EP0006885A1 - Crossing conveyor-belts magnetic separator. - Google Patents

Crossing conveyor-belts magnetic separator.

Info

Publication number
EP0006885A1
EP0006885A1 EP78900076A EP78900076A EP0006885A1 EP 0006885 A1 EP0006885 A1 EP 0006885A1 EP 78900076 A EP78900076 A EP 78900076A EP 78900076 A EP78900076 A EP 78900076A EP 0006885 A1 EP0006885 A1 EP 0006885A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
soft iron
magnetic separator
belts
belt
wedge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP78900076A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0006885B1 (en
Inventor
Heinrich Spodig
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0006885A1 publication Critical patent/EP0006885A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0006885B1 publication Critical patent/EP0006885B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/16—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated with material carriers in the form of belts
    • B03C1/22—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated with material carriers in the form of belts with non-movable magnets

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a magnetic separator with intersecting conveyor belts, the lower belt being used to transport the material to be separated, while the upper belt is carrying the separated material.
  • Magnetic separators for the separation of substances of different magnetic excitability using intersecting means of transportation have become known, for example, from DE-PS 180 923.
  • Magnetically influenced drums are arranged transversely to the feed belt.
  • the separation performance is relatively low because of the large stray field losses that cannot be avoided.
  • the aim of the invention is to largely reduce the stray field losses of the known systems in magnetic separators with intersecting conveyor belts and in this way to achieve better efficiencies.
  • a magnetic separator of the type mentioned at the outset that a frame with a closed permanent magnet system is arranged on each side of the discharge belt, the frames each being composed of four directionally magnetized block magnets and soft iron intermediate pieces which are connected in pairs by soft iron parts and which are composed of a Soft iron poi pieces forming the working air gap are connected to one another.
  • the soft iron part arranged above the lower run of the discharge belt with a wedge-shaped cross section and the soft iron part arranged below the upper run of the conveyor belt with a prismatic cross section.
  • the upper soft iron part can have several wedge-shaped cross sections assigned to the individual discharge belts and the lower soft iron part several prismatic cross sections assigned to the individual discharge belts.
  • the wedge-shaped cross sections are expediently arranged at different heights above the conveyor belt. It is advantageous if the distance of the wedge-shaped cross sections from the conveyor belt decreases in the running direction of the conveyor belt.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the magnetic separator, partially cut, with a conveyor belt for the material to be separated and three discharge belts for the material to be separated and 2 shows a section through the magnetic separator along the line AA of FIG. 1st
  • the magnetic separator consists of a closed permanent magnetic circuit arrangement and an endless conveyor belt 1 for the goods to be separated and three endless discharge belts 2, 3, 4 for the removal of the separated goods, which run in a direction transverse to the conveyor belt 1.
  • the magnetic circuit arrangement consists of frames arranged on both sides of the discharge belts 2, 3, 4, each consisting of the block magnets 9, 10 connected by the soft iron parts 5, 6 and 7, 8; 11, 12 and 13, 14; 15, 16 and the soft iron intermediate pieces 17, 18 and 19, 20.
  • the frames are connected to one another by pole pieces 21, 22, which are each firmly connected to the intermediate pieces 17, 19 and 18, 20 in a magnetically highly conductive manner, the intermediate pieces 17, 19 and 18, 20 being located at a distance from one another is sufficient to guide the conveyor belt 1 and the discharge belts 2, 3, 4.
  • the polarities of the block magnets 9, 10 follow within the closed frame; 11, 12 and 13, 14; 15, 16 one on the other so that the intermediate pieces 18 and 20 a multiple N polarity and the intermediate pieces 17 and 19 receive a multiple S polarity or vice versa. This creates a strong, concentrated magnetic field between the pole pieces 21, 22 in the passage area of the bands 1, 2, 3, 4.
  • the pole piece 22 is divided into wedge-shaped cross sections 23, while the pole piece 21 located opposite the upper run of the conveyor belt 1 has corresponding prismatic cross sections 24.
  • the magnetic field is at the tips of the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 Art concentrated that the iron parts contained in the material to be separated transported by the conveyor belt 1 jump in the magnetic field only in the direction of the tips and are thereby conveyed out and separated from the magnetic field by the discharge belts 2, 3, 4.
  • the conveyor belt 1 is loaded with material to be separated via the funnel 25.
  • a special embodiment of the pole piece 22 still consists in providing the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 at different heights and, accordingly, the discharge belts 2, 3, 4.
  • the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 are arranged such that the distance of the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 from the conveyor belt 1 decreases in the running direction of the conveyor belt 1.
  • a rough separation takes place in the first, a finer separation in the second and a finest separation in the third.

Abstract

Le separateur magnetique a bandes transporteuses croisees separe des matieres ayant des susceptibilites magnetiques differentes. Dans ce separateur la bande (1) du dessous transporte la matiere a traiter tandis que la bande du dessus livre la matiere separee. De chaque cote de la bande (2, 3, 4) se trouve un cadre constituant un circuit magnetique a aimant permanent. Chacun de ces cadres est forme de quatre blocs-aimants a magnetisation orientee (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) connectes deux a deux par des parties en fer doux (5, 6, 7, 8) et des pieces intercalaires (17, 18, 19, 20) egalement en fer doux. Ces dernieres sont reliees entre elles par des pieces polaires (21, 22) formant un entrefer de travail. Cette disposition vise a une meilleure efficacite du separateur en diminuant les pertes par flux de fuite.The magnetic separator with crossed conveyor belts separates materials with different magnetic susceptibilities. In this separator the strip (1) below conveys the material to be treated while the upper strip delivers the separated material. On each side of the strip (2, 3, 4) there is a frame constituting a magnetic circuit with permanent magnet. Each of these frames is formed by four magnet blocks with oriented magnetization (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) connected two by two by soft iron parts (5, 6, 7, 8) and spacers (17, 18, 19, 20) also made of soft iron. The latter are connected together by pole pieces (21, 22) forming a working air gap. This provision aims at a better efficiency of the separator by reducing the losses by leakage flow.

Description

"Magnetscheider mit sich kreuzenden Förderbändern." "Magnetic separator with crossing conveyor belts."
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Magnetscheider mit sich kreuzenden Förderbändern, wobei das untere Band zum Transport des Separiergutes dient, während das obere Band das separierte Gut austrägt.The present invention relates to a magnetic separator with intersecting conveyor belts, the lower belt being used to transport the material to be separated, while the upper belt is carrying the separated material.
Magnetscheider zur Separierung von Stoffen verschiedener magnetischer Erregbarkeit unter Verwendung sich kreuzender Fortbewegungsmittel sind beispielsweise aus der DE-PS 180 923 bekannt geworden. Dabei sind über einem Zuführungsband magnetisch beeinflußte Trommeln quer dazu angeordnet.Magnetic separators for the separation of substances of different magnetic excitability using intersecting means of transportation have become known, for example, from DE-PS 180 923. Magnetically influenced drums are arranged transversely to the feed belt.
Bei einer solchen Anlage ist die Separierleistung wegen nicht zu vermeidender großer Streufeldverluste relativ gering.In such a system, the separation performance is relatively low because of the large stray field losses that cannot be avoided.
Bei einer anderen bekannten Anlage (DE-Gbm 17 66 101) ist über einem zum Transport des Separiergutes dienenden Förderband ein zweites quer dazu verlaufendes Band für das separierte Gut vorgesehen, wobei ein Elektromagnet innerhalb des Bandes angeordnet ist, der an der Austragseite mit Austragpolen versehen ist. Auch hier kommt es zwangsläufig zu erhebliehen Streufeldverlusten.In another known system (DE-Gbm 17 66 101), a second belt running transversely thereto is provided for the separated goods above a conveyor belt used to transport the goods to be separated, an electromagnet being arranged inside the belt and provided with discharge poles on the discharge side is. Here, too, stray field losses are inevitable.
Demgegenüber wird mit der Erfindung angestrebt, bei Magnetscheidern mit sich kreuzenden Förderbändern die Streufeldverluste der bekannten Anlagen weitgehend zu vermindern und auf diese Weise zu besseren Wirkungsgraden zu gelangen. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird für einen Magnetscheider der eingangs erwähnten Art daher erfindungsgemäß vorgeschlagen, daß beiderseits des Austragsbandes je ein Rahmen mit einem geschlossenen Dauermagnetsystem angeordnet ist, wobei die Rahmen jeweils aus vier paarweise durch Weicheisenteile verbundenen richtungsmagnetisierten Blockmagneten und Weicheisenzwischenstücken zusammengesetzt sind, die durch einen Arbeitsluftspalt bildende Weicheisen-Poistücke miteinander verbunden sind.In contrast, the aim of the invention is to largely reduce the stray field losses of the known systems in magnetic separators with intersecting conveyor belts and in this way to achieve better efficiencies. To solve this problem, it is therefore proposed according to the invention for a magnetic separator of the type mentioned at the outset that a frame with a closed permanent magnet system is arranged on each side of the discharge belt, the frames each being composed of four directionally magnetized block magnets and soft iron intermediate pieces which are connected in pairs by soft iron parts and which are composed of a Soft iron poi pieces forming the working air gap are connected to one another.
Es empfiehlt sich, das oberhalb des unteren Trumms des Austragsbandes angeordnete Weicheisenteil mit einem keilförmigen und das unterhalb des oberen Trumms des Förderbandes angeordnete Weicheisenteil mit einem prismatischen Querschnitt zu versehen. Bei Anordnung mehrerer Austragsbänder können das obere Weicheisenteil mehrere den einzelnen Austragsbändern zugeordnete keilförmige Querschnitte und das untere Weicheisenteil mehrere den einzelnen Austragsbändern zugeordnete prismatische Querschnitte haben.It is advisable to provide the soft iron part arranged above the lower run of the discharge belt with a wedge-shaped cross section and the soft iron part arranged below the upper run of the conveyor belt with a prismatic cross section. If several discharge belts are arranged, the upper soft iron part can have several wedge-shaped cross sections assigned to the individual discharge belts and the lower soft iron part several prismatic cross sections assigned to the individual discharge belts.
Bei Anordnung von mindestens zwei nebeneinander verlaufenden Austragsbändern sind die keilförmigen Querschnitte zweckmäßig in verschiedener Höhe über dem Förderband angeordnet. Von Vorteil ist es, wenn in Laufrichtung des Förderbandes der Abstand der keilförmigen Querschnitte vom Förderband abnimmt.When at least two discharge belts are arranged next to one another, the wedge-shaped cross sections are expediently arranged at different heights above the conveyor belt. It is advantageous if the distance of the wedge-shaped cross sections from the conveyor belt decreases in the running direction of the conveyor belt.
Der Gegenstand der Erfindung wird nachstehend an Hand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert.The object of the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing.
Es zeigen:Show it:
Fig . 1 eine schaubildliche Ansicht auf den Magnetscheider, teilweise geschnitten, mit einem Förderband für das Separiergut und drei Austragsbändern für das separierte Gut und Fig. 2 einen Schnitt durch den Magnetscheider nach der Linie AA der Fig. 1.Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the magnetic separator, partially cut, with a conveyor belt for the material to be separated and three discharge belts for the material to be separated and 2 shows a section through the magnetic separator along the line AA of FIG. 1st
Gemäß Fig. 1 besteht der Magnetscheider aus einer geschlossenen Dauermagnetkreisanordnung und einem endlosen Transportband 1 für das Separiergut sowie drei endlosen Austragsbändern 2,3,4 für den Abtransport des separierten Gutes, die in einer Richtung quer zum Transportband 1 umlaufen. Die Magnetkreisanordnung besteht aus beiderseits der Austragsbänder 2,3,4 angeordneten Rahmen, die sich jeweils aus den durch die Weicheisenteile 5,6 und 7,8 verbundenden Blockmagneten 9,10; 11,12 und 13, 14; 15, 16 sowie den WeicheisenZwischenstücken 17,18 und 19,20 zusammensetzen. Die Rahmen sind durch Polstücke 21,22, die jeweils an den Zwischenstücken 17,19 und 18,20 in magnetisch gut leitender Weise fest angeschlossen sind, miteinander verbunden, wobei die Zwischenstücke 17,19 und 18,20 sich in einem Abstand gegenüberliegen, der ausreichend ist für die Hindurσhführung des Förderbandes 1 und der Austragsbänder 2,3,4. Innerhalb des geschlossenen Rahmens folgen die Polaritäten der Blockmagnete 9,10; 11,12 und 13, 14; 15, 16 so aufeinander, daß die Zwischenstücke 18 und 20 eine mehrfache N-Polarität und die Zwischenstücke 17 und 19 eine mehrfache S-Polarität oder umgekehrt induziert erhalten. Dadurch entsteht zwischen den Polstücken 21,22 im Durchgangsbereich der Bänder 1,2,3,4 ein starkes konzentriertes Magnetfeld.1, the magnetic separator consists of a closed permanent magnetic circuit arrangement and an endless conveyor belt 1 for the goods to be separated and three endless discharge belts 2, 3, 4 for the removal of the separated goods, which run in a direction transverse to the conveyor belt 1. The magnetic circuit arrangement consists of frames arranged on both sides of the discharge belts 2, 3, 4, each consisting of the block magnets 9, 10 connected by the soft iron parts 5, 6 and 7, 8; 11, 12 and 13, 14; 15, 16 and the soft iron intermediate pieces 17, 18 and 19, 20. The frames are connected to one another by pole pieces 21, 22, which are each firmly connected to the intermediate pieces 17, 19 and 18, 20 in a magnetically highly conductive manner, the intermediate pieces 17, 19 and 18, 20 being located at a distance from one another is sufficient to guide the conveyor belt 1 and the discharge belts 2, 3, 4. The polarities of the block magnets 9, 10 follow within the closed frame; 11, 12 and 13, 14; 15, 16 one on the other so that the intermediate pieces 18 and 20 a multiple N polarity and the intermediate pieces 17 and 19 receive a multiple S polarity or vice versa. This creates a strong, concentrated magnetic field between the pole pieces 21, 22 in the passage area of the bands 1, 2, 3, 4.
Oberhalb des unteren Trumms der Austragsbänder 2,3,4 ist das Polstück 22 in keilförmige Querschnitte 23 aufgeteilt, während das unterhalb des oberen Trumms des Förderbandes 1 gegenüberliegende Polstück 21 korrespondierende prismatische Querschnitte 24 aufweist.Above the lower run of the discharge belts 2, 3, 4, the pole piece 22 is divided into wedge-shaped cross sections 23, while the pole piece 21 located opposite the upper run of the conveyor belt 1 has corresponding prismatic cross sections 24.
Gegenüber diesen prismatischen Querschnitten 24 wird an den Spitzen der keilförmigen Querschnitte 23 das Magnetfeld der art konzentriert, daß die in dem vom Förderband 1 transportierten Separiergut enthaltenen Eisenteile im Magnetfeld nur in Richtung auf die Spitzen springen und dabei von den Austragsbändern 2,3,4 aus dem Magnetfeld herausbefördert und abgeschieden werden. Die Beschickung des Förderbandes 1 mit Separiergut erfolgt über den Trichter 25.Compared to these prismatic cross sections 24, the magnetic field is at the tips of the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 Art concentrated that the iron parts contained in the material to be separated transported by the conveyor belt 1 jump in the magnetic field only in the direction of the tips and are thereby conveyed out and separated from the magnetic field by the discharge belts 2, 3, 4. The conveyor belt 1 is loaded with material to be separated via the funnel 25.
Eine besondere Ausgestaltung des Polstückes 22 besteht noch darin, die keilförmigen Querschnitte 23 in verschiedenen Höhen vorzusehen und dementsprechend auch die Austragsbänder 2,3,4. Dabei sind zur Erreichung einer stufenweisen Separierung die keilförmigen Querschnitte 23 so angeordnet, daß in Laufrichtung des Förderbandes 1 der Abstand der keilförmigen Querschnitte 23 vom Förderband 1 abnimmt. Entsprechend der so gebildeten drei Magnetfeldstufen erfolgt in der ersten eine grobe, in der zweiten eine feinere und in der dritten eine feinste Separation.A special embodiment of the pole piece 22 still consists in providing the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 at different heights and, accordingly, the discharge belts 2, 3, 4. In order to achieve a gradual separation, the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 are arranged such that the distance of the wedge-shaped cross sections 23 from the conveyor belt 1 decreases in the running direction of the conveyor belt 1. Corresponding to the three magnetic field levels thus formed, a rough separation takes place in the first, a finer separation in the second and a finest separation in the third.
Je nach der Beschaffenheit des Separiergutes und der Magnetisierbarkeit des darin enthaltenen Haftgutes können auf diese Weise optimale Separierergebnisse erzielt werden. Depending on the nature of the material to be separated and the magnetizability of the adhesive material contained therein, optimal separation results can be achieved in this way.

Claims

Patentansprüche Claims
1. Magnetscheider mit sichkreuzenden Förderbändern, wobei das untere Band zum Transport des Separiergutes dient, während das obere Band das separierte Gut austrägt, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß beiderseits des Austragsbandes (2,3,4) je ein Rahmen mit einem geschlossenen Dauermagnetsystem angeordnet ist, wobei die Rahmen jeweils aus vier paarweise durch Weicheisenteile (5,6; 7,8) verbundenen richtungsmagnetisierten Blockmagneten (9,10,11,12; 13,14,15,16) und Weicheisenzwischenstücken (17,18; 19, 20) zusammengesetzt sind, die durch einen Arbeitsluftspalt bildende Weicheisen-Polstücke (21,22) miteinander verbunden sind.1. Magnetic separator with intersecting conveyor belts, the lower belt being used to transport the material to be separated, while the upper belt is carrying the separated material, characterized in that a frame with a closed permanent magnet system is arranged on both sides of the discharge belt (2,3,4) the frames are each composed of four directionally magnetized block magnets (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16) and soft iron intermediate pieces (17, 18; 19, 20) connected in pairs by soft iron parts (5,6; 7,8) which are connected to each other by soft iron pole pieces (21, 22) forming a working air gap.
2. Magnetscheider nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß das oberhalb des unteren Trumms des Austragsbandes (2,3,4) angeordnete Weicheistenteil (22) mindestens einen keilförmigen Querschnitt (23) und daß das unterhalb des oberen Trumms des Förderbandes (1) angeordnete Weicheisenteil (21) ebenfalls mindestens einen prismatischen Querschnitt (24) hat.2. Magnetic separator according to claim 1, characterized in that the soft part (22) arranged above the lower run of the discharge belt (2, 3, 4) has at least one wedge-shaped cross-section (23) and that the soft iron part arranged below the upper run of the conveyor belt (1) (21) also has at least one prismatic cross section (24).
3. Magnetscheider nach Anspruch 1 und 2, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß bei Anordnung mehrerer Austragsbänder (2,3,4) das obere Weicheisenteil (22) mehrere den einzelnen Austragsbändern .(2,3,4) zugeordnete keilförmige Querschnitte (23) und daß das untere Weicheisenteil (21) mehrere den einzelnen Austragsbändern (2,3,4) zugeordnete prismatische Querschnitte (24) hat.3. Magnetic separator according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that with the arrangement of several discharge belts (2, 3, 4) the upper soft iron part (22) has several wedge-shaped cross sections (23) assigned to the individual discharge belts (2, 3, 4) and that lower soft iron part (21) has several prismatic cross sections (24) assigned to the individual discharge belts (2, 3, 4).
4. Magnetscheider nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, - d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß bei Anordnung von mindestens zwei nebeneinander verlaufenden Austragsbändern (2,3,4) die keilförmigen Querschnitte (23) in verschiedener Höhe über dem Förderband (1) angeordnet sind. 4. Magnetic separator according to claim 1 to 3, - characterized in that the arrangement of at least two juxtaposed discharge belts (2,3,4), the wedge-shaped cross sections (23) are arranged at different heights above the conveyor belt (1).
5. Magnetscheider nach Anspruch 4, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , daß in Laufrichtung des Förderbandes (1) der Abstand der keilförmigen Querschnitte (23) vom Förderband (1) abnimmt. 5. Magnetic separator according to claim 4, so that the distance of the wedge-shaped cross-sections (23) from the conveyor belt (1) decreases in the running direction of the conveyor belt (1).
EP78900076A 1977-08-04 1978-07-07 Crossing conveyor-belts magnetic separator Expired EP0006885B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2735150A DE2735150C2 (en) 1977-08-04 1977-08-04 Cruciate ligament magnetic separator
DE2735150 1977-08-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0006885A1 true EP0006885A1 (en) 1980-01-23
EP0006885B1 EP0006885B1 (en) 1981-07-01

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Family Applications (1)

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EP78900076A Expired EP0006885B1 (en) 1977-08-04 1978-07-07 Crossing conveyor-belts magnetic separator

Country Status (18)

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US (1) US4273646A (en)
EP (1) EP0006885B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5448380A (en)
AT (1) AT362735B (en)
BE (1) BE869082R (en)
CH (1) CH625138A5 (en)
DD (1) DD137534A5 (en)
DE (1) DE2735150C2 (en)
DK (1) DK369377A (en)
ES (1) ES472364A1 (en)
FI (1) FI772477A (en)
GB (1) GB2021000B (en)
IT (1) IT1109977B (en)
NL (1) NL7808177A (en)
NO (1) NO772902L (en)
PL (1) PL208827A1 (en)
SE (1) SE7709181L (en)
WO (1) WO1979000085A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1109977B (en) 1985-12-23
AT362735B (en) 1981-06-10
GB2021000A (en) 1979-11-28
WO1979000085A1 (en) 1979-02-22
US4273646A (en) 1981-06-16
DE2735150A1 (en) 1979-02-15
JPS5448380A (en) 1979-04-16
NL7808177A (en) 1979-02-06
FI772477A (en) 1979-02-05
NO772902L (en) 1979-02-06
PL208827A1 (en) 1979-05-07
DE2735150C2 (en) 1985-10-17
ATA536178A (en) 1980-11-15
DD137534A5 (en) 1979-09-12
ES472364A1 (en) 1979-04-01
BE869082R (en) 1978-11-16
DK369377A (en) 1979-02-05
IT7826500A0 (en) 1978-08-04
SE7709181L (en) 1979-02-05
EP0006885B1 (en) 1981-07-01
GB2021000B (en) 1982-06-03
CH625138A5 (en) 1981-09-15

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