EP0010375B1 - Appareil électrostatographique - Google Patents

Appareil électrostatographique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0010375B1
EP0010375B1 EP19790302077 EP79302077A EP0010375B1 EP 0010375 B1 EP0010375 B1 EP 0010375B1 EP 19790302077 EP19790302077 EP 19790302077 EP 79302077 A EP79302077 A EP 79302077A EP 0010375 B1 EP0010375 B1 EP 0010375B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transfer
toner
toner particles
support material
roller
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19790302077
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0010375A1 (fr
Inventor
Charles D. Wilson
David R. Stokes
Thomas J. Kane
Thomas Meagher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
Original Assignee
Xerox Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Publication of EP0010375A1 publication Critical patent/EP0010375A1/fr
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/14—Transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G03G13/16—Transferring a pattern to a second base of a toner pattern, e.g. a powder pattern

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrostatographic processing system for producing high quality electrostatically developed images and the transfer of these images to support material, such as sheets of plain paper.
  • a xerographic plate comprising a layer of photosensitive insulating material affixed to a conductive backing is used to support electrostatic latent images.
  • the photosensitive surface is electrostatically charged, and the charged surface is then exposed to a light pattern of the image being reproduced to thereby discharge the surface in the areas where light strikes the surface.
  • the undischarged areas of the surface thus form an electrostatic charge pattern (an electrostatic latent image) conforming to the original pattern.
  • the latent image is then developed by contacting it with developing material having a finely divided electrostatically attractable powder referred to as "toner". Toner is held on the image areas by the electrostatic charge on the surface.
  • a greater amount of toner is deposited.
  • a toner image is produced in conformity with a light image of the copy being reproduced.
  • the developed image is then transferred to a suitable support material (e.g. paper), and the image is affixed thereto to form a permanent record of the original document.
  • the developing material normally comprises relatively large carrier beads, which may be insulatively coated metal, and the relatively smaller dry ink particle toner. Due to the triboelectric relationships between the two, the smaller toner particles attach themselves to the carrier in great numbers. As the developing material is brought into contact with the photoreceptor surface, electrostatic charges on the photoreceptor tends to. separate the toner particles from the carrier and deposit the same onto the photoreceptor in accordance with the latent image charge pattern. The carrier, some of which may be depleted of toner or partially depleted, is returned to a developer sump for replenishing with toner particles.
  • the support material is caused to move in synchronized contact with the photosensitive surface during the transfer operation, and an electrical potential opposite from the polarity of the toner is applied to the side of the paper remote from the photosensitive surface to electrostatically attract the toner image from the surface to the paper.
  • Some modern high speed duplicating machines utilize a single transfer device such as an electrically biased transfer roll to effect the image transfer.
  • a biased transfer roll sytem performing as the sole transfer device effects good to excellent copy quality, certain copy quality deficiencies may be present.
  • the most notable of these is the difficulty of transferring very small sizes of toner particles, say on the order of 3 to 10 micron diameter sizes. This inability is apparent because of the geometry of a roller type electrostatic transfer device. As the surface of the roller approaches the nip at which transfer of toner particles occur, there is a tendency for voltage breakdown if the transfer potential is too high. Lowering of the transfer voltage to avoid voltage breakdown, will limit the size of toner particles which can be made to adhere to support material.
  • the toner particles contemplated for the purpose of this invention must be related to a specific arrangement of image transfer devices utilized during the xerographic processing step of transferring.
  • the present invention contemplates a transfer system which includes a transfer corona generating device.
  • the prior art as exemplified by US-A-4027960 and US-A-3615398 teaches an electrostatographic processing system having a developer mixture of finely-divided toner particles electrostatically clinging to the surface of carrier particles; a corona device for uniformly charging a photosensitive surface prior to production of an electrostatic latent image; a development apparatus for developing the latent image; a transfer station whereat support material is placed into contact with the photosensitive surface bearing a developed image for receiving the same, said transfer station having a corona generating means having an electrode adapted to spray ions upon the adjacent side of the support material for effecting transfer of toner particles from the developed image to the support material.
  • the present invention is characterized in that the toner particles have a particle size volume distribution with a median diameter of 12.0 microns, with not more than 8% by volume having a diameter greater than 20 microns and not more than 20% by number having a diameter less than 5 microns.
  • an electrically biased transfer roller To enhance toner transfer especially in areas of the transfer material wherein the corona generating device is not applied, or is unable to effect efficient transfer, there is according to a preferred feature of the invention combined therewith an electrically biased transfer roller.
  • the electrical biases on each of these transfer devices and the form which they take are related to the sizes of toner particles on either side of the size distribution range.
  • the transfer device in the form of a corona generating device and the electrical potential impressed thereon is suitable to effect transfer of the smallest toner particles say down to approximately 3 microns in diameter.
  • a corona generating device of the type contemplated has one or more electrode wires which when energized with the suitable potential sprays ions on the back side of the sheet of paper during the transfer step.
  • a corona generating device of this type is also capable of effecting the transfer of larger toner particles including the sizes disclosed herein.
  • the bias transfer roller and the electrical potential impressed thereon acting in unison with the corona generating device enhances transfer efficiency and is able to effect transfer of more of the larger toner particles say from 10 microns to somewhat larger sizes.
  • the biased roller will effect toner transfer in situations wherein the corona generating device is unable to effect transfer or complete transfer such for example at the leading edge of each copy sheet.
  • the average size of the diameters of the toner particles is shifted downwardly by the classification of toner particles wherein a large percentage of the larger toner particles are removed.
  • the resultant mixture provides a larger percentage of smaller particles and a smaller average diameter size.
  • the present invention contemplates the integrated action of certain parameters of toner particles with the utilization of two forms of transfer devices having various electrical biases and potentials utilized to effect the transfer of both small and larger diameter toner particles thereby providing an efficient processing system for improving the quality of copy.
  • the system includes an image fixing station comprising a fusing apparatus having a pressure roller in contact with heated fuser roller to form a nip through which the support material is transported, said fuser roller having an outer layer made from material being conformable with toner height configuration and said pressure roller being deformable at the nip during fusing contact with said fuser roller.
  • the processing system for the present invention envisages the use of developer material within the ranges broadly described in US-A-3,969,251, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically however the processing system contemplates the use of toner in which most of the toner particles have a particle size in the range of about 5 microns to about 20 microns. Suitably such toner is used with coated ferrite carrier materials, having a volume average particle diameter of about 100 microns. It has been found that the developer materials of this classification when used in the present invention provide very improved results over conventional developer materials.
  • the toner materials had a particle size volume distribution with a median diameter by volume of 12.0 microns against the larger median in conventional use, when the coarse particle (greater than 20 microns) content by volume was not more than 8.0 percent, and the fine particle (diameter less than 5 microns) content by number not more than 20.0 percent less than 5 microns. Still better results were achieved with the coarse particle content at a percent range of 1.0 to 5.0 and the fine particle content within a percent range of 0.5 to 13.5.
  • a light image of an original is projected onto the photosensitive surface of a xerographic plate to form an electrostatic latent image thereon.
  • the latent image is developed with an oppositely charged developing material comprising carrier beads and toner particles triboelectrically adhering thereto to form a xerographic powder image corresponding to the latent image on the photosensitive surface.
  • the powder image is then electrostatically transferred to a transfer member such as a sheet of paper to which it may be fixed by a fusing device whereby the toner image is caused permanently to adhere to the transfer member.
  • an original 12 to be copied is placed upon a transparent support platen 14 fixedly arranged in an illumination assembly indicated generally by the reference numeral 16. While upon the platen, the illumination assembly flashes light rays upon the original, thereby producing image rays corresponding to the informational areas on the original.
  • the image rays are projected by means of an optical system 18 to an exposure station 20 for exposing the surface of a moving xerographic plate in the form of a flexible photoconductive belt or photoreceptor 22.
  • a corona generating device 24 located at a belt run extending between the belt supporting rollers 26 and 28.
  • the exposure station extends between the roller 28 and a third roller 30.
  • the exposure of the photosensitive surface of the belt to the light image discharges the surface in the areas struck by light whereby an electrostatic latent image remains on the belt in image configuration corresponding to the light image projected from the original on the support platen.
  • the developing apparatus 34 preferably comprises a plurality of magnetic' brushes 35 which carry developing material to the surface of the upwardly moving belt 22. As the developing material is applied to the belt, toner particles in the development material are electrostatically attracted to the charged photosensitive surface to form a powder image (an electrostatic developed image).
  • the brushes 35 for the apparatus 34 are electrically connected to a d.c.
  • the apparatus 34 is electrically insulated from the remaining structure of the machine so that the electrically conductive carrier particles do not short out, or cause electrical shorts relative to the machine.
  • the developed electrostatic image is transported by the belt 22 to a transfer station 39 where a sheet of paper is moved at a speed in synchronism with the moving belt in order to effect transfer of the developed image.
  • a transfer station 39 Located adjacent the transfer station 39 is an electrically biased transfer roller 40 which is rotatably arranged on the frame of the machine to receive individual sheets from a sheet conveyor 41 of a transport mechanism generally indicated by the reference numeral 47 and to guide each sheet to the transfer station 39.
  • the sheet transport mechanism 47 transports sheets of paper seriatim from a paper supply system indicated generally by the reference numeral 44 to the developed image on the belt as the same is carried around the roller 26.
  • the main transfer device 48 in the form of a corona generating device having one or more corona emitting wires is positioned to spray ions on the back side of a sheet of paper as the latter is moved or fed between the photoreceptor belt 22 and the device 48.
  • the transfer roller 40 is supplied with electrical potential from a suitable d.c. source having a polarity opposite to that of the toner particles being transferred. Transfer of toner particles by the roller 40 is effected as the roller comes in contact with the side of a sheet of paper opposite that to which the developed image is to be transferred.
  • the corona emitting wire for the device 48 is electrically biased by means of a supply circuit with sufficient voltage to effect ion spray upon the adjacent side of each sheet of paper passing therebeneath so that the developed image on the belt may be electrostatically attracted to its adjacent side of the sheet of paper as the latter is brought into contact therewith.
  • a charge is deposited on the leading edge thereof by a detack corona generating device 52 to lessen the electrostatic attraction between the belt 22 and the sheet so that the latter can be removed by a vacuum stripping and transport mechanism 54.
  • a detack corona generating device 52 With only the leading edge being so charged for stripping purposes, there is less charge being applied to the sheet by this detack device so toner disturbance is eliminated.
  • the sheet is thereafter retained on the underside of the vacuum stripping and transport mechanism 54 for movement into a fuser assembly indicated generally by the reference numeral 56 wherein the powder image on the sheet is permanently affixed thereon. After fusing, the finished copy is discharged at a suitable point for collection.
  • the toner particles remaining as residue on the belt 22 are carried by the belt to a rotating brush cleaning apparatus 58.
  • the cleaning apparatus 58 cooperates with a corona discharge device 60 for neutralizing charges remaining on the untransferred toner particles before being removed by the rotating brush 58.
  • the fusing apparatus 56 is of the hot, soft roller type comprising a lower heated roller 68 having a Quartz lamp 69 supported along the axis thereof, and an upper pressure roller 70.
  • the lamp 69 serves as a source of thermal energy for the fusing apparatus.
  • the heated roller 68 includes a metallic core 90, which surrounds the lamp 69.
  • the outer surface of the core 90 is coated with an "adhesive" or offsetting material 91, preferably a fluoroelastomer based on the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
  • an "adhesive" or offsetting material 91 preferably a fluoroelastomer based on the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene.
  • Viton@ material trademark of the E.I.
  • Viton@ as a fuser roller material
  • a suitable offset preventing oil such as silicone oil, may be applied to the fuser roller surface during fusing operation.
  • the pressure roller 70 includes a metallic core 92 having a thick organic rubber outer layer 93.
  • the layer 93 may be of the material known as EPDM under the tradename EPCAR 346 of the B.F. Goodrich Corp. and having an outer thin sleeve 94 of PFA Teflon@ material, a trademark of the E.I. DuPont Corp.
  • EPCAR 346 of the B.F. Goodrich Corp.
  • PFA Teflon@ material a trademark of the E.I. DuPont Corp.
  • the materials 91 and 93 are of such a hardness as to produce a relatively large deformed nip area 95 having a width approximately 1/5 the diameter of the rollers.
  • the pressure is such as to deform the rubber in the pressure roller.
  • the coating 91 is sufficiently thick and yet conformable as to conform to the pile heights of toner images-to-be-fused whether the piles comprise large toner particles or small toner particles as used in the present invention.
  • Teflon@ the hardness of the coating prevents adequate conformability to the various heights of toner piles in images and also to the variations of toner sizes.
  • the hot roller fusing apparatus described for use with the present invention it has been found that higher quality for line copy is available when the toner particles have a size in the range of about 5 microns to about 20 microns with the median diameter by volume of 12.0 microns, when the coarse particle (greater than 20 microns in diameter) content by volume is not more than 5.0 percent and when the fine particle (less than 5 microns diameter) content by number is not less than 13.5 percent.
  • Fig. 2 the image transfer arrangement and circuitry is illustrated along with the detack device 52.
  • the biassed roller 40 is tlectrically connected to the high voltage, positive d.c. power supply 80 which is adapted to apply 1-5 kv potential to the roller for providing approximately +25 f lA of current for the transfer function by this roller.
  • the corona emitting transfer device 48 has its coronode wire 81 connected to the high voltage, positive d.c. source 82 to having impressed thereon a potential of 4-8 kv at +90 ⁇ A.
  • the foregoing polarities are utilized since it is assumed that the toner particles have a negative electrostatic charge and the photoreceptor 22 would have been charged with a positive charge by the corona emitting device 24. It will be understood that these polarities may be reversed and coordinated in the usual manner in the event the toner particles have a positive charge and the latent electrostatic image is of negative polarity.
  • the device 48 includes a shield 83 made of a suitable non-conducting material and a plurality of thin guide elements 84 which are mounted across the open end of the device 48.
  • the shield surrounds the coronode wire 81 almost completely except for one side which faces the photoreceptor belt 22.
  • the elements 84 are made from suitable conductive material and serve to prevent the leading edge of each sheet of paper from entering the cavity of the shield after being transported through the nip between the roller 40 and the roller 26 with belt 22 and brought under the device 48.
  • the shield 83 is electrically connected by way of resistor/capacitor device 85 to the return side of the power supply 82.
  • the elements 84 are electrically connected to the supply 82 by way of a resistor 86, and is impressed with a potential approximately +1.0 k.v.d.c.
  • the elements 84 by being electrically biased, eliminates the charges being built up on the elements during machine use. Build up of such charges tend to create unevenness of the transfer charge placed upon the photoreceptor 22 by the transfer corona generating device 48. By virtue of the above-described circuit for the elements 84, the latter become self-biasing during operation.
  • reflection density is defined as 1 1 is the measuring incident beam directed upon the test surface of an opaque copy while 1 2 is the reflected beam from the test surface.
  • reflection optical density is a measure of the quantity of the fixed toner on a surface viewed by reflected light.
  • toner particles In conventional xerographic machines, density is usually controlled by the variation of various parameters associated with the development materials and the electrical biases utilized in xerographic processing. More particularly, the relationship of toner particles to their supporting carrier beads has been the area which allows the most effective means for density variation or control. This relationship may directly involve the toner particle sizes and distribution in a developer mixture.
  • the amount of toner in a developing mixture is predetermined in accordance with the capability of the reproduction machine in producing copies of acceptable quality. Beyond this point, the adding of additional toner is not conventional since known factors which adversely affects quality, such as an increase in background, smearing, etc. will appear.
  • Additional toner particles are utilized in the mixture described above in amounts which will result in a solid area reflection optical density of approximately 1.3 for copy printing. It has been found by extensive testing, that this additional toner in the mixture did not impact other aspects of quality, and that the achievement of such a density of approximately 1.3 produced copy printing of solid areas with quality far superior to the quality of copy printing exhibiting a density of 1.0. It has also been found that the transfer efficiency for solid area coverage increased significantly, approximately 20%, over what was achievable with bias roll transfer only and with the conventional toner content in conventional developer mixtures.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)

Claims (7)

1. Système de traitement électrostato- graphique comportant un mélange de développement en particules d'agent de marquage finement divisées, s'accrochant électro- statiquement à la surface des particules d'un porteur; un dispositif à effet couronne (24) pour charger uniformément une surface photosensible avant la production d'une image électrostatique latente; un dispositif (34) pour le développement de l'image latente; un poste de transfert (39) où un matériau de support est placé en contact avec la surface photosensible (22) supportant une image développée afin de recevoir celle-ci, le poste de transfert comprenant un moyen générateur d'effet couronne ayant une électrode (81) prévue pour pulvériser des ions sur la face du matériau de support distante de la surface du photorécepteur pour effectuer le transfert de particules d'agent de marquage entre l'image développée et le matériau de support, caractérisé en ce que les particules d'agent de marquage ont une distribution en volume de leur taille, avec un diamètre médian de 12,0 microns, telle que pas plus de 8% en volume ont un diamètre supérieur à 20 microns et que pas plus de 20% en nombre ont un diamètre inférieur à 5 microns.
2. Système selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le rapport des pourcentages entre particules d'agent de marquage et particules de porteur est tel qu'il y a une densité optique de réflexion des zones solides des images fixes sur le matériau de support de 1,3.
3. Système selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel 1 à 5% en volume de particules ont un diamètre supérieur à 20 microns et 0,5 à 13,5% en nombre des particules ont un diamètre inférieur à 5 microns.
4. Système selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel le poste de transfert comporte également un rouleau polarisé électriquement (40) qui est disposé de manière à venir en contact avec la face du matériau de support distante de la surface photosensible pendant son passage dans le poste de transfert pour effectuer le transfert des particules d'agent de marquage entre l'image développée et le matériau de support.
5. Système selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant un poste de fixation d'image (56) comportant un dispositif de fusion muni d'un rouleau de pression (70) en contact avec un rouleau de fusion chauffé (68) de manière à former un étranglement à travers lequel le matériau de support est acheminé, le rouleau de fusion (68) ayant une couche extérieure (91) constituée d'un matériau pouvant prendre le forme des amoncellements d'agent de marquage, et le rouleau de pression (70) étant déformable au droit de l'étranglement pendant le contact de fusion avec le rouleau de fusion.
6. Système selon la revendication 5, dans lequel le rouleau de fusion (68) comporte un revêtement en surface constitué d'un fluoro- élastomère basé sur le copolymère de fluorure de vinylidène et d'hexafluoropropylène.
7. Système selon la revendication 5 ou 6, dans lequel l'étranglement a une largeur qui est comprise entre 1/4 et 1/6 du diamètre de l'un des rouleaux.
EP19790302077 1978-10-02 1979-10-02 Appareil électrostatographique Expired EP0010375B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US94820078A 1978-10-02 1978-10-02
US94791478A 1978-10-02 1978-10-02
US94778678A 1978-10-02 1978-10-02
US947914 1978-10-02
US948200 1978-10-02
US947786 1992-09-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0010375A1 EP0010375A1 (fr) 1980-04-30
EP0010375B1 true EP0010375B1 (fr) 1983-07-20

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EP19790302077 Expired EP0010375B1 (fr) 1978-10-02 1979-10-02 Appareil électrostatographique

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EP (1) EP0010375B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE2965939D1 (fr)

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US6514718B2 (en) 1991-03-04 2003-02-04 Therasense, Inc. Subcutaneous glucose electrode
US6551494B1 (en) 1997-02-06 2003-04-22 Therasense, Inc. Small volume in vitro analyte sensor
US6565509B1 (en) 1998-04-30 2003-05-20 Therasense, Inc. Analyte monitoring device and methods of use
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US7811231B2 (en) 2002-12-31 2010-10-12 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Continuous glucose monitoring system and methods of use
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US8732188B2 (en) 2007-02-18 2014-05-20 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Method and system for providing contextual based medication dosage determination
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US9066695B2 (en) 1998-04-30 2015-06-30 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Analyte monitoring device and methods of use
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US9226701B2 (en) 2009-04-28 2016-01-05 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Error detection in critical repeating data in a wireless sensor system
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US9320461B2 (en) 2009-09-29 2016-04-26 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. Method and apparatus for providing notification function in analyte monitoring systems
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