, especially brass.
  • a ladle 30 carried by an overhead crane (not shown) transfers the melt from the melt furnaces to the casting furnace 16.
  • the ladle preferably has a tea- pot-type spout which delivers the melt with a minimum of foreign material, such as cover and dross.
  • the ladle is pivotally seated in support cradle 32 on a casting platform 34.
  • a ceramic pouring cup 36 funnels the melt from the ladle 30 to the interior of the casting furnace 16. The output end of the pouring cup 36 is located below the casting furnace cover and at a point spaced from the mold assemblies 18.
  • additional melt is added to the casting furnace when it is approximately half full to blend the melt both chemically and thermally.
  • the casting furnace is supported on a hydraulic, scissor-type elevator and dolly 38 that includes a set of load cells 38a (Fig. 10) to sense the weight of the casting furnace and its contents. Output signals of the load cells 38a are conditioned to control the furnace elevation; this allows automatic control of the level of the melt with respect to the coolerbody.
  • the casting furnace is movable between a lower limit position in which the mold assemblies 18 are spaced above the upper surface of the melt 14 when the casting furnace is filled and an upper limit position (shown in phantom) in which the mold assemblies are adjacent the bottom of the casting furnace.
  • the height of the casting furnace is continuously adjusted during casting to maintain the selected immersion depth of the mold assemblies 18 in the melt. In the lowered position, the mold assemblies are accessible for replacement or servicing, after the furnace is rolled out of the way.
  • this production facility usually includes back-up level controls such as probes, floats, and periodic manual measurement as with a dunked wire.
  • back-up level controls such as probes, floats, and periodic manual measurement as with a dunked wire.
  • These or other conventional level measurement and control systems can also be used instead of the load cells as the primary system.
  • this invention is described with reference to fixed mold assemblies and a movable casting furnace, other arrangements can be used. The furnace can be held at the same level with melt added periodically or continuously to maintain the same level.
  • Another alternative includes a very deep immersion so that level control is not necessary. A significant advantage of this invention is that it allows this deep immersion.
  • the casting furnace 16 is a 96.5 cm coreless induction furnace with a rammed alumina lining heated by a power supply. A furnace of this size and type can hold approximately five tons of melt. The furnace 16 has a pouroff spout 16a that feed to an overfill and pouroff ladle 42 (Fig. 10).
  • the withdrawal machine 22 has four opposed pairs of pinch rolls 44 that each frictionally engage one of the strands 12.
  • the pinch rolls 44 are secured on a common shaft driven by a servo-controlled, reversible hydraulic motor 46.
  • a conventional variable-volume, constant-pressure hydraulic pumping unit that generates pressures of up to 210 bar drives the motor 46.
  • a conventional electronic programmer (not shown) produces a program of signals that controls the operation of the motor 46 through a conventional servo system.
  • the program includes a programmed start-up routine that gradually ramps up the withdrawal speed.
  • the drive rolls 44 can be individually disengaged from a selected strand 12 without interrupting the advance of the other strands.
  • a mold assembly 18 is immersed in a melt 14 contained by a furnace 16.
  • Fig. 2 shows a protective cone 48 which melts away after the assembly 18 is immersed in the melt 14.
  • the protective cone 48 is normally formed of copper and takes less than one minute to completely dissolve. The purpose of the protective cone is to prevent dross and other impurities from entering a die 112 upon immersion.
  • molten metal is drawn through the assembly 18. Initially, the process is started by inserting a solid starter rod (with a bolt on the end of it) through the die 112 from the upper part of the assembly into the melt.
  • the molten metal solidifies on the bolt and, when the rod is pulled through the die 112, the molten metal follows, solidifying on its way.
  • the starter rod (with a small piece of the strand 12) is severed from the remainder of the strand 12.
  • the strand 12 Once the strand 12 has been formed from the melt 14, it is continuously withdrawn at a constant speed by one or more pairs of the pinch rollers 44.
  • the strand 12 continuously advances away from the melt at a constant velocity, generally in the range of from 508 to 1016 cm/min in the direction shown by an arrow 52.
  • the entire assembly 18 oscillates in the vertical direction.
  • the assembly 18 is connected to a carriage assembly 20 for controlled oscillation in the range of 12 to 150 cycles per minute.
  • the chilled mold assembly 18 oscillates, it is cooled by means of a coolant supplied to a manifold 54 mounted to the carriage assembly 20 through flexible tubes 56.
  • the coolant delivery system is specifically described in conjunction with Figs. 4 and 5.
  • the overall supporting structure is a rigid steel box.
  • the vertical loads are supported by the columnar structural members 58, 60, 62, 64 which are steel I-beams.
  • the columnar members 58, 60, 62, 64 are tied together by the horizontal steel I-beams 66, 68, 70 and 72.
  • the horizontal members 66, 68, 70, 72 and 74 are preferably welded to the columnar members 58, 60, 62 and 64.
  • the horizontal I-beams 66, 68 and 70 are oriented so that their flange faces extend in the vertical direction for maximum stiffness in carrying the oscillation induced loads.
  • the beams 72 and 74 are further stiffened respectively by angle pieces 72a and 74a welded to the beams.
  • the beams 66 and 70 are stiffened in the vertical direction by bracing means 75, 76, 78 and 80, which are also made of steel.
  • Steel beams 82 and 84 further strengthen the structure at its bottom.
  • the carriage structure is mounted to angle pieces 72a and 74a which totally support the carriage through horizontal I-beams 72 and 74.
  • Carriage load paths are fed to the frame base through beams 86, 88, 78, 80, 75 and 76.
  • the steel I-beams 89 and 90 are welded between the horizontal beams 68 and 72. These beams 89 and 90 support the oscillating carriage supporting superstructure comprising vertical I-beams 91 and 92 and horizontal I-beams 93, 94 and 95.
  • the beams 93 and 95 are welded to the steel I-beam 74 which connects the columnar beams 60 and 64 at their tops.
  • the structure is rendered more rigid by bracing steel I-beams 86 and 88.
  • the carriage assembly 20 (Fig. 2) is shown in greater detail in Fig. 13.
  • This assembly 20 is constructed of steel angle plates 201 and 202 welded to bottom plate 203 and back plate 205.
  • a top plate 207 is welded to the back plate 205 and the angle plates 201 and 202 to complete the structure.
  • the plates 201 and 202 approximately 2.5 cm thick, are lightened by means of holes 209 and 210 respectively.
  • the carriage assembly 20 supports the manifold 54 (Fig. 2) by means of bolts through the bolt holes 211a (Fig. 13) which encircle a hole 213 in the bottom plate 203.
  • the hole 213 allows the cast strand to pass through on its way to the pinch rollers 44 (Fig. 2).
  • the carriage assembly 20 is constrained to move in the vertical direction by rails 215.
  • rails 215. are spaced apart from the angle plates 201 and 202 by means of spacers 217.
  • the rails 215 and spacers 217 are bolted and doweled to the angle plates 201 and 202.
  • the rails 215 have beveled edges which closely engage beveled idler rollers 219 (Fig. 14).
  • the rollers 219 are bolted to structural assembly 221.
  • the structural assembly 221 includes welded box structures 223 for added rigidity.
  • the structural assembly 221 is bolted rigidly to the superstructure described above in reference to Fig. 3.
  • the carriage assembly 20 is supported for oscillation in the vertical direction by hydraulic cylinder 225.
  • the piston within the hydraulic cylinder 225 attaches to the top plate of carriage assembly 20 by means of bracket 227.
  • the hydraulic cylinder 225 is controlled by servo valve 229 through manifold block 231.
  • the hydraulic cylinder 225 itself is supported by arms 233 (Fig. 14) which are bolted to the structural assembly 221.
  • the servo valve 229 is under the control of a computer (not shown) which commands the desired relative motion between strand and mold for proper solidification of the cast strand. In particular, mold oscillation will create the same effect with respect to the rod or strand 12 as a pattern of forward and reverse strokes of the rod or strand itself.
  • Figs. 7-9 are provided to show the effect of mold oscillation on casting skin formation and to provide reference for the terms "upward” and "downward” strokes.
  • Fig. 7 shows the mold assembly 18 at its lowest point in the melt 14. At this instant in time, the mold assembly would be just beginning its acceleration in the upward direction as is indicated by the small arrow 41. At this time, the upward velocity of the strand would be greater than the upward or forward velocity of the mold. It should be noted that the solidification skin 12a of strand 12 is very thin.
  • Fig. 8 shows the mold assembly 10 at about the middle of its travels up and down the melt. By the time the mold assembly has reached mid-point, its upward velocity is greater than the upward velocity of the strand.
  • Fig. 9 shows the mold at the top of its path of travel.
  • the mold velocity in the upward or forward direction is zero and is about to begin its trip back down to the position shown in Fig. 7.
  • the solidification skin 12a is thickest. Upward and downward speeds are separately settable in the computer to obtain optimum surface quality and material structure.
  • upward stroke refers to the movement of the mold assembly away from the melt while the term “downward stroke” refers to the movement of the mold assembly further into the melt.
  • Figs. 4 and 5 show a preferred embodiment of the mold assembly 18 and illustrate how coolant is supplied continuously thereto.
  • Coolant preferably water
  • the coolant returns through an annular passageway 105 and out an outlet 106.
  • the passageways 101 and 105 are the annular spaces created by three concentric tubes 107, 108 and 109, each formed of steel.
  • the outer tube 107 is flange mounted to the manifold 54.
  • the two inner tubes 108 and 109 slide into 0-ring gland seals 110 in manifold 54.
  • the concentric tube design for the manifold extension assembly 102 permits high coolant flow rates while minimizing the cross sectional area of the assembly which must oscillate within the furnace melt. Minimizing the cross sectional area is important in holding down the hydrodynamic loading on the oscillating mold assembly.
  • a tubular die 112 is enclosed by the coolerbody 103.
  • the die 112 has a lower end portion 112a that projects beyond the lower face 103a of the coolerbody.
  • the die portion 112a and at least a portion of the coolerbody are immersed in the melt 14 during casting. Cuprostatic pressure forces liquid melt into the die toward the coolerbody.
  • a length of straight rod is inserted into the die through a graphite plug and positioned with its lower end, which typically holds a bolt, somewhat above a normal solidification or casting zone 114.
  • the immersion depth is selected so that the liquid melt reaches the casting zone 114 where rapid heat transfer from the melt to the coolerbody solidifies the melt to form a solid casting without running past the starter rod.
  • the melt adjacent the die will cool more quickly than the centrally located melt so that an annular "skin" forms around a liquid core.
  • the liquid solid interface defines a solidification front 114a across the casting zone 114. It is preferred that the peak of solidification front 114a be always located beneath the surface of melt 14. Since solidification initiates within the area of die 112 backed by insulating bushing 118, the location of the solidification front is well defined.
  • a principal feature of this invention is that the casting zone is characterized by a high cooling rate and a steep vertical temperature gradient at its lower end so that it extends over a relatively short length of the die 112.
  • the die 112 is formed of a refractory material that is substantially non-reactive with metallic and other vapors present in the casting environment especially at temperatures in excess of 1093°C.
  • Graphite is the usual die material, although good results have also been obtained with boron nitride. More specifically, a graphite sold by the Poco Graphite Company under the trade designation DFP-3 has been found to exhibit unusually good thermal characteristics and durability.
  • a vacuum furnace to remove volatiles that can react with the melt to cause start-up failure or produce surface defects on the casting.
  • the vacuum environment also prevents oxidation of the graphite at the high outgassing temperatures, e.g.
  • the die 112 has a generally tubular configuration with a uniform inner bore diameter and a substantially uniform wall thickness.
  • the inner surface of the die is highly smooth to present a low frictional resistance to the axial or longitudinal movement of the casting through the die and to reduce wear.
  • the outer surface of the die also smooth, is pressure contacted with the surrounding inner surface 103b of the coolerbody 103 during operation.
  • the surface 103b constrains the die as it attempts to expand radially due to heating by the melt and the casting, and promotes a highly efficient heat transfer from the die to the coolerbody by the resulting pressure contact.
  • the fit between the die and the coolerbody is important since a poor fit, one leaving gaps, severely limits heat transfer from the die to the coolerbody.
  • a tight fit is also important to restrain longitudinal movement of the die with respect to the coolerbody due to friction or "drag" between the casting and the die as the casting is drawn through the die.
  • the die should be quickly and conveniently removable from the coolerbody when it becomes damaged or worn. It has been found that all of these objectives are achieved by machining the mating surfaces of the die and coolerbody to close tolerances that permit a "slip fit" that is, an axial sliding insertion and removal of the die.
  • the dimensions forming the die and mating surface 103b are selected so that the thermal expansion of the die during casting creates a tight fit.
  • the die material typically has a much lower thermal expansion coefficient than the coolerbody, the die is much hotter than the coolerbody so that the temperature difference more than compensates for the differences in the thermal expansion coefficients.
  • the average temperature of the die in the casting zone through its thickness is believed to be approximately 538°C for a melt at 1093°C.
  • the coolerbody is near the temperature of the coolant, usually 27 to 38°C, circulating through it.
  • the one-piece construction of the die eliminates joints, particularly joints between different materials, which can collect condensed vapors or promote their passage to other surfaces. Also, a one-piece die is more readily replaced and restrained than a multi-section die.
  • Alternative arrangements for establishing a suitable tight-fitting relationship between the die and coolerbody include conventional press or thermal fits.
  • a molybdenum sulfide lubricant is used on the outside surface to reduce the likelihood of fracturing the die during press fitting.
  • the lubricant also fills machining scratches of the die.
  • the thermal fit the coolerbody is expanded by heating, the die is inserted and the close fit is established as the assembly cools. Both the press fit and the thermal fit, however, require that the entire mold assembly 18 be removed from the cooling water manifold to carry out the replacement of a die. This is clearly more time consuming, inconvenient and costly than the slip fit.
  • the preferred form of the invention utilizes a one-piece die with a uniform bore diameter
  • a die with a tapered or stepped inner surface that narrows in the upward direction, or a multisection die formed of two or more pieces in end-abutting relationship Upward narrowing is desirable to compensate for contraction of the casting as it cools. Close contact with the casting over the full length of the die increases the cooling efficiency of the mold assembly. Increased cooling is significant because it helps to avoid a central cavity caused by an unfed shrinkage of the molten center of the casting.
  • an opposite taper can be machined on the outer surface of the die rather than on its inside surface, or the inside surface 103b of the coolerbody. Thermal expansion of the die within the coolerbody bore during casting creates the desired upwardly narrowing taper on the highly smooth inner surface of the die. Multi- section dies can either have the same bore diameter or different bore diameters to create a stepped upward narrowing. To avoid troublesome accumulations of metal between the die sections, junctions between sections should occur only above the casting zone. Also, the upper section or sections above the casting zone can be press fit since the lower section is the most likely to become damaged and need replacement.
  • a one-piece die formed of graphite suitable for casting 19 mm rod, has a length of approximately 26.7 cm and a uniform wall thickness of approximately 3 to 5 mm. In general, the wall thickness will vary with the diameter of the casting.
  • the projecting die portion 112a typically has a length of 5cm.
  • the coolerbody 103 has a generally cylindrical configuration with a central, longitudinally extending opening defined by the inner surface 103b.
  • the interior of the coolerbody has a passage designated generally at 120 that circulates the cooling fluid, preferably water, through the coolerbody.
  • a series of coolant inlet openings 120a and coolant outlet openings 120b are formed in the upper end of the coolerbody. As is best seen in Fig. 6, these openings are arrayed in concentric circles with sufficient openings to provide a high flow rate, typically 3.8 I pro 454 of casting per minute.
  • a pair of 0-rings 122 and 123 preferably formed of a long wearing fluoroelastomer, seal the manifold extension assembly 102 (see Fig. 5) in fluid communication with the inlet and outlet openings.
  • a mounting flange 124 on the coolerbody has openings 124a that receives bolts (not shown) to secure the mold assembly to-the manifold extension assembly.
  • This flange also includes a hole (not shown) to vent gases from the annular space between the coolerbody and an insulating hat (see Fig. 4) through a tube (not shown) in the manifold 54 to atmosphere.
  • the coolerbody has four main components: an inner body 126, an outer body 128, a jacket closure ring 130 and the mounting flange 124.
  • the inner body is formed of alloy that exhibits excellent heat transfer characteristics, good dimensional stability and is hard and wear resistant. Age hardened copper such as the alloy designated CDA 182 is preferred.
  • the outer body 128, closure ring 130 and mounting flange 124 are preferably formed of stainless steel, particularly free machining 303 stainless for the ring 130 and flange 124, and 304 stainless for the outer body 128. Stainless exhibits satisfactory resistance to mechanical abuse, possesses similar thermal expansion characteristics as chrome copper, and holds up well in the casting environment. By the use of stainless steel, very large pieces of age hardened copper are not required, thus making manufacture of the coolerbody more practical.
  • the inner body is machined from a single cylindrical billet of sound (crack-free) chrome copper. Beside cost and functional durability advantages, the composite coolerbody construction is dictated by the difficulty in producing a sound billet of chrome copper, which is large enough to form the entire coolerbody.
  • Longitudinal holes 120c are deep drilled in the inner body to define the inlets 120a. The holes 120c extend at least to the casting zone and preferably somewhat beyond it as shown in Fig. 5.
  • Cross holes 120d are drilled to the bottom of the longitudinal holes 120c.
  • the upper and lower ends of the inner body are threaded at 126a and 126b to receive the mounting flange 124 and the closure ring 130, respectively, for structural strength.
  • the closure ring has an inner upwardly facing recess 130a that abuts a mating step machined on the inner body for increased braze joint efficiency, to retard the flow of cooling water into the joint, and to align the ring with the inner body.
  • An outer, upwardly facing recess 130b seats the lower end of the outer body 128 in a fluid-tight relationship.
  • the joint is also copper/gold brazed. While copper/gold brazing is a conventional technique, the following procedures produce a reliable bond that holds up in the casting environment.
  • the mating surfaces of the closure ring and the inner body are copper plated.
  • the plating is preferably 0.025 to 0.054 mm thick and should include the threads, the recess 130a and groove 130c.
  • the braze material is then applied, as by wrapping a wire of the material around the inner body in a braze clearance 126c above the threads and in the groove 130c atop closure ring 130.
  • the furnace brings the assembly to a temperature just below the fusing point of the braze alloy for a short period of time such as 960 to 977°C for ten minutes.
  • the furnace atmosphere is protected (inert or a vacuum) to prevent oxidation.
  • the assembly is then rapidly heated to a temperature that liquifies the braze alloy (1016 to 1038°C) and is immediately allowed to cool to room temperature, again in a protected atmosphere.
  • Solution treating of the chrome copper is best performed at a separate second step, by firing the part to 932 to 954°C for 15 minutes in a protected atmosphere and followed by liquid quenching.
  • the remaining assembly of the coolerbody involves TIG welding type 304 to type 303 stainless steel using type 308 rod after preheating parts to 204°C.
  • the outer body 128, which has a generally cylindrical configuration, is welded at 134 to the closure ring.
  • the upper end of the outer body has an inner recess 128a that mates with the mounting flange 124 just outside the water outlet openings 120b.
  • a weld 136 secures those parts.
  • the closure ring and mounting flange space the outer body from the inner body to define an annular water circulating passage 120e that extends between the cross holes 120d and the outlet openings 120b.
  • a helical spacer 138 is secured in the passage 120e to establish a swirling water flow that promotes a more uniform and efficient heat transfer to the water.
  • the spacer 138 is preferably formed of 6 mm copper rod.
  • the spacer coil is filed flat at points 138a to allow clearance for holding clips 140 secured to the inner body.
  • a combination aging (hardening) treatment of the chrome copper and stress relief of the welded stainless steel is accomplished at 482°C for at least two hours in a protected atmosphere. The coolerbody is then machined and leak tested.
  • cooling water is directed through the inlets 120a, the holes 120c and 120d, and the spiral flow path defined by the passage 120e and the spacer 138 to the outlets 120b.
  • the water is typically at 27 to 32°C at the inlet and heats approximately 6 to 12°C during its circulation through the coolerbody.
  • the water typically flows at a rate of about 3.8 I per 454 g of strand solidified in the casting zone per minute. A typical flow rate is 95 per minute.
  • the proper water temperature is limited at the low end by the condensation of water vapor. On humid days, condensation can occur at 21°C or below, but usually not above 27°C. Water temperatures in excess of 49°C are usually not preferred.
  • the inlet and outlet holes can be reversed; that is, the water can be applied to the outer ring of holes 120b and withdrawn from the inner ring of holes 120a with no significant reduction in the cooling performance of the coolerbody.
  • the spacing between the die and the inner set of holes is, however, a factor that affects the heat transfer efficiency from the casting to the water. For a 18 mm strand 12, the spacing is typically approximately 1.6 cm. This allows the inner body 126 to be rebored to cast a 2.54 cm diameter strand and accept a suitably dimensional outside insulator 118.
  • the aforedescribed mold assembly provides a cooling rate that is high compared to conventional water jacket coolers for chilled mold casting in closed systems.
  • Another important feature of this invention is the outside insulating bushing 118 which ensures that the die is dimensionally uniform in the casting zone and prevents an excessive outward expansion of the die below the zone (bell-mounting) that can lead to termination, start up defects, or surface defects.
  • the bushing 118 is also important in creating a steep axial die temperature gradient immediately below the casting zone. For example, without the bushing 118, a sharp temperature gradient would exist at the entrance of the die into the coolerbody causing the lower portion 112a of the die to form a bell-mouth casting skin. The enlarged portion cannot be drawn into the co.olerbody past the casting zone. It wedges, breaks off from the casting, and can remain in place as casting continues. This wedged portion can result in poor surface quality or termination of the strand.
  • the bushing 118 prevents this problem by mechanically restraining the outward expansion of the die immediately below the casting zone 114. It also insulates the die to a great extent from the coolerbody to create a gentle thermal gradient in the die over the region extending from the lower coolerbody face 103a to somewhat below the lower edge of the casting zone 114.
  • the bushing 118 is formed of a refractory material that has a relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion, a relatively low porosity, and good thermal shock resistance.
  • the low coefficient of thermal expansion limits the outward radial pressures exerted by the bushing on the coolerbody and, with the coolerbody, constrains the graphite to maintain a substantially uniform die inner diameter.
  • the low coefficient of thermal expansion also allows the bushing 118 to be easily removed from the coolerbody by uniformly heating and assembly to 121°C.
  • a suitable material for the bushing 118 is cast silica glass (Si0 2 ) which is machinable.
  • the bushing 118 extends vertically from a lower end surface 118a that is flush with the lower coolerbody face 103a to an upper end surface 118b somewhat above the lower edge of the casting zone.
  • a bushing having a wall thickness of approximately 6 mm and a length of 3.5 cm has yielded satisfactory results.
  • Figs. 11 and 12 illustrate alternative arrangements for ensuring that the casting occurs in a dimensionally uniform portion of the die and for controlling the expansion of the die below the casting zone.
  • Fig. 11 shows a die 112' which is identical to the die 112, except that the projecting lower portion 112a has an upwardly expanding tapt-.- formed on its inner surface. The degree of taper is selected to produce a generally uniform diameter bore when the die portion expands in the melt. This solution, however, is difficult to fabricate. Also, in practice, it is nevertheless necessary to use the bushing 118 (shown in phantom) as well as the die 112' to achieve the high production speeds and good casting quality characteristics of this invention.
  • Fig. 12 shows an "inside" insulator 144 that slips inside a die 112" which is the same as the die 112 except that it is terminated flush with the coolerbody face 103a.
  • the inside insulator 144 is formed of refractory material that does not react with the molten metal and has a relatively low thermal expansion so that it does not deform the coolerbody.
  • the lower end of the insulator 144 extends slightly beyond the lower end of the die 122" and the coolerbody while it has an enlarged outer diameter to form a step 144' similar in function to the step 116 on the die 112.
  • the upper end should be placed near the lower end of the casting zone, usually 12.5 mm below the upper edge of the bushing 118.
  • the strand will cast against the insulator leaving indentations in the strand.
  • the bore dimensions of the inside insulator are also significant, particularly on startup, during a hold, or during a slow down, because the melt begins to solidify on the inside insulator 144.
  • the inner surface of the insulator 144 must be smooth and tapered to widen upwardly.
  • the outside insulator or bushing 118 is used in conjunction with the inside insulatpr 144 to reduce the aforementioned difficulties.
  • a ceramic hat 146 surrounds the coolerbody 103 and the manifold extension assembly 102 to insulate them thermally from the metallic melt, so that the coolerbody may perform its function of cooling the mold so that rod solidification may occur.
  • the hat 146 is formed from any suitable refractory material such as cast silica.
  • the hat 146 attaches to the manifold 54 by means of a ring 148 which is spring biased against the manifold 54 by a spring 149. By this means of attachment, the hat 146 is pulled tightly against the coolerbody 103 while allowing for dimensional changes from differential thermal expansion.
  • the spring 149 is preloaded to create a total force greater than the highest G loading to be experienced during oscillation, thereby maintaining a tight seal between the hat 146 and the coolerbody 103.
  • the hat allows the mold assembly to be immersed in the melt to any preselected depth. While immersion to a level below the casting zone is functional, the extremely high production speed characteristics are, in part, a result of a relatively deep immersion.
  • One advantage of this deep immersion is to facilitate feeding the melt to the liquid core of the casting in the casting zone.
  • a vapor shield 150 and gaskets 151 see also
  • the gaskets are preferably three or four annular layers or "donuts" of the afore mentioned “Fiberfrax” refractory fiber material, while the vapor shield is preferably a "donut” of molybdenum foil interposed between the gaskets 151.
  • the shield 150 and gaskets 151 extend from the die extension 112a to the outer diameter of the coolerbody. The combined thickness of these layers is sufficient to firmly engage the coolerbody face 103a and the end face of the hat 146 typically one-quarter inch.
  • the casting furnace 16 is filled with a molten alloy.
  • a rigid, stainless steel rod is used to start up the casting.
  • a steel bolt is screwed into the lower end of the rod.
  • the rod has the dimensions of the strand to be cast, e.g. 19 mm diameter rod, so that the rod can be fed down through the mold assembly and can be engaged by the withdrawal machine 22.
  • cone of a material non-contaminating to the melt being cast covers the die portion 112a (or a refractory die extension such as the inside insulator 144).
  • An additional alloy cone 48 of a material non-contaminating to the melt typically copper, covers the lower end of the hat 146. The cones pierce the cover and dross on the surface of the melt to reduce the quantity of foreign particles caught under the coolerbody and in the die. The melt dissolves the cone 48 and the starter rod bolt pushes the smaller graphite cone off the die and it floats to the side.
  • An advantage of the preferred form of this invention, utilizing a projecting die portion 112a, is that it supports and locates the smaller graphite cone on insertion into the melt. To function properly, the surface of the larger cone 48 should form an angle of forty-five degrees or less with the vertical.
  • the bolt After the graphite cone has been displaced, the bolt extends into the melt and the melt solidifies on the bolt.
  • the cast rod is sheared below the steel bolt and the strands are mechanically diverted onto the booms 24, 24'.
  • An alternative starter rod design uses a short length of rigid stainless steel rod attached to a flexible cable which can be fed directly onto the boom 24 because of its flexibility. The withdrawal machine is then ramped up to a speed to being the casting. Between shifts or during temporary interruptions, such as for replacement of a coiler, the strand is stopped and clamped. Casting is resumed simply by unclamping and ramping up to full speed.
  • the rod is pulled at a constant rate in the range from 508 to 1016 cm/min.
  • the entire mold assembly including the enclosed die 112 is oscillated vertically with an acceleration of about 1 g, reaching a top speed of about 10 cm/s in each direction. The oscillation allows the new skin to strengthen and attach to the previously formed casting. Because of the high cooling rate of the coolerbody and the steep temperature gradient generated by the outside insulator 118, the solidification occurs very rapidly over a relatively short length of the die.
  • melt temperatures for oxygen free copper and copper alloys are 1038 to 1260°C.
  • the insulator (bushing 118) insulate the melt from the coolerbody to maintain the melt as a liquid within the die below the casting zone. Near the upper edge of the insulator the melt temperature drops rapidly and solidification begins. In casting 19 mm brass rod at over 254 cm/min, the casting zone extends longitudinally for 2.54 to 3.84 cm. At the top of the casting zone, the strand is solid. Estimated average temperature of brass castings in the solidification zone are 899 to 954°C. A typical temperature for the brass casting as it leaves the mold assembly is 816°C.
  • the strand is of exceptionally good quality.
  • the strand is characterized by a fine grain size and dendrite structure, good tensile strength and good ductility.
  • strand 12 was continuously cast from a melt of free-cutting brass, CDA 360. 1998 kg of the molten alloy was charged into furnace 16 and was maintained in the molten state.
  • the composition for alloy CDA 360 is:
  • the solidified strand 12 was drawn by rollers 44 at a speed of 508 cm/min.
  • the body 18 of the oscillating mold was immersed in the melt to a depth of about 12.7 cm.
  • the dunk depth of body 18 varied from approximately 17.8 to 7.62 cm immersion.
  • the temperature of the melt was maintained at 1010°C and molten alloy was fed into furnace 16 as needed during casting to maintain the immersion depths of body 18.
  • the diameter of the die 15 was 0.75 inches to produce strand 12 with a diameter of about 19 mm.
  • the forward and reverse mold speed during oscillation reached a top value of 10.2 cm/sec due to a mold acceleration of 1 g.
  • the distance the mold travelled between its uppermost position in the melt and its bottommost position was approximately 4.4 cm.
  • the temperature of strand 12 as it left the die 112 was approximately 816°C.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Verfahren zum kontinuierlichen Aufwärtsgießen eines Metallstrangs (12) aus einer Metallschmelze (14), welches umfaßt:
Es wird eine vertikal ausgerichtete Kokille (112) mit einem Einlaßende (112a) mit einem Kühlkörper (103) versehen, der einen freien Endbereich hat, der einen Teil der Kokille (112) umgibt, um die Kühlung von Teilen der Kokille (112) zu ermöglichen, wobei ein Isolationselement (118) in einer Aussparung des Kühlkörpers (103) und zwischen einem Teil der Kokille (112) und einem Teil des Kühlkörpers (103) angeordnet ist, um einen Teil der Kokille (112) gegen die Kühlung durch den Kühlkörper (103) zu isolieren, wobei sich das Einlaßende (112a) der Kokille (112) bis deutlich unterhalb des freien Endbereichs des Kühikörpers (103) erstreckt und wobei das Isolationselement (118) am freien Endbereich des Kühlkörpers (103) angeordnet ist und sich zwischen der Kokille (112) und dem Kühlkörper (103) über eine vorgegebene Strecke erstreckt;
der freie Endbereich des Kühlkörpers wird in die Schmelze (14) auf einer Strecke eingetaucht, die größer ist als die vorgegebene Strecke, um eine Erstarrungsfront (114a) innerhalb der Kokille (112) zu erzeugen, wenn die Schmelze (14) durch den Kühlkörper (103) abgezogen wird;
das geschmolzene Metall wird aus der Schmelze (14) durch die Kokille (112) abgezogen, während die Kokille (112) durch den Kühlkörper (103) gekühlt wird, wobei diese Abkühlung das geschmolzene Metall innerhalb eines oberhalb des Isolationselements (118) liegenden Bereichs der Kokille (112) vollständig zu einem Strang (12) erstarren läßt;
und es werden alternierende Vorwärts- und Rückwärtsbewegungen der Kokille (112) und des Stranges (12) relativ zueinander und parallel zur Laufrichtung des Stranges (12) herbeigeführt;

dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der erstartte Strang (12) aus der Schmelze (14) mit einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit abgezogen wird, und daß man die Kokille (112) parallel zur Laufrichtung des Stranges (12) oszillieren läßt.
2. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, bei dem man durch den Kühlkörper (103) eine Kühlflüssigkeit bis zu einem Punkt zirkulieren läßt, der gerade oberhalb des oberen Endes des Isolations- elementes (118) liegt, um das Erstarren der Schmelze (14) zu einem Strang (12) in einem Bereich der Kokille (112) einzuleiten, welcher durch das Isolationselement (118) abgestützt wird, und um die Schmelze (14) in einem oberhalb des Isolations-elementes (118) liegenden Teil der Kokille (112) vollständig zu einem Strang (14) erstarren zu lassen.
3. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 2, bei dem der Teil des Kühlkörpers (103), der in die Schmelze (14) eingetaucht wird, gegen die Hitze der Schmelze (14) durch ein Isolationsmaterial geschützt ist, welches eine isolierende Sperre (146) zwischen der Schmelze (14) und dem Kühlkörper (103) bildet.
4. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1, bei dem der Strang (12) aus der Kokille (112) mit einer Abzugsgeschwindigkeit von 508 bis 1016 cm/min abgezogen wird.
5. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 4, bei dem die Kokille (112) in jeder Richtung mit einer Beschleunigung von etwa 1 g oszilliert und dabei eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von etwa 10 cm/s erreicht.
6. Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 5, bei dem die Oszillationsfrequenz in dem Bereich von 12 bis 150 Zyklen pro Minute liegt.
7. Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Aufwärts-Gießen eines Metallstrangs (12) aus einer Metallschmelze (14) nach dem in Anspruch 1 beanspruchten Verfahren, umfassend:
Eine vertikal ausgerichtete, im wesentlichen rohrförmige Kokille (112) mit einem Einlaß (112a) für ein (Flüssigkeits-)Kommunizieren mit der Schmelze (14);
einen Kühlkörper (103) mit einem freien Endbereich (103a), welcher einen Teil der Kokille (112) umgibt, um das Abkühlen von Teilen der Kokille (112) zu ermöglichen, wobei das Einlaßende (112a) der Kokille (112) sich bis deutlich unterhalb des freien Endbereichs des Kühlkörpers (103) erstreckt;
ein Isolationselement (118), welches zwischen einem Teil der Kokille (112) und dem Kühlkörper (103) angeordnet ist, um einen Teil der Kokille (112) gegen die Kühlung durch den Kühlkörper (103) zu isolieren, wobei das Isolationselement (118) an dem freien Endbereich (103a) des Kühlkörpers (103) angeordnet ist und sich über eine vorgegebene Strecke zwischen der Kokille (112) und dem Kühlkörper (103) erstreckt;
Stützeinrichtungen (20), die so montiert sind, daß der freie Endbereich (103a) des Kühlkörpers (103) in die Schmelze (14) auf einer Strecke (mit einer Länge) eintaucht, die größer ist als die vorgegebene Strecke, um eine Erstarrungsfront (114a) innerhalb der Kokille (112) unterhalb des Pegels der Schmelze (14) zu erzeugen, wenn die Schmelze (14) und der erstarrte Strang (12) durch die Kokille (112) abgezogen werden;
Einrichtungen (44) zum Abziehen der Schmelze (14) und des Stranges (12) durch die Kokille (112), während die Kokille (112) durch den Kühlkörper (103) gekühlt wird, wobei durch das Kühlen ein vollständiges Erstarren des geschmolzenen Metalls zu einem Strang (12) in einem Teil der Kokille (112) herbeigeführt wird, der unter dem Pegel der Schmelze (12) und über dem Isolationselement (118) liegt,

dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der erstartte Strang (12) durch die Abzugseinrichtung (44) aus der Schmelze (14) mit einer konstanten Geschwindigkeit abgezogen wird und daß Oszilliereinrichtungen (225) vorgesehen sind, um eine oszillierende Bewegung der Kokille (112) in vertikaler Richtung und parallel zur Laufrichtung des Stranges (12) in einer Folge von Vorwärts- und Rückwärtshüben herbeizuführen.
8. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 7, bei der man eine Kühlflüssigkeit durch den Kühlkörper (103) bis zu einem Punkt unmittelbar über dem oberen Ende des Isolationselementes (118) zirkulieren läßt, um das Erstarren der Schmelze (14) zu einem Strang (12) in dem Teil der Kokille (112) einzuleiten, der durch das Isolationselement (118) abgestützt wird, und um die Schmelze (14) in einem oberhalb des Isolationselementes (118) befindlichen Teil der Kokille (112) vollständig zu einem Strang (12) erstarren zu lassen.
9. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 7, bei der die Höhe der Schmelze (14) kontinuierlich bezüglich des Kühlkörpers (103) eingestellt wird.
10. Vorrichtung gemäß Anspruch 9, bei der die Höhe der Schmelze (14) mittels einer Hubvorrichtung eingestellt wird, die in Abhängigkeit von einem Signal steigt, welches mit dem Gewicht der Schmelze verknüpft ist.
EP81104301A 1980-06-09 1981-06-04 Einrichtung und Verfahren zum Stranggiessen metallischer Litze bei aussergewöhnlich hohen Geschwindigkeiten unter Verwendung einer oszillierenden Formeinrichtung Expired EP0042995B1 (de)

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US4911226A (en) * 1987-08-13 1990-03-27 The Standard Oil Company Method and apparatus for continuously casting strip steel
JPH065031U (ja) * 1992-06-22 1994-01-21 有限会社機電工業 制御用ケーブル

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CA1196465A (en) 1985-11-12
DK154331C (da) 1989-04-10
AU7144581A (en) 1981-12-17
JPH028817B2 (de) 1990-02-27
DE3170478D1 (en) 1985-06-20
FI811793L (fi) 1981-12-10
FI68370C (fi) 1985-09-10
DK154331B (da) 1988-11-07
AU5367086A (en) 1986-07-31
JPS5728657A (en) 1982-02-16
ATE13265T1 (de) 1985-06-15
EP0042995A1 (de) 1982-01-06
DK225481A (da) 1981-12-10
ZA813522B (en) 1982-06-30
NO811916L (no) 1981-12-10

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