EP0039555B1

EP0039555B1 - Roadway paving

Info

Publication number: EP0039555B1
Application number: EP81301777A
Authority: EP
Inventors: James Rowland Kinnear
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1980-04-24
Filing date: 1981-04-22
Publication date: 1984-09-12
Also published as: ATE9365T1; DE3165947D1; EP0039555A1; BR8102503A; AU538958B2; AU6978781A; ZW9381A1; AR227918A1

Description

This invention relates to a method and means for paving a roadway with paving stones.
For centuries the most common paving system has been that of cobblestones. The cobblestone was eventually superseded by the concrete road, which it was found, was cheaper and essentially much quicker to construct. The concrete road eventually was superseded by the development of macadamised surfaces which resulted in what is now commonly known as "tarred" roadway.
Regretably, leakage of oil, fuel and in particular diesel fuel from vehicles tends to destroy the tarmacadem surface of a roadway and this is particularly noticeable at traffic lights, stop areas, intersections, turns and sharp dips or similar areas where vehicles tend to be stationary for periods of time or are subject to accelerations which enhance oil drips.
In order to minimise the destruction of the tarred surface of roadways, particularly in cities, resulting from spillage or leaking of diesel and oil, a system of concrete blocking has been introduced in a scheme of which the inventor is aware.
Of the numerous systems developed, the pre- cast concrete formations of a roughly flattened "Z" configuration have found favour.
These concrete formations are generally in the order of 100 mm thick and up to 300 mm long by about 100 mm wide.
In use, these blocks are laid on a prepared sandy base and are laid as closely together as is possible so that they tend to interlock with each other with the purpose of forming a substantially rigid surface.
However, these concrete formations which are produced in great numbers, perhaps partly because of their complex shapes, do not necessarily fit as closely together as is desired.
As a further consequence, a certain amount of joint filling with fine sand, or like material is generally used to try to compensate for imperfect fit and improve the interlocking between the formations.
It is understood that in practice, interlocking is only eventually relatively complete after a substantial amount of traffic has passed over the surface. This can take several months from the date of laying of such a block system, and in any event, this interlocking results more from the effects of road dirt and natural accretions of fine particles which eventually lock the blocks firmly together so that they will adequately carry the usual in service loading.
However, the conditions necessary to achieve satisfactory interlocking using the above system, are seldom available, as ideally, such a roadway should initially be lightly loaded and have a slow build up of traffic carrying or there is a tendency for the newly laid roadway to distort or the blocks to shift if subjected to heavy loads straight away, allowing any rain water or similar access through the joints to soften up the underlying base material and consequently allowing further distortion with further traffic.
In view of the above shortcomings, the invention has as its object improving upon the block roadway system by providing a method for the producing of an improved roadway surface and means in the form of precast concrete sections used in the construction of such a roadway surface. Examples of paving arrangement for ornamental footpaths etc. are shown in German Gebrauchsmusters 7,627;698 and 7,707,697.
According to the present invention, a roadway is paved in whole or in part by superimposing upon the top surface of a prepared base, a plurality of precast concrete segments of substantially the same size and shape, said segments having circular cross sections and rounded cylindrical sides with generally oblate top and bottom surfaces, said segments being superimposed in a single layer on said base in the densest possible packing with their rounded cylindrical sides in side-by-side abutment thereby forming triangular prismatic apertures therebetween, and then superimposing a plurality of triangular prismatic interlocking concrete segments in said apertures, by pouring a concrete grout into said apertures and allowing said segments to set and cure.
This invention will now be more fully described by way of example of one embodiment of the invention which is the best method known to the inventor of forming a road surface in accordance with the present invention. The road surface is formed by following the steps of:

1) Confirming that the ground which will be beneath the surface has been adequately prepared to withstand the traffic loadings that the surface is expected to withstand. Confirm that the ground beneath the surface has a smooth profile and the desired alignments.
2) Placing the pre-cast segments on the prepared surface in the densest possible packing in a single layer, flat side down.
3. Ensuring the upper surfaces of the precast segments have the correct alignment and the desired profile. If necessary, fine adjustments to the alignment can be effected by inserting any fine insert aggregate beneath the precast segments, said inserts being usually between 10 mm and 15 mm in thickness.
4) Casting concrete edge beams at all the edges of the new surface to ensure that no edge segments become dislodged.
5) Forming the star shaped cast in situ segments by pouring a concrete grout into the interstices left by the precast segments and use suitable mechanical vibration to ensure complete compaction. Repeat this process until the interstices are completely filled. It has been found that compaction is best achieved using a flat vibrating plate compactor or alternatively a liglit vibrating roller.
6) Cleaning off the surface by removing all the excess concrete grout from the upper surface of the precast segments, and removing approximately 6 mm of the grout so as to leave the precast segments proud.
7) Allowing the in situ segments to set hard and preferably to ensure greater strength and durability of the surface as a whole, curing of the in situ segments may be effected.

During the development of the present invention, it was found by the inventor that a rounded cylindrical shaped precast segment substantially as illustrated in the accompanying drawings has several advantages over other shapes.
For instance, the laying of a surface using this shape of segment is very simple, it is not being necessary to conform to any fixed joint patterns. It is considered that this is a very important feature of the present invention, as it makes it possible to use a simple machine to lay the pre- cast segments with the many apparent advantages attached to such a step. It is also well suited to laying by unskilled labour in, for instance, many under developed countries.
In addition, any joints which may open up during the first two weeks of use of the surface by traffic are very quickly filled by traffic debris and/or particles worn from the softer cast in situ segments and at all times the road surface will remain entirely serviceable.
In the above regard, it has been found to be an advantage, that the cast in situ segments, being softer than the precast segments, tend with use, to be worn down to a level approximately 6 mm to 8 mm below the general level of the surface and this small indentation seems to assist traction of rubber tyred vehicles particularly in wet weather conditions.
It has further been found that the quantity of material used with the present system to construct a roadway surface, is less than any other method using concrete products, to produce a roadway of comparable quality known to the inventor. This is attributed to the fact that. unlike some other systems, the present invention does not rely entirely on the surface thickness to keep the precast segments in place.
Through extensive development research, it has been found that a substantially rounded cylindrical segment within the ranges 150 mm to 250 mm in diameter and in varying thicknesses between 25 mm and 100 mm depending on the anticipated loadings and the quality of ground preparation, is the most advantageous design.
The mixtures used in manufacturing the precast segments obtain a 28 day strength in the range 15 to 60 mPa (which is the pressure needed to crush the precast segment after a 28 day setting period) while the optimum range of 28 day strengths is between 20 and 25 mPa which substantially minimizes the chances of sub-standard precast segments.
The invention will now be further described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is an isometric view of one precast segment in accordance with the present invention (not drawn to scale),
Figure 2 is a plan view of a portion of a road surface showing a multiplicity of pre-cast and cast in situ segments.

Referring to figure 1, reference numeral 10 indicates one preferred embodiment of a pre- cast segment in accordance with the present invention.
The upper portion of the segment 10 is chamferred 12 at approximately 45°, this chamfering which is done during manufacture has been found through extensive experimentation by the inventor, to improve the durability of the segment in use. In addition, it has also been found that chamfering lessens road noise levels when traffic moves over the road surface.
The base section 14 of the segment 10 is substantially flat with no chamfer around the periphery.
Referring now to figure 2, a number of pre- cast segments 10 of the type illustrated in figure 1 can be seen as laid together to form the basis of a road surface. Deposed between adjacent pre-cast segments are a number of cast in situ substantially star shaped segments 16 (only 2 indicated) which serve to interlock the segments 10.

Claims

1. A method of paving a roadway, which comprises first superimposing upon the top surface of a prepared base, a plurality of precast concrete segments (10) of substantially the same size and shape, said segments having circular cross sections and rounded cylindrical sides with generally oblate top and bottom surfaces, said segments (10) being superimposed in a single layer on said base in the densest possible packing with their rounded cylindrical sides in side-by-side abutment thereby forming triangular prismatic apertures therebetween, and then superimposing a plurality of triangular prismatic intelocking concrete segments (16) in said apertures, by pouring a concrete grout into said apertures and allowing said segments (16) to set and cure.

2. A method of paving a roadway as claimed in claim 1, characterised by the further step carried out at a suitable stage of emplacing edge beams which are adapted to limit displacement of the segments.

3. A method of paving a roadway as claimed in either claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the displacement limiting edge beams are cast in concrete and allowed to set after the precast rounded cylindrical concrete segments (10) have been laid in side by side abutment in the densest possible packing and before the prismatic interlocking segments are formed.

4. A method of paving a roadway as claimed in any one of the preceding claims further characterised in that the prismatic interlocking segments (16) are compacted by vibration before setting takes place.

5. A method according to any preceding claim characterised in that the precast concrete segments have chamfers around the edges of the top surfaces which are otherwise flat and the method includes the step of removing excess concrete grout before setting and curing, to expose the chamfers (12) of the precast concrete segments (10).

6. A method according to any preceding claim characterised in that it includes the step, prior to pouring the concrete grout, of effecting fine adjustments to the alignment of the pre- cast segments (10) by inserting any suitable inert aggregate beneath the segments (10).

7. A roadway paving comprising a plurality of precast concrete segments (10) of substantially the same size and shape, said segments (10) having circular cross sections and rounded cylindrical sides with generally oblate top and bottom faces, said segments being superimposed in a single layer on a prepared base in the densest possible packing with their rounded cylindrical sides in side-by-side abutment thereby forming triangular prismatic apertures therebetween, in combination with a plurality of corresponding triangular prismatic interlocking set and cured concrete segments (16) which have been poured in situ in said apertures.

8. A roadway according to claim 7 characterised in that the precast concrete segments have chamfers (12) around the edges of the top surfaces which are otherwise flat.

9. A roadway paving as claimed in claim 7 or 8 characterised in that the roadway paving is defined around its edges by displacement limiting concrete edge beams.