Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D477/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring
  • C07D477/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hetero atoms or carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 4
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D477/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring
  • C07D477/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D477/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2 with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached in position 6
  • C07D477/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2 with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached in position 6 with hetero atoms or carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 3
  • C07D477/20—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
  • C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
  • C07F7/10—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages containing nitrogen having a Si-N linkage

Definitions

• This invention relates to 3- and 6-substituted-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3 ⁇ 2 ⁇ O]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof which are useful as antibiotics and which may be represented by the following generic structural formula (I): wherein R is H; pharmaceutically acceptable salt cation; or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester moiety; and R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted: alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, having from 1-10 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and alkylcycloalkyl, having 3-6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl ring and 1-6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moieties; aryl, such as phenyl; aralkyl, aralkenyl, and aralkynyl wherein the aryl moiety is phenyl and the
• R 3 ' is inter alia representatively selected from hydrogen and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt and ester moieties known in the bicyclic ⁇ -lactam antibiotic art; the definition of R 3' is given in greater detail below.
• This invention also relates to processes for the preparation of such compounds (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.
• This invention relates to 3- and 6-substituted-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof which are useful as antibiotics and which may be represented by the following generic structural formula (I): wherein R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted: alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl, having from 1-10 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, and alkylcycloalkyl, having 3-6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl ring and 1-6 carbon atoms in the alkyl moieties; aryl, such as phenyl; aralkyl, aralkenyl, and aralkynyl wherein the aryl moiety is phenyl and the linear chain has 1-6 carbon atoms; heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl and heterocycl
• This invention also relates to the carboxyl derivatives of I which are antibiotics and which may be represented by the following generic structure (I): wherein R3' is inter alia representatively selected from hydrogen and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt and ester moieties known in the bicyclic A-lactam antibiotic art; the definition of R3' is given in greater detail below.
• This invention also relates to processes for the preparation of such compounds (I) and pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds.
• antibiotics which are useful in animal and human therapy and in inanimate systems. These antibiotics are active against a broad range of pathogens which representatively include both gram positive bacteria such as S. aureus, Strep. pyogenes, and B. subtilis, and gram negative bacteria such as E. coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus morganii, Serratia, and Klebsiella. Further objects of this invention are to provide chemical processes for the preparation of such antibiotics and their non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts; pharmaceutical compositions comprising such antibiotics; and to provide methods of treatment comprising administering such antibiotics and compositions when an antibiotic effect is indicated.
• the 4-(2-substituted-vinyl)azetidine-2-one, 4, starting material is prepared by reacting an R 1- oxybutadiene, 1, with chlorosulfonylisocyanate 2.
• the reaction is conducted without solvent or may be run in solvent such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform or methylene chloride, at a temperature of from -78°C to 25°C for from a few minutes to 1 hour to provide 3.
• the radical R 1 is an easily removable acyl blocking group such as alkanoyl or aralkanoyl which bears no functional group or groups which might interfere with the desired course of reaction (1 + 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4).
• Intermediate species 3 is converted to the sulfinamide by reduction which is then hydrolyzed to 4 at pH 6-8.
• the reaction solution comprising 3 is contacted (5-30 minutes) with an aqueous solution (at 0-25°C) of a reducing agent such as sodium sulfite, or thiophenol, at pH 6-8 to provide 4.
• a reducing agent such as sodium sulfite, or thiophenol
• the reaction 4 ⁇ 5 is a reduction, and is preferably achieved by hydrogenation in a solvent such as ethylacetate ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethanol at 0 to 25°C for from 5 minutes to 2 hours under 0.98 to 9.8 bar of hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst such as a platinum metal or oxide thereof such as 10% Pd/C.
• a solvent such as ethylacetate ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethanol
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• the de-blocking reaction 5 ⁇ 6 is usually desirable when R 1 is acyl to permit the later alkylation, 7 - 8.
• the preferred de-blocking procedure is by alcoholysis wherein the solvent is a lower alkanol such as methanol or ethanol in the presence of the corresponding alkali metal alkoxide, such as sodium methoxide.
• the reaction is conducted for from 5 minutes to 1 hour at a temperature of from -10° to 25°C.
• Blocking groups R 3 and R are established (6 ⁇ 7) to provide a suitably protected species for alkylation (7 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 9). There is no criticality in the choice of blocking groups, provided only that they do not interfere with the intended alkylation.
• R 3 may be hydrogen, a triorganosilyl group such as trimethylsilyl or a cyclic ether such as 2-tetrahydropyranyl.
• R 2 may also be a cyclic ether such as 2-tetrahydropyranyl; alternatively R 3 and R may be joined together to form protected species such as 7a:
• species such as 7a are conveniently prepared by treating 6 with 2,2-dimethoxypropane in the presence of a catalyst such as boron trifluoride etherate or toluene sulphonic acid in a solvent such as methylene chloride, ether, chloroform or dioxane at a temperature of from -10°C to 35°C for from a few minutes to 1 hour.
• a catalyst such as boron trifluoride etherate or toluene sulphonic acid
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, ether, chloroform or dioxane
• 7 is treated with a strong base such as lithium diisopropyl amide, sodium hydride, phenyl lithium or butyl lithium in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), ether and dimethoxyethane at a temperature of from -80°C to 0°C., whereupon the alkylating agent of choice, R B X, is added (R 6 is as described above and X is chloro, iodo or bromo; alternatively the alkylating agent may be R 6- tosylate, R 6- mesylate or an aldehyde or ketone such as acetaldehyde) to provide monoalkylated species 8.
• R B X tetrahydrofuran
• the alkylating agent may be R 6- tosylate, R 6- mesylate or an aldehyde or ketone such as acetaldehyde
• desired dialkylated species 9 may be obtained from 8 by repeating the alky
• the de-blocking reaction 9 - 10 is typically conducted by acid hydrolysis such as aqueous acetic acid at a temperature of from 25°C to 75°C for from 5 minutes to 3 hours.
• the aldehyde intermediate 11 is prepared by treating 10 with an oxidizing agent such as CrO 3 ⁇ 2 (pyridine) in CH 3 CN, 1:1 mixture of dimethylsulfoxide and acetic anhydride, cyclohexylcarbo- diimide in DMSO at a temperature of from 0-25°C for from 5 minutes to 1 hour.
• the resulting species 11 in a solvent such acetonitrile, methylene chloride or chloroform at a temperature of from -10 to 25°C is treated with an excess of the reagent HSR 8 in the presence of an acid catalyst such as boron trifluoride etherate or toluene sulphonic acid to provide 12.
• an acid catalyst such as boron trifluoride etherate or toluene sulphonic acid to provide 12.
• the reaction requires from 1 to 60 minutes.
• the vinyl sulphide species 14 is reacted with a diester of oxomalonic acid (or its monohydrate) to provide 15.
• a diester of oxomalonic acid or its monohydrate
• R 5 There is no criticality as to the identity of the ester moiety, R 5 , of the oxomalonic acid.
• R 5 may be a conventional, easily removable blocking group or it may be a pharmaceutically acceptable ester moiety.
• Suitable ester radicals R 5 are p-nitrobenzyl, benzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, t-butyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl.
• the reaction 14 ⁇ 15 is typically conducted in a high boiling organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, cyclohexane or halo aromatic at a temperature of from 50°C to reflux for from 0.5 to 6 hours.
• the halogenation reaction 1 5 - 16 is typically conducted in a solvent such as THF, glyme, ether, methylene chloride or chloroform in the presence of a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride or phosphorous pentachloride in the presence of base such as pyridine at a temperature of from -20° to 25°C for from 5 minutes to 3 hours.
• a solvent such as THF, glyme, ether, methylene chloride or chloroform
• a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride or phosphorous pentachloride
• base such as pyridine
• the selective reduction of 1 5 - 17 via 16 is completed by treating 16 with tributylphosphine, or triphenylphosphine in aqueous DMF or similar aqueous systems involving dioxane, THF, glyme, DMSO, or acetone at a temperature of from 0-50°C for from 10 minutes to 5 hours.
• Species 17 is halogenated by the previous procedure (12 ⁇ 13), but omitting the addition of the cyclohexene or other olefin, to provide the dihalo species 18.
• Species 18 is treated with a base such as triethylamine, sodium hydride or potassium hydride in a solvent such as DMF, acetonitrile, methylene chloride, chloroform or glyme at a temperature of from -78° to 25°C for 1 to 5 hours to provide 19.
• Species 19 is converted to 20 on treatment with a strong base such as 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-5-ene (DBU) or 1,5-diazabicyclo[3.4.0]non-5-ene (DBN) in a solvent such as DMSO, acetone, chloroform, DMF, THF or glyme or on treatment with AgF in pyridine at a temperature of from 0-40°C for from 1 ⁇ 4 to 24 hours.
• a strong base such as 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-5-ene (DBU) or 1,5-diazabicyclo[3.4.0]non-5-ene (DBN) in a solvent such as DMSO, acetone, chloroform, DMF, THF or glyme
• DBU 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-5-ene
• DBN 1,5-diazabicyclo[3.4.0]non-5-ene
• the reaction 20 ⁇ 21 is conducted by treating 20 with an aromatic base such as pyridine, aqueous dimethylsulfoxide, s-collidine or lutidine, in the presence of a displacing agent such as lithium iodide, sodium chloride, lithium bromide or sodium bromide at a temperature of from 80-150°C for from 15 minutes to 2 hours.
• a displacing agent such as lithium iodide, sodium chloride, lithium bromide or sodium bromide
• Isomerization of the double bond 21 ⁇ 22 is accomplished by treating 21 in a solvent such as DMF, DMSO, ethyl ether, THF, glyme, methylene chloride with a strong base such as diisopropylamine, DBU or DBN, at a temperature of from 0° to 25°C for from a few minutes to 2 hours or until equilibrium has been established as determined by examination of sample aliquots by ultraviolet absorption or by thin layer chromatography.
• a solvent such as DMF, DMSO, ethyl ether, THF, glyme, methylene chloride
• a strong base such as diisopropylamine, DBU or DBN
• the final reaction 22 ⁇ I (hydrogenolysis of the blocking group) is accomplished by treating 22 in a solvent such as dioxane, ethanol or THF or an aqueous mixture thereof in the presence of a Platinum metal catalyst such as Pd/C under a hydrogen pressure of from 0.98-3.92 bar for from 0.5 to 8 hours at a temperature of from 0-25°C.
• a solvent such as dioxane, ethanol or THF or an aqueous mixture thereof
• a Platinum metal catalyst such as Pd/C under a hydrogen pressure of from 0.98-3.92 bar for from 0.5 to 8 hours at a temperature of from 0-25°C.
• the above-described total synthesis may also advantageously start with 4-vinyl azetidinone [(23), below; E. J. Moriconi, W. C. Meyer, J. Org. Chem., 36, 2841 (1971)] rather than the enol acylate azetidinone (4, above).
• This variation in the total synthesis has the advantage of conveniently imparting stereoselectivity to the process at an early stage.
• the following scheme illustrates this 4-vinyl azetidinone embodiment of the present invention; notice that it ties into the above scheme at species 14.
• 4-vinyl azetidinone 23 is silylated to provide the N-silyl species 24.
• the groups R' on the silyl radical are lower alkyl having from 1-6 carbon atoms, especially preferred triorganosilyl groups are trimethylsilyl and t-butyl-dimethylsilyl.
• the silylation (23 ⁇ 24) is achieved by treating 23 in a solvent such as DMF, DMSO or HMPA with the silylating agent of choice, dimethyl t-butylsilyl Chloride, and a base such as Et 3 N, pyridine and N,N-dimethylaniline at a temperature of from -10° to 30°C for from 1 to 8 hours.
• Species 24 is alkylated to form 25 or 26 and this alkylation is conducted exactly as described above for the alkylation 7 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 9. It should be noted here that the reactions (24 - 25) and (25 - 26) represent convenient opportunities to separate species 25 and 26 into their racemic diastereoisomers if desired. The removal of the N-triorganosilyl group is accomplished in reaction 26 - 27 by mild acid catalyzed solvolysis.
• the halo sulfide species 28 is obtained from 27 by treating 27 in a solvent such as methylene chloride, THF or glyme with the reagent XSR 8 wherein R 8 has previously been defined and X is halogen such as chloro or bromo at a temperature of from -50° to 50°C for from 1 to 16 hours.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, THF or glyme
• XSR 8 wherein R 8 has previously been defined and X is halogen such as chloro or bromo at a temperature of from -50° to 50°C for from 1 to 16 hours.
• the vinyl sulfide intermediate 14 which is common to the above illustrated scheme of total synthesis is obtained from 28 by elimination of HX on treatment of 28 with a base such as 1,5-diazabicycio[5 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 0]undec-5-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicycio[4-3-0]non-5-ene, (DBN), 1,4-diazabicycio[2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2]octane, (DABCO), or silver fluoride in a solvent such as DMSO, pyridine DMF or HMPA at a temperature of from -20° to 50°C for from 4 to 16 hours.
• a base such as 1,5-diazabicycio[5 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 0]undec-5-ene (DBU), 1,5-diazabicycio[4-3-0]non-5-ene, (DBN), 1,4-diazabicycio[2 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2]octane, (DA
• HSR 8 11 ⁇ 12
• XSR 8 XSR 8 (27 ⁇ 28)
• ⁇ phenyl
• PBN p-nitrobenzyl
• X chloro or bromo
• R 6 is hydrogen or methyl and R 8 is selected from as well as the compound having the structure:
• suitable alkylating agents for establishing R 6 and/or R 7 at ring position 6 (7 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 9) are:
• the compounds of the present invention may also generally be represented by the following structural formula: wherein R 3 ' is hydrogen, or, is representatively selected to provide the pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester moiety known in the bicyclic ⁇ -lactam antibiotic art.
• the radical represented by -COOR 3 ' is, inter alia, -COOH (R 3 ' is hydrogen) and all radicals known to be effective as pharmaceutically acceptable ester radical in the bicyclic ⁇ -lactam antibiotic art, such as the cephalosporins and penicillins and the nuclear analogues thereof.
• Suitable ester radicals (R 3 ' include conventional protecting or carboxyl blocking groups.
• the term "blocking group" as utilized herein is employed in the same manner and in accordance with the teaching of U.S. Patent 3,697,515.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of the present invention falling in this class are given below.
• Silyl esters under this category of blocking groups, may conveniently be prepared from a halosilane of the formula: wherein X' is a halogen such as chloro or bromo and R 4 is alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, t-butyl.
• esters of interest are the above-listed starting materials and final products having the -COOR 3 ' group at the 2-position; wherein R 3 ' is alkyl having 1-6 carbon atoms, straight or branched, such as methyl, ethyl and t-butyl; carbonylmethyl, including phenacyl; aminoalkyl including 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-diethylaminoethyl; alkanoyloxyalkyl wherein the alkanoyloxy portion is straight or branched and has 1-6 carbon atoms and the alkyl portion has 1-6 carbon atoms, such as pivaloyloxymethyl; haloalkyl wherein halo is chloro, and the alkyl portion is straight or branched having 1-6 carbon atoms, e.g., 2,2,2-trichloroethyl; alkenyl having
• the most preferred -COOR 3 ' radicals of the present invention are those wherein R 3 ' is hydrogen; loweralkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms; lower alkenyl such as 3-methylbutenyl and 4-butenyl; benzyl and substituted benzyl such as p-nitrobenzyl; pivaloyloxymethyl, 3-phthalidyl; and phenacyl.
• the products of this invention (I) form a wide variety of pharmacologically acceptable salts with inorganic and organic bases; these include, for example, metal salts derived from alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates and salts derived from primary, secondary or tertiary amines such as monoalkylamines, dialkylamines, trialkylamines, lower alkanolamines, di-lower- alkanolamines, lower alkylenediamines, N,N-diaralkyl lower alkylenediamines, aralkylamines, amino substituted lower alkanols, N,N-di-lower alkylamino substituted lower alkanols, amino-, polyamino-and guanidino-substituted lower alkanoic acids and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic amines.
• metal salts derived from alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates and
• Representative examples include salts derived from sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, trimethylamine, triethylamine, piperidine, morpholine, quinine, lysine, protamine, arginine, procaine, ethanolamine, morphine, benzylamine, ethylenediamine, N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, dimethylaminoethanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol, theophylline and N-methylglucamine.
• Acid addition salts e.g., with hydrochloric tartaric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, toluene-p-sulphonic and methane sulphonic acids may also be employed.
• the salts can be mono-salts such as the monosodium salt obtained by treating one equivalent of sodium hydroxide with one equivalent of the product (I), also mixed di-salts. Such salts may be obtained by treating one equivalent of a base having a divalent cation, such as calcium hydroxide, with one equivalent of the product (I).
• the salts of this invention are pharmacologically acceptable nontoxic derivatives which can be used as the active ingredient in suitable unit-dosage pharmaceutical forms. Also, they may be combined with other drugs to provide compositions having a broad spectrum of activity.
• the compounds of the present invention are valuable antimicrobial substances which are active against various gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
• the free acid, free base, and especially the salts thereof such as amine and metal salts, particularly the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts, are useful bactericides and can be used for removing susceptible pathogens from dental and medical equipment for separating microorganisms, and for therapeutic use in humans and animals.
• pharmacologically acceptable salts with inorganic and organic bases such as those known in the art and used for the administration of penicillins and cephalosporins can be utilized.
• salts such as alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts, and primary, secondary and tertiary amine salts can be used for this purpose.
• These salts can be combined with .pharmaceutically acceptable liquid and solid vehicles to form suitable dosage unit forms such as pills, tablets, capsules, suppositories, syrups and elixirs which can be prepared in accordance with procedures well known in this art.
• the novel compounds are valuable antibiotics active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and accordingly, find utility in human and veterinary medicine.
• the compounds of this invention can therefore be used as antibacterial drugs for treating infections caused by gram positive or gram-negative bacteria, for example against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhosa, Pseudomonas and Bacterium proteus.
• the antibacterials of the invention may further be utilized as additives to animal feeding-stuffs, for preserving foodstuffs and disinfectants.
• aqueous compositions in concentrations ranging from 0:1 to 100 parts of antibiotic per million parts of solution in order to destroy and inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria on medical and dental equipment and as bactericides in industrial applications, for example in waterbased paints and in the white water of paper mills to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.
• the products of this invention may be used alone or in combination as an active ingredient in any one of a variety of pharmaceutical preparations.
• These antibiotics and their corresponding salts may be employed in capsule form or as tablets, powders or liquid solutions or as suspensions or elixirs. They may be administered orally, intravenously or intramuscularly.
• compositions are preferably presented in a form suitable for absorption by the gastrointestinal tract.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose presentation form, and may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example, syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, or polyvinylpyrrolidone; fillers for example, lactose, sugar, maizestarch, calcium phosphate, sorbitol or glycine; lubricants, for example, magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol, silica; disintegrants, for example, potato starch or acceptable wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of aqueous or oily suspension, solution, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product, for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicles before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminum stearate gel or hydrogenated edible oils, for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene _qlycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid.
• Suppositories will contain conventional suppository bases, e.g. cocoa butter or other glyceride.
• compositions for injection may be presented in unit dose form in ampules, or in multidose containers with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.
• compositions may also be prepared in suitable forms for absorption through the mucous membranes of the nose and throat or bronchial tissues and may conveniently take the form of powder or liquid sprays or inhalants, lozenges and throat paints.
• the preparations may be presented as individual capsules, in liquid or semi-solid form, or may be used as drops.
• Topical applications may be formulated in hydrophobic or hydrophilic bases as ointments, creams, lotions, paints and powders.
• compositions may include other ingredients such as stabilizers, binders, antioxidants, preservatives, lubricators, suspending agents, viscosity agents or flavoring agents.
• other active ingredients such as stabilizers, binders, antioxidants, preservatives, lubricators, suspending agents, viscosity agents or flavoring agents.
• there may also be included in the composition other active ingredients to provide a broader spectrum of antibiotic activity.
• composition may, for example, be formulated as an intramammary preparation in either long acting or quick-release bases.
• the dosage to be administered depends to a large extent upon the condition of the subject being treated and the weight of the host, the route and frequency of administration, the parenteral route being preferred for generalized infections and the oral route for intestinal infections.
• a daily oral dosage consists of from 5 to 600 mg. of active ingredient per kg. of body weight of the subject in one or more applications per day.
• a preferred daily dosage for adult humans lies in the range of from 15 to 240 mg. of active ingredient per kg. of body weight.
• compositions may be administered in several unit dosage forms as, for example, in solid or liquid orally ingestible dosage form.
• the compositions per unit dosage, whether liquid or solid may contain from 0.1% to 99% of active material, the preferred range being from 10-60%.
• the composition will generally contain from 15 mg. to 1500 mg. of the active ingredient; however, in general, it is preferable to employ a dosage amount in the range of from 250 mg. to 1000 mg.
• the unit dosage is usually the pure compound in a slightly acidified sterile water solution or in the form of a soluble powder intended for solution.
• the chlorosulfonylisocyanate solution is added dropwise to the acetoxybutadiene solution by means of a Teflon (Trade. Mark) tube immersed in the CSI solution and pressurized with N,. The addition takes 10 minutes. Little or no color is seen and the reaction is stirred at -20°C for 0.5 hour. The solution is clear and has a light yellow color.
• a solution of 2 g sodium sulfite and 5 g K 2 HP0 4 in 20 ml H 2 0 is prepared during the above 0.5 hour reaction time and is cooled in an ice bath; 20 ml of ether is added and the mixture is vigorously stirred in an ice bath. At the end of the 30 minute reaction time, the reaction mixture is transferred, again using N 2 pressure and the Teflon tube, from the reaction flask which is maintained in the -20°C bath, to the vigorously stirred hydrolysis mixture. Rapid dropwise addition is completed in 5 minutes. The hydrolysis is allowed to continue for 5 additional minutes.
• the hydrolysis mix has a pH of 6-8, preferably pH 8.
• the phases are separated, leaving a yellowish-orange gum with the aqueous phase.
• the ether phase is dried directly with MgS0 4 .
• the aqueous/gum phase is extracted three more times with 50 ml portions of ether, each being added to the initial ether/MgSO 4 .
• the dried extracts are filtered and concentrated under a N 2 stream to 5 ml; a portion of the product is crystalline at this stage.
• reaction mixture is stirred at -78°C for 15 min. and allowed to warm to 25°C and stirred for 15 min.
• the reaction mixture is diluted with EtOAc, washed once with pH 7 phosphate buffer then dried and evaporated.
• the residue is chromatographed on silica gel using 25% EtOAc/C 6 H 6 as eluant to give 8-oxo-2,2-dimethyl-7 ⁇ -isopropyl-3-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.O]-octane.
• reaction mixture is poured into a stirred ice-cold mixture of 69 g K 2 HPO 4 ⁇ 500 ml H 2 O and 700 ml ethyl acetate (EA).
• EA ethyl acetate
• the layers are separated, and the aqueous one is saturated with NaCl and re-extracted with additional EA.
• the combined organic layers are washed twice with brine, dried over anhydrous M g SO 4 and filtered.
• the filtrate is concentrated under a N 2 stream and then pumped on high vacuum to give crude 1.
• the ether layer is extracted with 150 ml 0.25 N HCI, and then with 200 ml brine. Each aqueous layer is then backwashed successively with 100 ml Et z O.
• the combined Et 2 0 layers are dried over anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated under a N 2 stream.
• the crystalline residue is slurried in a small amount of ether, filtered, and the pale yellow crystals are dried under high vacuum to give 4.7 g p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonylaminoethanethiol (65% .yield).
• n.m.r. (CDCI 3 )
• reaction mixture is poured into a stirred ice-cold mixture of 12.6 ml 1 MKH 2 PO 4 160 ml H 2 O ⁇ 500 ml (EA). After separation of the layers, the aqueous one is saturated with sodium chloride and re-extracted with EA. The combined organic layers are extracted once with brine, dried over anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered and concentrated under a N 2 stream followed by pumping under high vacuum to provide crude 2.
• Total heating time is approximately 2-1/2 hours.
• the clear yellow reaction mixture is removed from the oil bath and placed under a stream of N 2 which instantaneously causes clouding. After concentration to a yellow oil, the residue is dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 , dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , filtered, and concentrated under a N 2 stream to give crude 3.
• a mixture of 23.4 g of 1', 10 g SeO 2 , and 30 ⁇ 40 ml of xylene is stirred in a flask immersed in an oil bath. The bath temperature is raised over 1 hour to 130-135°. A gradual darkening of the reaction mixture is noted, and after a total of 4 hours at 130-135 0 , most of the insoluble residue is black Se°.
• the mixture is cooled, MgS0 4 is added to remove the water, and Celite is added to aid in filtration. The mixture is filtered through Celite and the cake washed with xylene and a small portion of EtOAc. Final volume: 60 ml.
• the reaction mixture is stirred for 10 minutes at -20°C., then 1/2 hour at 0°C and finally 1 hour at 25°C.
• the pyridine hydrochloride is filtered under N 2 and washed with 20 ml THF.
• the filtrate is concentrated under N 2 stream followed by pumping on high vacuum.
• the resulting yellow foam is swirled in 25 ml anhydrous THF, and a small amount of orange-red insoluble material is filtered off under N 2 .
• the filtrate is reconstituted as above to a yellow foam.
• the fractions containing pure 5 are combined, concentrated under a N 2 stream, and pumped on high vacuum to give 5.
• the stoppered reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature in the dark for one hour and then poured into 20 ml cold water - 30 ml EA. After separation of the layers, the aqueous one is extracted two times with EA and one time with CHCl 3 . Each organic layer is extracted one time with H 2 0 and one time with brine.
• the combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgS0 4 , filtered, and concentrated under a N 2 stream followed by pumping on high vacuum to give crude 6.
• Residual ether is removed under vacuum and the aqueous solution applied to an XAD-2 column (20 x 140 mm). Fractions of 100 drops (6-7 ml) are collected, with continuous UV monitoring, by elution with deionized water. Emergence of strongly UV absorbing material begins around fractions 3-5 and is usually complete by fractions 25-30. Early fractions are examined by UV to exclude those few deemed too strongly absorbing in the 270 ⁇ 280 m ⁇ region. The remaining fractions are combined and lyophilized. The residue is evaluated by dissolving in 10.0 ml of deionized water and measuring the UV absorption at 298 m ⁇ indicating a 10-30% yield of desired product.
• Example specifically illustrates a preferred stereo-selective process embodiment of the present invention.
• the starting material is pure optical isomer of 4-vinyl-2-azetidinone (23, above).
• a solution of the N-p-nitroCBZ cysteamine disulfide, 96 mg (0.19 mmoles) in 1.5 ml THF (freshly distilled from LiAIH 4 ) is cooled to -25°C and treated dropwise with stirring with 0.5 ml of a solution of 135 mg Br 2 in sieve dried CCl 4 (2.2 ml final volume; portion added is equivalent to 0.19 mmoles of Br 2 ).
• the resultant orange solution is stirred at -20°C for 5 min. then treated with 54.0 mg of the vinyl azetidinone, 27, in 0.5 ml sieve dried CH 2 Cl 2 .
• the color lightens to yellow.
• the mixture is allowed to come to 0°C over 5 ⁇ 10 minutes.
• bromine (1.21 ml, .022 mmole) is added to a solution of p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonylaminoethanethiol (1 1.28 g, .044 mole) in 100 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran.
• the cooling bath is removed, and the cold solution is stirred for 15 minutes.
• the solution is then diluted with 400 ml ethyl acetate and washed with 200 ml 1 M pH 7 phosphate buffer, 200 ml 1 M dibasic potassium phosphate, water (2 x 200 ml, 100 ml) and 200 ml brine. It is dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered.
• Example 5 The procedure of Example 5, substituting A for 8 - oxo - 2,2,7 - trimethyl - 3 - oxa - 1 - azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane, is carried out. Upon purification by silica gel chromatography, the title compound is obtained.
• Example 6 Following the procedure described above for the preparation of 6 - methyl - 6 - hydroxymethyl - 7 - oxo - 1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept - 2 - ene - 2 - carboxylic acid, except that in Example 6 an equivalent amount of 8 - oxo - 2,2 - dimethyl - 7 - hydroxymethyl - 3 - oxa - 1 - azabicyclo-[4.2.0]octane rather than the 2,2,7 - trimethyl species is taken; the title compound is obtained when the procedures of Examples 6, 7 and 12 are followed.
• Example 19 Using the procedure of Example 5 but substituting an equivalent amount of 8 - oxo - 2,2 - dimethyl - 7a - benzyl - 3 - oxa - 1 - azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane (Example 19) for 8 - oxo - 2,2,7 - trimethyl - 3 - oxa - 1 - azabicyclo[4.2.0], and an equivalent amount of acetaldehyde for formaldehyde, there is obtained, upon purification by silica gel chromatography, the title compounds.
• a solution of lithium azide prepared by stirring over night a mixture of 170 mg sodium azide and 100 mg lithium chloride in 3 ml of anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide, followed by filtration, is added to 160 mg of 8 - oxo - 2,2 - dimethyl - 7a(1 - mesyloxyethyl) - 3 - oxa - 1 - azabicyclo - [4.2.0]octane and stirred under nitrogen at 25°C for eight hours or until the reaction is judged complete by tlc.
• Example 21 When in Example 21 a an equivalent solution of o-nitrobenzyl mercaptan in DMF is substituted for the lithium azide solution, the title compound is obtained.
• Step E an equivalent solution of 2 - (p - nitrobenzyloxycarbonylamino) - 1,1 - dimethylethylsulfenyl bromide, prepared by cleavage of bis(2 - (p - nitrobenzyloxycarbonylamino) - 1,1 - dimethylethylthio)mercury with bromine in THF/ether at O O C., is substituted for the solution of 2 - (p - nitrobenzyloxycarbonylamino)ethylsulfenyl bromide, the title compound is obtained.
• a solution of 5 mg of 1 (prepared from the azetidinones of Example 25 and the procedure of Example 12) in 0.6 ml of dioxane is irradiated for one hour in a pyrex (trade Mark) vessel under nitrogen with nitrogen being slowly bubbled through (1 buble per 5 sec.) using 300 nm sources in a Rayonet apparatus, to give the title compound as a mixture of thiol-thione tautomers.
• Example 29 If the solution obtained after irradiation in Example 29 is immediately treated with 0.05 ml of ethanol, 0.35 ml deionized water, 0.01 ml of 1.OM K Z HP0 4 , and 5 mg of 10% Pd/C and then treated as in Example 12, Step K, except that instead of purification on the XAD-2 column the ether extracted aqueous solution is cooled in ice, carefully acidified to pH 2 and extracted with ethyl acetate, and the combined extracts then washed once with saturated NaCl solution, dried with MgS0 4 and concentrated under a stream of N 2 , the title compound is obtained.
• Amidine embodiments of the present invention represent a preferred class. With reference to the generic representation of the compounds of the present invention (Structure I, above), such embodiments are possible when the radical -SR 8 bears an amino functional group.
• Step K (190 mg) is dissolved in pH 7 0.1N phosphate buffer (13 ml) and cooled in an ice bath with magnetic stirring. The solution is adjusted to pH 8.5 using 2.5N sodium hydroxide solution dispensed from an automatic burette. While maintaining a pH of 8.5, ethyl acetimidate hydrochloride (400 mg) is added portionwise over a few minutes. After an additional 40 minutes the solution is adjusted to pH 7.0 with 2.5N hydrochloric acid. The solution is then chromatographed on Dowex 50-X8 resin (250 cc, Na + cycle) and is eluted with water. The N-acetimidoyl derivative is eluted and lyophilized.
• Step K (80.0 mg) is suspended in 40 ml tetrahydrofuran (THF) under a N 2 atmosphere and is concentrated to 10 ml; hexamethyldisilazane (1.0ml) and trimethylchlorosilane (300 ⁇ l) is added. The mixture is reacted for 20 mins at 25°C with vigorous stirring. The suspension is then centrifuged to remove ammonium chloride. The supernatant is evaporated to provide the title compound under a nitrogen stream for future reaction.
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• reaction solution is rapidly added to a tetrahydrofuran -pH 7, 0.1 N phosphate buffer (1:1) solution (50 ml).
• the mixture is then concentrated under vacuum to 10 ml to give a homogeneous solution.
• the solution is washed twice with ethyl acetate (2 x 5 mi) and ether (2 x 5 ml) and briefly pumped under vacuum.
• This aqueous solution is then chromatographed on an XAD-2 resin column (60 ml bed). The product is eluted in 10% aqueous tetrahydrofuran (following water elution) to give the captioned product.
• Step K (105 mg) is dissolved in pH 7 0.1N phosphate buffer (5 ml) and to this is added a solution of ethyl N-tert-butyl formimidate (290 mg) in tetrahydrofuran (1 ml). The pH of the solution is adjusted to and maintained at 8.5 using an autoburette dispensing 1N NaOH. After 30 minutes, the pH is adjusted to 7.0 with 2.5N HCI. The solution is chromatographed on an ice water jacketed column of Dowex 50-X4 resin (53 cc, Na + cycle) and eluted with deionized water. The fractions containing the title product are combined and lyophilized.
• Example 7 Following the procedures described in Example 7 followed by Example 12 - Steps A-K except that in Example 7 an equivalent amount of 8-oxo-2,2-dimethyl-7-ethyl-3-oxa-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane rather than the 2,2,7-trimethyl species is taken, the title compound is obtained.
• One such unit dosage form consists in mixing 3-(2-aminoethylthio)-6-hydroxymethyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid with 20 mg of lactose and. 5 mg of magnesium stearate and placing the 145 mg mixture into a No. 3 gelatin capsule.
• other dosage forms can be put up in No. 3 gelatin capsules and should it be necessary to mix more than 145 mg of ingredients together, larger capsules such as compressed tablets and pills can also be prepared.
• the following examples are illustrative of the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations:
• the active ingredient is blended with the dicalcium phosphate, lactose and about half of the cornstarch.
• the mixture is then granulated with 15% cornstarch paste (6 mg) and rough-screened. It is dried at 45°C and screened again through No. 16 screen (U.S. Series).
• the balance of the cornstarch and magnesium stearate is added and the mixture is compressed into tablets, approximately 1.27 cm in diameter each weighing 800 mg.
• the active ingredient in the above formulations may be administered alone or in combination with other biologically active ingredients as, for example, with other antibacterial agents such as lincomycin, a penicillin, streptomycin, novobiocin, genatmicin, neomycin, colistin and kanamycin, or with other therapeutic agents such as probenecid.
• other antibacterial agents such as lincomycin, a penicillin, streptomycin, novobiocin, genatmicin, neomycin, colistin and kanamycin, or with other therapeutic agents such as probenecid.

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