EP0008302A1 - Detection et localisation de rayonnements neutres - Google Patents
Detection et localisation de rayonnements neutresInfo
- Publication number
- EP0008302A1 EP0008302A1 EP79900505A EP79900505A EP0008302A1 EP 0008302 A1 EP0008302 A1 EP 0008302A1 EP 79900505 A EP79900505 A EP 79900505A EP 79900505 A EP79900505 A EP 79900505A EP 0008302 A1 EP0008302 A1 EP 0008302A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- photons
- space
- secondary photons
- electric field
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 16
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 title claims description 9
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title description 7
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002211 ultraviolet spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001234 light alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005041 Mylar™ Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N helium-3 atom Chemical compound [3He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-BJUDXGSMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002835 noble gases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- GPRIERYVMZVKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-quaterphenyl Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 GPRIERYVMZVKTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/205—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors the detector being a gas
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/1641—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/1642—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions using one or several scintillating elements; Radio-isotope cameras using a scintillation crystal and position sensing photodetector arrays, e.g. ANGER cameras
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
- G01T1/2921—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras
- G01T1/2935—Static instruments for imaging the distribution of radioactivity in one or two dimensions; Radio-isotope cameras using ionisation detectors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
- A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
- A61B6/4258—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector for detecting non x-ray radiation, e.g. gamma radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the detection and localization of neutral radiation, and in particular of soft gamma radiation and X-ray radiation, this application however not being limiting.
- the present invention aims to provide a method and a device for locating neutral radiation providing a satisfactory spatial resolution for most medical applications, and a resolution in energy which cannot be achieved by gas detectors based on proportional counters, or by scintillation counters. Only solid state detectors can compete in energy resolution, but the detector described allows the production of large areas which cannot be reached at prices accessible by solid scintillators, such as those of "gamma cameras".
- the invention proposes in particular a method for detecting and locating incident neutral radiation, in particular soft gamma radiation and X-ray radiation, according to which the formation of photoelectrons is caused by the action of incident radiation on gas atoms contained in an enclosure, the electrons are diverted, using an electric field, towards a space subjected to an electric field of sufficient value so that there is creation of photons by excitation of atoms of the gas and re turn of these atoms in the de-excited state; the photons are collected, through a transparent window, on a layer of a material for converting said photons into scintillations in the near or visible UV spectrum, and the barycenter of scintillations is located on the layer, for example by means of photomultipliers or ionization detectors.
- the invention provides a detection and localization device comprising (generally downstream of a collimator having a network of entry holes) a sealed enclosure provided with an entry window transparent to incident radiation, occupied by a gas supplying , by interaction with incident radiation, photoelectrons, and provided with electrodes for creating an electric field of electron drift towards a space for creation of secondary photons.
- This space will generally be delimited, in said enclosure, by electrodes creating an electric field of sufficient value to cause the formation of secondary photons, generally in far ultraviolet, by excitation of the atoms of the gas which occupies the enclosure and return of these atoms to the de-excited state.
- the secondary photons pass through an output window associated with means making it possible to locate the origin of these secondary photons.
- These original localization means can be constituted by a layer of material for converting photons into scintillations in the near ultraviolet spectrum or in the visible and photomultipliers arranged in a regular network facing the layer, associated with a circuit of analog or digital calculation using for example microprocessors.
- the primary scintillation created by the photoelectron produced during the absorption of ⁇ radiation, is intense enough to be detected by photomultipliers.
- the spaces for the creation of photoelectrons, for drift and for the formation of secondary photons will generally be occupied by at least one noble gas, the composition and the pressure of the atmosphere of the spaces being chosen as a function of the energy of the incident radiation.
- the composition and the pressure of the atmosphere of the spaces being chosen as a function of the energy of the incident radiation.
- the thickness of the photoelectron formation space obviously plays a role in the absorption of incident radiation. In the practical, we will generally choose a value between 5 and 20 cm.
- - Figure 1 is a block diagram of the device, in section along a plane passing through its axis;
- - Figure 2 is a large-scale block diagram intended to show the operation of the device;
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the intensity variation I of the radiation due to two radioisotopes as a function of the energy E, near emission peaks;
- FIG. 5 shows schematically (the scale not being respected) the timing over time of the primary and secondary scintillations due to the same radiation.
- the device shown in FIG. 1 can be viewed as consisting of two distinct parts, the first being intended for the formation of secondary photons and the second part for locating the formation points.
- the first part comprises a sealed enclosure 10 which, in the illustrated embodiment, comprises a side wall made up of rings stacked and fixed to each other in a sealed manner, an inlet window 11 and an outlet window 12.
- the entry window 11 is made of material opaque to light, of thickness and atomic number sufficiently small to be transparent to incident radiation (X-rays for example). This entry window may be made of plastic (mylar by example) or light alloy. If the enclosure is occupied by a pressurized gas, the inlet window 11 will obviously have to be thick enough to resist the forces exerted on it. In practice, however, excessive stress can be avoided in the entry window 11 by placing it in abutment against the collimator 13, constituted by a thick plate pierced with parallel or converging holes, which is in any case necessary in in most cases.
- a dry atmosphere of noble gas must be maintained in the enclosure, the composition and pressure of which are chosen according to the energy of the radiations to be detected.
- one of the rings constituting the side wall of the enclosure is provided with connectors 14 for connection with a closed circuit (not shown) comprising an oven heated to a temperature between 400 ° C and 700 ° C, an exchanger gas cooling at the outlet of the oven and a circulation pump.
- the oven is occupied by a reducing agent (calcium in shavings for example) and kept at a temperature sufficient to carry out the necessary purification.
- a reserve gas cylinder To this closed circuit is associated a reserve gas cylinder.
- the enclosure is divided, by electrodes of high transparency with neutral radiation and electrons, into three successive spaces.
- a first space constitutes the photoelectron creation chamber and the drift chamber.
- This first space designated by 15 in FIG. 2, has a thickness sufficient to convert a large fraction of the incident neutral radiation into photoelectrons. In practice, its thickness will generally be a few centimeters. It is subjected to a weak electric field, from 1 to a few hundred volts per centimeter, intended to cause the drift of the photoelectrons and of the additional electrons which they produce by ionization, towards the second space. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG.
- these electrodes comprise a first electrode constituted by the input window 11 itself (the rear face of which is metallized if it is made of insulating material), brought to ground, then 'of annular electrodes 16 brought to successive staggered potentials and, finally, a grid with a high vacuum rate 17.
- the second space designated by 18 in FIG. 2, is intended to cause the creation of radiations in the far ultraviolet spectrum by excitation of the neutral atoms of the gas which occupies the whole of the enclosure 10, then de-excitation of these atoms .
- the electric field, established between the electrodes 17 and 20 which delimit the second space, must be sufficient for excitation of the neutral atoms, but sufficiently weak to avoid the appearance of permanent ionization. In practice, an electric field of a few kilovolts per centimeter will be used.
- a third space (21 in FIG. 2) is delimited by the electrode 20 and the outlet window 12.
- the space 21 is advantageously subjected to a weak electric field, in the opposite direction to that which prevails in space 18, to prevent electrons having passed through the space 18 from being able to strike the window 12.
- This electric field can be created between the electrode 20 and a transparent metallic coating on the internal face of the window 12.
- the window 12 is made of material transparent to far UV radiation created in space 18, quartz in general. The UV photons coming from the space 18 and which have passed through the space 20, strike a thin layer of frequency converter material 22 coating the external face of the window.
- This material generally consisting of an aromatic substance such as P-terphenyl or P-quaterphenyl converts far UV photons as photons in near UV or visible.
- the layer is placed on the external face of the window. It should be noted in passing that this output window can be much thinner than the scintillating crystal of a gamma camera and that it therefore does not cause a comparable loss of resolution.
- the layer of converter material can be viewed as the input member of the second part of the device, intended for localization.
- This second part comprises several photomultiplier tubes distributed regularly opposite the outlet window, so as to observe the scintillations in the layer of converter material.
- a central photomultiplier tube 23 surrounded by a ring of photomultipliers 24, six in number for example. If a large diameter enclosure is used, it may be necessary to use an additional external crown. In each case, the number of photomultiplier rings will be chosen to allow an assessment of the barycenter of the radiation emitted with sufficient precision.
- the photomultipliers are associated with a circuit allowing the location of emission of the incident neutral radiation to be evaluated.
- the localization can be carried out by calculating the ratio of the signals supplied by the various photomultiplier tubes 23 and 24. It is not necessary to describe here a circuit making it possible to carry out the localization. Indeed, it can be an analog circuit of the type widely used at present in gamma cameras. In most cases, it will also be useful to assess the energy of the incident neutral radiation. For this, it suffices to sum the pulses supplied by all the photomultipliers in response to the same event. The energy resolution that we can obtaining, and which makes it possible to carry out a discrimination, is much better than that obtained in a wire counter or in a device using a scintillator crystal.
- FIG. 3 The advantages provided by this improved energy selectivity appear in FIG. 3 in which 30, 31 and 32 respectively designate the representative / ative curves of the emission peaks for a first and a second radioisotope and of the spectrum. Compton diffusion due to these isotopes, contained in the source to be studied.
- the space 15 was 5 cm thick and was subjected to an electric field of the order of 500 V / cm.
- the space 18, 7 mm thick, was delimited by electrodes between which there was a potential difference of 4000 volts.
- the layer of converter material consisted of a deposit of
- FIG. 1 The embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a multi-hole collimator 13 by means of which only X or gamma rays substantially parallel to the axis can penetrate into the photoelectron creation chamber.
- the x, y coordinates of the point where a scintillation will appear on the converter layer 22 will not depend on the length of the path of the incident radiation in the photoelectron creation chamber before absorption.
- pin-hole a pinhole collimator
- FIG. 4 A device incorporating such a collimator is shown in FIG. 4, where the members corresponding to those of FIG. 1 have the same reference number, assigned the index a.
- the coordinates in plane x and y of the point N where the scintillation will appear will be different.
- the invention makes it possible to carry out a normalization correction by determining z, then applying to x and y a scale factor which is a function of z. For this it is necessary to measure z.
- This csb measurement is possible without the addition of additional detection organs, insofar as the X-radiation from the source (created either by fluorescence or by radioactivity) has an energy above a threshold of the order of 10 keV and especially 20 keV.
- X-rays give rise to a photoelectron which produces, by ionization of the noble gas, a packet of electrons which drift along the lines of force of the electric field e 1 , up to the space 18a of creation of the secondary radiation, then, under the effect of the field e 2 , up to point P. From the moment of creation of the electron packet in M, a primary luminescence or scintillation occurs in the noble gas.
- the photomultipliers 23a and 24a provide a signal at time t 0 .
- the packet of electrons arrives at the point P, it produces a secondary luminescence of intensity directly proportional to the electric field e 2 , at an instant t 1 (figure 5), P will in most of the cases be practically confused with the plane of grid 17a.
- the distance z will be the sum of the thickness between 17a and 22a and the product of (t 1 -t 0 ) by the speed of drift of the electrons in the space where the electric field e 1 prevails.
- the measurement of x and y will be carried out only by processing the secondary luminescence signal which appeared at time t 1 , which is much more intense than the first.
- the correction calculation will be carried out in a conventional manner, either by analog or digital means. Knowing the x, y and z coordinates of the conversion point M relative to the hole 33 of the collimator 13a, we can reconstruct the exact image of the project tion of the source through the hole 33 on a given surface, flat for example, by performing:
- the invention is susceptible of numerous variant embodiments.
- the photomultiplier tubes can no longer be associated with an analog calculation circuit, but with a digital circuit which has the advantage, especially in the case of a device with a large number of photomultipliers, of allowing much easier balancing.
- the detection of the luminescence induced in the gas of the detectors can be done throughout the electromagnetic spectrum from the ultraviolet to the infrared, although reference has only been made above. to ultraviolet operation. However, when the device is occupied by a gas under high pressure (10 to 20 bars), it may be more advantageous to use the light produced in red and infrared.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR7736893 | 1977-12-07 | ||
FR7736893A FR2411419A1 (fr) | 1977-12-07 | 1977-12-07 | Perfectionnements aux procedes et dispositifs de detection et de localisation de rayonnements neutres |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0008302A1 true EP0008302A1 (fr) | 1980-02-20 |
Family
ID=9198575
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP79900505A Withdrawn EP0008302A1 (fr) | 1977-12-07 | 1979-07-03 | Detection et localisation de rayonnements neutres |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4286158A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0008302A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2411419A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1979000353A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4376892A (en) * | 1980-10-16 | 1983-03-15 | Agence Nationale De Valorisation De La Recherche (Anvar) | Detection and imaging of the spatial distribution of visible or ultraviolet photons |
US4670656A (en) * | 1983-12-13 | 1987-06-02 | Betagen Corporation | Process and apparatus for measuring surface distributions of charged particle emitting radionuclides |
EP0282665A1 (fr) * | 1987-03-18 | 1988-09-21 | Betagen Corporation | Procédé et appareil pour mesurer en deux dimensions les distributions de particules chargées émettant des radionuclides |
US4707608A (en) * | 1985-04-10 | 1987-11-17 | University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Kinestatic charge detection using synchronous displacement of detecting device |
US4731881A (en) * | 1986-06-30 | 1988-03-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Narrow spectral bandwidth, UV solar blind detector |
US4795909A (en) * | 1987-10-09 | 1989-01-03 | University Of North Carolina | High performance front window for a kinestatic charge detector |
US5301051A (en) * | 1988-03-08 | 1994-04-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Multi-channel, covert, non-line-of-sight UV communication |
US5032729A (en) * | 1989-10-18 | 1991-07-16 | Georges Charpak | Process and device for determining the spatial distribution of electrons emerging from the surface of a radioactive body |
FR2668612B1 (fr) * | 1990-10-29 | 1995-10-27 | Charpak Georges | Dispositif d'imagerie de radiations ionisantes. |
PT100968B (pt) * | 1992-10-15 | 1999-10-29 | Carlos Alberto Nabais Conde | Contador gasoso de cintilacao proporcional para radiacoes ionizantes com janelas de entrada de radiacao e/ou volume de deteccao de dimensoes medias e elevadas |
US5665971A (en) * | 1993-04-12 | 1997-09-09 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Radiation detection and tomography |
EP1274115A3 (fr) * | 2001-07-05 | 2003-05-14 | Garth Cruickshank | Dispositif producteur d'images à détecteur à gaz et installation chirurgicale comprenant un tel dispositif |
US7378651B2 (en) * | 2002-09-25 | 2008-05-27 | Thermo Finnigan Llc | High field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometer FAIMS |
GB2409518B (en) * | 2003-12-22 | 2006-12-27 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Improvements in and relating to investigations |
US7049603B2 (en) * | 2004-07-26 | 2006-05-23 | Temple University Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Neutron source detection camera |
KR100728703B1 (ko) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-06-15 | 한국원자력연구원 | I-125 생산을 위한 내부 순환식 중성자 조사 용기 및 이를 이용한 i-125 생산방법 |
EP1847855A1 (fr) * | 2006-04-18 | 2007-10-24 | ETH Zürich | Procédé de contrôle d'un conteneur inconnu ou de contenu dans un volume, système de contrôle destiné à être utilisé avec ce procédé et détecteur de rayonnement pour un tel système de contrôle |
US7791045B2 (en) * | 2007-08-21 | 2010-09-07 | The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Commerce, the National Institute of Standards and Technology | Apparatus and method for detecting slow neutrons by lyman alpha radiation |
WO2009142856A1 (fr) | 2008-04-18 | 2009-11-26 | Trustees Of Boston University | Détecteur de neutrons sensible à la direction |
PT104417B (pt) * | 2009-02-20 | 2013-07-15 | Univ De Coimbra | Contador gasoso de cintilação proporcional de alta pressão com grelhas múltiplas para a detecção de radiação ionizante |
RU2617124C2 (ru) * | 2015-06-24 | 2017-04-21 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет" (Новосибирский государственный университет, НГУ) | Газовый электролюминесцентный детектор ионов и способ идентификации ионов |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL98123C (nl) * | 1953-03-03 | 1961-06-15 | Philips Nv | inrichting voor het vervaardigen van roentgenopnamen,waarbij achter het te fotograferen object een indicator voor het meten van de roentgenstralen-intensiteit is opgesteld |
US2953702A (en) * | 1954-12-01 | 1960-09-20 | Philips Corp | Ionisation chamber for radiation measurements |
US3904530A (en) * | 1971-11-15 | 1975-09-09 | Picker Corp | Scintillation camera |
US3786270A (en) * | 1973-02-01 | 1974-01-15 | Atomic Energy Commission | Proportional counter radiation camera |
NL174398C (nl) * | 1974-10-21 | 1984-06-01 | Philips Nv | Scintillatie-camera. |
-
1977
- 1977-12-07 FR FR7736893A patent/FR2411419A1/fr active Granted
-
1978
- 1978-12-07 WO PCT/FR1978/000046 patent/WO1979000353A1/fr unknown
-
1979
- 1979-07-03 EP EP79900505A patent/EP0008302A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1979-08-02 US US06/063,138 patent/US4286158A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO7900353A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2411419A1 (fr) | 1979-07-06 |
FR2411419B1 (fr) | 1981-07-24 |
WO1979000353A1 (fr) | 1979-06-28 |
US4286158A (en) | 1981-08-25 |
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