EP0021814A1 - Frame bulkhead for standard transport containers and method of transporting bulk loads in a standard transport container provided with a flexible lining - Google Patents

Frame bulkhead for standard transport containers and method of transporting bulk loads in a standard transport container provided with a flexible lining Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0021814A1
EP0021814A1 EP80302097A EP80302097A EP0021814A1 EP 0021814 A1 EP0021814 A1 EP 0021814A1 EP 80302097 A EP80302097 A EP 80302097A EP 80302097 A EP80302097 A EP 80302097A EP 0021814 A1 EP0021814 A1 EP 0021814A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
frame assembly
opening
side elements
rigid frame
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP80302097A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0021814B1 (en
Inventor
John Kennedy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AN BORD BAINNE CO-OPERATIVE Ltd
Original Assignee
AN BORD BAINNE CO-OPERATIVE Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AN BORD BAINNE CO-OPERATIVE Ltd filed Critical AN BORD BAINNE CO-OPERATIVE Ltd
Priority to AT80302097T priority Critical patent/ATE2308T1/en
Publication of EP0021814A1 publication Critical patent/EP0021814A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0021814B1 publication Critical patent/EP0021814B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D90/00—Component parts, details or accessories for large containers
    • B65D90/02—Wall construction
    • B65D90/04—Linings
    • B65D90/046—Flexible liners, e.g. loosely positioned in the container
    • B65D90/047—Flexible liners, e.g. loosely positioned in the container comprising rigid bracing, e.g. bulkheads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2590/00—Component parts, details or accessories for large containers
    • B65D2590/02—Wall construction
    • B65D2590/04—Linings
    • B65D2590/043—Flexible liners
    • B65D2590/046—Bladders

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a rigid frame assembly for use as a removable bulkhead in standard transport containers, particularly when the container is employed to transport bulk commodities in granular or powder form.
  • a frame bulkhead constructed from timber has many disadvantages. It is not always safe for loads in excess of 17 tonnes, and collapse during loading is dangerous to operators and, of course, loss of the commodity is to be avoided. It is also subject to breakage in transit which causes difficulties at unloading. This frequently happens when a spacer beam between the frame and the container doors is not fitted properly or is omitted altogether. Fitting a wooden frame involves the use of nails and wedges, and must be carried out from the inside of the container so that the operator has to climb out through a narrow gap in the frame. Also, the wedges and nails can fall into the commodity during unloading. Although wooden frames are cheap to construct, recycling has generally been found to be uneconomic. Return journey costs are high as only about 35 wooden frames can be accommodated in a standard 20' container.
  • each side element comprises two spaced apart uprights which are of channel-section and which are joined together by transverse planks.
  • the channel openings of the uprights face laterally outwardly from each side element such that when two side elements are positioned one to each side of a container opening, the channel opening of one element faces towards the channel opening of the opposite element, and the channels are adapted to receive the lateral side edges of the central element.
  • the channels are provided with lip portions which are adapted to engage with a portion of an angle section forming the lateral side edges of the central element.
  • the side elements and central element are made from aluminium or a suitable lightweight but strong metal alloy.
  • each side element is inclined at an angle towards the opposite upright so as to provide clearance between the top of each side element and any internal projections from the roof of the container.
  • a rigid frame assembly for use as a bulkhead in standard containers comprises side elements 1 and 2 and a central element 3 preferably constructed from extruded aluminium sections such that the side members 4 and 5 of the elements 1 and 2 are of channel section, and the side members 6 and 7 of the central element 3 are of angle section, as shown in Figure 2.
  • a plurality of equally spaced corrugated aluminium cross planks 8 are bolted to the side members 4 and 5 of the elements 1 and 2, and also to the side members 6 and 7 of the central element 3.
  • the two side elements 1 and 2 are fixed in position to each side of the container opening by placing lugs 9, which extend downwardly from the ends of each of the side members, into corresponding slots in the container floor 11.
  • the tops of the side members 4 and 5 rest against the inside of the container roof 12, and roof edge 13.
  • the tops of the side members 4 and 5 may be clamped in position with G-clamps (not shown).
  • the two side elements when in position, define an opening through which an operator can pass freely to assist in loading or discharging granular or powder material into a flexible lining positioned within the container.
  • the flexible lining is preferably in the form of a large plastics bag which is fitted by battens or the like to the floor of the container.
  • the mouth of the bag is disposed towards the opening in the container.
  • the bag is filled with the powdered material e.g. by means of a pneumatic blower which blows the material through a nozzle in- - serted into the bag.
  • the nozzle must initially be inserted as far back in the bag as possible to ensure that the front portion of the container is filled and for this purpose it is necessary.for the operator to have easy access into the container to position the nozzle correctly and ensure it does not tear the bag.
  • the operator can leave the container through the opening between the two side elements.
  • the central element can then be fitted to complete the frame assembly.
  • the central element 3 may be engaged with the side members 5 by first inserting the side member 6 of the central element into the channel portion of members 5 of element 1.
  • the channel portion of member 5 is sufficiently deep (see Figure 2) to permit the side member 6 to move laterally within the channel thus permitting the insertion of the opposite side member 7 of the central element to be similarly inserted in the channel of the opposite side member 5 of element 2.
  • the side members 6 and 7 are of angle section (e.g. L-shaped in cross-section), and the forwardly extending portion 6a of each angle section engages with a lip portion 5a of each of the channel members 5.
  • the container may be filled with a commodity through a loading aperture 15 in the frame assembly above the central element, and an aperture 16 below the central element is used to discharge the commodity.
  • the outer side members 4 of the frame assembly are inclined at an angle x to the floor 11 of the container, approximately equal to 881 ⁇ 2°, and make a complementary angle y approximately equal to 911 0 with the roof 12 of the container. This inclination affords sufficient clearance between the topmost corners of the frame assembly (i.e. the tops of side members 4) and any internal projections on the roof of the container associated with handling corners 17 of the container. Containers of different manufacture tend to have slight variations in design, which are all accommodated.
  • a loading attachment may be advantageous to provide for a loading attachment to fit over the space above the central element of the frame assembly, which consists essentially of a bracket to hold an inlet pipe and an exhaust pipe.
  • a clip-on aluminium sheet is provided to cover the discharge aperture 16, to prevent the liner from ballooning out through the aperture when inflated.
  • the sheet is removed after filling. This obviates the need for the polythene strip fitted across the discharge aperture of some wooden frames already in use.
  • the frame of the present invention when broken into three elements may be stacked in a smaller space. At least 60 can easily be returned in a standard 20' container.

Abstract

A rigid frame assembly for use as a removable bulkhead in standard transport containers fitted with a flexible liner bag for use in transporting bulk loads of granular or powder material, such as skim milk powder, chocolate crumb, refined sugar etc., comprises two side elements (1,2) each having engagement lugs (9) which extend downwardly from the lower end of each side element, and engage into corresponding slots in the floor (11) of a container (10), while the upper end of each side element engages with the roof (12) of the container, adjacent to the container opening. The side elements (1,2) are of such dimension thatwhen positioned one in each lateral side of the container opening they partly close the opening but define between them a passage through which an operator can pass during loading of the container. A central element (3) fits between and engages with the side elements (1,2) to close or partly close off the passage, thereby defining in the frame assembly a loading (15) and/or a discharge (16) aperture. Suitably each element of the frame is made by joining two spaced apart uprights (4,5) or(6,7) by cross-planks (8) and constructed from aluminium.

Description

  • This invention relates to a rigid frame assembly for use as a removable bulkhead in standard transport containers, particularly when the container is employed to transport bulk commodities in granular or powder form.
  • The system of transporting commodities in standard containers is well known, but when dry bulk materials such as skim milk powder, chocolate crumb, refined white sugar etc., are concerned, special handling equipment and methods of filling and emptying containers have been developed. Examples of these are described in British Patent Specification No. 1,439,019 and Canadian Patent Specification No. 948,039. Firstly, a liner bag of strong plastics material is placed inside the container which is then inflated and filled with the bulk commodity. A timber frame supports the load at the open end of the container during filling, and is kept in position adjacent to the doors of the container during transit. At the emptying point the bag is cut and the load is tipped into a receiver. The frame may then be removed and is ready for re-use.
  • A frame bulkhead constructed from timber has many disadvantages. It is not always safe for loads in excess of 17 tonnes, and collapse during loading is dangerous to operators and, of course, loss of the commodity is to be avoided. It is also subject to breakage in transit which causes difficulties at unloading. This frequently happens when a spacer beam between the frame and the container doors is not fitted properly or is omitted altogether. Fitting a wooden frame involves the use of nails and wedges, and must be carried out from the inside of the container so that the operator has to climb out through a narrow gap in the frame. Also, the wedges and nails can fall into the commodity during unloading. Although wooden frames are cheap to construct, recycling has generally been found to be uneconomic. Return journey costs are high as only about 35 wooden frames can be accommodated in a standard 20' container.
  • It is an object of the present invention to overcome many of the disadvantages of known frame bulkheads, and to provide a bulkhead which affords greater flexibility during use.
  • According to the invention a rigid frame assembly for use as a removable bulkhead in standard transport containers adapted for use in transporting bulk loads of granular or powder material is characterised in that the assembly comprises two side elements each having engagement means whereby the lower end of each side element is adapted to engage with the floor portion of a container while the upper end of each side element is engageable with the roof portion of the container, adjacent to the container opening, and wherein the side elements are of such dimension that when positioned one in each lateral side of the container opening they partly close the opening but define between them a passage through which an operator can pass freely during loading of the container, and a central element which is adapted to fit between and engage with the side elements to close or partly close off said passage but which defines in the frame assembly at least one aperture for discharge and/or loading. Preferably, each side element comprises two spaced apart uprights which are of channel-section and which are joined together by transverse planks. The channel openings of the uprights face laterally outwardly from each side element such that when two side elements are positioned one to each side of a container opening, the channel opening of one element faces towards the channel opening of the opposite element, and the channels are adapted to receive the lateral side edges of the central element. Preferably, the channels are provided with lip portions which are adapted to engage with a portion of an angle section forming the lateral side edges of the central element.
  • Suitably, the side elements and central element are made from aluminium or a suitable lightweight but strong metal alloy.
  • In a preferred embodiment the laterally outermost upright of each side element is inclined at an angle towards the opposite upright so as to provide clearance between the top of each side element and any internal projections from the roof of the container.
  • Advantageously, there may also be provision for loading and discharging attachments to the frame assembly of the invention.
  • A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described in detail by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
    • Figure 1 is a front view of the three elements of a rigid frame assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
    • Figure 2 is an enlarged cross-section along the line A - A.as shown in Figure 1;
    • Figure 3 is a perspective view of a- standard container showing the operative position of a rigid frame assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Referring to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, a rigid frame assembly for use as a bulkhead in standard containers comprises side elements 1 and 2 and a central element 3 preferably constructed from extruded aluminium sections such that the side members 4 and 5 of the elements 1 and 2 are of channel section, and the side members 6 and 7 of the central element 3 are of angle section, as shown in Figure 2. A plurality of equally spaced corrugated aluminium cross planks 8 are bolted to the side members 4 and 5 of the elements 1 and 2, and also to the side members 6 and 7 of the central element 3.
  • The positioning of the frame assembly of the invention within a standard container 10, will now be described with reference to Figure 3 of the drawings. Firstly, the two side elements 1 and 2 are fixed in position to each side of the container opening by placing lugs 9, which extend downwardly from the ends of each of the side members, into corresponding slots in the container floor 11. The tops of the side members 4 and 5 rest against the inside of the container roof 12, and roof edge 13. The tops of the side members 4 and 5 may be clamped in position with G-clamps (not shown). The two side elements, when in position, define an opening through which an operator can pass freely to assist in loading or discharging granular or powder material into a flexible lining positioned within the container. The flexible lining is preferably in the form of a large plastics bag which is fitted by battens or the like to the floor of the container. The mouth of the bag is disposed towards the opening in the container. The bag is filled with the powdered material e.g. by means of a pneumatic blower which blows the material through a nozzle in- - serted into the bag. The nozzle must initially be inserted as far back in the bag as possible to ensure that the front portion of the container is filled and for this purpose it is necessary.for the operator to have easy access into the container to position the nozzle correctly and ensure it does not tear the bag. When the bag has been partly filled the operator can leave the container through the opening between the two side elements. The central element can then be fitted to complete the frame assembly.
  • The central element 3 may be engaged with the side members 5 by first inserting the side member 6 of the central element into the channel portion of members 5 of element 1. The channel portion of member 5 is sufficiently deep (see Figure 2) to permit the side member 6 to move laterally within the channel thus permitting the insertion of the opposite side member 7 of the central element to be similarly inserted in the channel of the opposite side member 5 of element 2. The side members 6 and 7 are of angle section (e.g. L-shaped in cross-section), and the forwardly extending portion 6a of each angle section engages with a lip portion 5a of each of the channel members 5. It will be appreciated that as the liner bag is filled with powdered material the load will press against the central element 3 thus tending to keep the portion 6a in tight engagement with the lip portions 5a which in turn prevent any lateral movement of the central element 3. The central element 3 is further held in position by brackets 14 which are fixed to the insides of the channel sections of the side members and prevent upward or downward movement of the central element relative to the side elements 5. The container may be filled with a commodity through a loading aperture 15 in the frame assembly above the central element, and an aperture 16 below the central element is used to discharge the commodity.
  • The outer side members 4 of the frame assembly are inclined at an angle x to the floor 11 of the container, approximately equal to 88½°, and make a complementary angle y approximately equal to 911 0 with the roof 12 of the container. This inclination affords sufficient clearance between the topmost corners of the frame assembly (i.e. the tops of side members 4) and any internal projections on the roof of the container associated with handling corners 17 of the container. Containers of different manufacture tend to have slight variations in design, which are all accommodated.
  • It may be advantageous to provide for a loading attachment to fit over the space above the central element of the frame assembly, which consists essentially of a bracket to hold an inlet pipe and an exhaust pipe.
  • Preferably, a clip-on aluminium sheet is provided to cover the discharge aperture 16, to prevent the liner from ballooning out through the aperture when inflated. The sheet is removed after filling. This obviates the need for the polythene strip fitted across the discharge aperture of some wooden frames already in use.
  • It may also be advantageous to provide for various discharge attachments such as a gravity discharge funnel, a screw conveyor, a discharge funnel or a pneumatic conveyor.
  • Apart from the advantages over wooden frames already in use of greater flexibility in the provision of attachments, the frame of the present invention when broken into three elements may be stacked in a smaller space. At least 60 can easily be returned in a standard 20' container.

Claims (8)

1. A rigid frame assembly for use as a removable bulkhead in standard transport containers adapted for use in transporting bulk loads of granular or powder material is characterised in that the assembly comprises two side elements (1, 2) each having engagement means (9) whereby the lower end of each side element is adapted to engage with the floor portion (11) of a container (10) while the upper end of each side element is engageable with the roof portion (12) of the container, adjacent to the container opening, and wherein the side elements (1, 2) are of such dimension that when positioned one in each lateral side of the container opening they partly close the opening but define between them a passage through which an operator can pass freely during loading of the container, and a central element (3) which is adapted to fit between and engage with the side elements (1, 2) to close or partly close off said passage but which defines in the frame assembly at least one aperture (15, 16) for discharge and/or loading.
2. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein each side element (1, 2) comprises two spaced apart uprights (4, 5) joined together by transverse planks (8).
3. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in claim 2, wherein the two spaced apart uprights (4, 5) are of channel-section.
4. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in claim 3, wherein channel openings of the uprights (4, 5) face laterally outwardly from each side e1e-ment, such that when two.side elements (1, 2) are positioned one to each side of a container opening, the channel opening of one element (1) faces towards the channel opening of the opposite element (2), and the channel openings are adapted to receive lateral side edges (6, 7) of the central element (3).
5. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in claim 4, wherein the channels are provided with lip portions (5a) adapted to engage with a portion (6a) of an angle section (6) forming the lateral side edges (6, 7) of the central element (3).
6. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the side elements (1, 2) and the central element (3) are made from aluminium or a suitable lightweight but strong metal alloy.
7. A rigid frame assembly as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein laterally outermost uprights (4) of each side element (1, 2) are inclined at an angle (x) towards the opposite upright (5) so as to provide clearance between the top of each side element and any projections from the roof portion (12) of the container.
8. A method of transporting bulk loads of granular or powder material in a standard transport container provided with a flexible lining positioned within the container including the steps of fixing side elements (1, 2) in position one to each side-of the container opening by placing engagement means (9), which extend downwardly from the ends of each of the side elements, into corresponding slots in the container floor (11), and resting the tops of the side elements against the inside of the container roof (12), thereby partly closing the opening but defining between them a passage through which an operator can pass freely during loading of the container, engaging the central element (3) between opposite uprights (5) of the side elements (1, 2) by first inserting one lateral side edge (6) of the central element (3) into a channel opening of one of the said opposite uprights (5) so that a portion (6a) of the lateral side edge (6) engages a lip portion (5a) of the channel opening, and then inserting the other lateral side edge (7) of the central. element (3) into the other said opposite upright (5), whereby when the load of granular or powder material presses against the central element (3), the portions (5a, 6a) are kept in tight engagement.
EP80302097A 1979-06-22 1980-06-20 Frame bulkhead for standard transport containers and method of transporting bulk loads in a standard transport container provided with a flexible lining Expired EP0021814B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80302097T ATE2308T1 (en) 1979-06-22 1980-06-20 END WALL FOR STANDARD CONTAINERS AND METHOD OF HANDLING BULK MATERIAL IN A CONTAINER WITH A FLEXIBLE LINER.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IE45979 1979-06-22
IE459/79A IE48082B1 (en) 1979-06-22 1979-06-22 Frame bulkhead for standard containers

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0021814A1 true EP0021814A1 (en) 1981-01-07
EP0021814B1 EP0021814B1 (en) 1983-01-26

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80302097A Expired EP0021814B1 (en) 1979-06-22 1980-06-20 Frame bulkhead for standard transport containers and method of transporting bulk loads in a standard transport container provided with a flexible lining

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0021814B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE2308T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3061770D1 (en)
DK (1) DK265880A (en)
IE (1) IE48082B1 (en)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0260652A2 (en) * 1986-09-19 1988-03-23 Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. Dry container capable of accomodating bulk cargo
US5378047A (en) * 1992-06-15 1995-01-03 Intermodal Container Systems Container unloading assembly for gravity unloading of particulate material
ES2068731A2 (en) * 1992-07-06 1995-04-16 Interquisa Improvements to conditioning means for discharging containers of pulverulent and similar products
US5595315A (en) * 1990-02-15 1997-01-21 Podd; Victor T. Bracing system for a liner for a cargo container
GB2376013A (en) * 2002-05-01 2002-12-04 Pickfords Ltd A bulkhead assembly for use in a shipping container

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7837428B2 (en) 2007-03-05 2010-11-23 SA Recycling LLC Methods and apparatuses for freight container loading
US8668425B2 (en) 2007-03-05 2014-03-11 SA Recycling LLC Methods and apparatus for freight container loading

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2113684A1 (en) * 1970-03-23 1971-12-16 Sea Land Service Method and device for transporting bulk goods in transport containers
FR2199733A5 (en) * 1972-09-20 1974-04-12 Montedison Spa
CA948039A (en) * 1972-08-18 1974-05-28 Don R. Fell Device for transporting bulk materials
DE2441683A1 (en) * 1974-08-30 1976-03-11 Degussa Road container equipped with flexible lining - carriers granulated bulk which can be fluidized to ease handling
US3951284A (en) * 1972-08-18 1976-04-20 Du Pont Of Canada, Ltd. Device for transporting bulk materials and methods

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2113684A1 (en) * 1970-03-23 1971-12-16 Sea Land Service Method and device for transporting bulk goods in transport containers
CA948039A (en) * 1972-08-18 1974-05-28 Don R. Fell Device for transporting bulk materials
US3951284A (en) * 1972-08-18 1976-04-20 Du Pont Of Canada, Ltd. Device for transporting bulk materials and methods
GB1439019A (en) * 1972-08-18 1976-06-09 Du Pont Canada Device for transporting bulk materials
FR2199733A5 (en) * 1972-09-20 1974-04-12 Montedison Spa
DE2441683A1 (en) * 1974-08-30 1976-03-11 Degussa Road container equipped with flexible lining - carriers granulated bulk which can be fluidized to ease handling

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0260652A2 (en) * 1986-09-19 1988-03-23 Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. Dry container capable of accomodating bulk cargo
EP0260652A3 (en) * 1986-09-19 1988-09-14 Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha, Ltd. Dry container capable of accomodating bulk cargo
US5595315A (en) * 1990-02-15 1997-01-21 Podd; Victor T. Bracing system for a liner for a cargo container
US5378047A (en) * 1992-06-15 1995-01-03 Intermodal Container Systems Container unloading assembly for gravity unloading of particulate material
ES2068731A2 (en) * 1992-07-06 1995-04-16 Interquisa Improvements to conditioning means for discharging containers of pulverulent and similar products
GB2376013A (en) * 2002-05-01 2002-12-04 Pickfords Ltd A bulkhead assembly for use in a shipping container
GB2376013B (en) * 2002-05-01 2003-07-23 Pickfords Ltd A bulkhead assembly for use in a shipping container and a method of forming such a bulkhead assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IE48082B1 (en) 1984-09-19
DE3061770D1 (en) 1983-03-03
EP0021814B1 (en) 1983-01-26
DK265880A (en) 1980-12-23
IE790459L (en) 1980-12-22
ATE2308T1 (en) 1983-02-15

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