EA043097B1 - DECORATIVE PANEL AND DECORATIVE FLOOR COVERING CONSISTING OF THESE PANELS - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a panel, in particular to a decorative panel, a floor panel, a ceiling panel or a wall panel. The invention also relates to a floor covering consisting of a plurality of interconnected panels.

With the constant improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for living conditions are getting higher and higher, and the market demand for various building materials and decorative materials is increasing. Floor panels are widely used in various fields, including home bedrooms, parks, car washes and so on. Floor panels as such are constantly being improved, with glued panels and vinyl rolls being increasingly replaced by fixed panels. These fixing panels are equipped with connecting profiles, which greatly facilitate installation (dismantling). However, a potential disadvantage of these known panels is that these panels are still less preferred than classic vinyl roll in (wet) environments where relatively high hygiene standards come into play, such as hospitals, due to the risk of bacterial growth between the panels. There is a need to improve existing panels so that they still have the known advantages of these panels while reducing the risk of bacterial growth in and/or between said panels in order to expand the applicability of the panels.

The aim of the invention is to satisfy the above requirements.

The above object of the invention is achieved by providing a decorative panel, in particular a floor panel, a ceiling panel or a wall panel, comprising a base layer having a top side and a bottom side, a decorative top structure fixed on said top side of the base layer, a first edge panel, containing the first connecting profile, and the second edge of the panel, containing the second connecting profile, made with the possibility of mutual engagement with the specified first connecting profile of the adjacent panel, both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction, while at least one antimicrobial agent is applied as a coating on at least part of the first connection profile and/or at least part of the second connection profile.

The connecting profiles preferably form an integral part of the base layer and/or are formed (molded) in the material of the base layer. The use of at least one antimicrobial agent significantly reduces the risk of bacterial growth and/or formation of microbial habitats on the panel and between the fixed panels, which contributes to the safety of the panels for health and increases the usability of the panels. In a preferred embodiment, the antimicrobial agent is at least one antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of

-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole);

(benzothiazol-2-ylthio)methylthiocyanate (T SMTS);

-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol (tebuconazole);

-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole);

2-butylbenzo[d]isothiazol-3-one (BBIT);

2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (OIT);

2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzoimidazole (thiabendazole);

3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate (IPBC);

4,5-dichloro-2-octylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (DCOIT));

10,10-hydroxybisphenoxarzine (OBPA);

carbendazim;

chlorocresol;

fludioxonil;

K-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide (folpet);

p-[(diiodomethyl)sulfonyl]toluene;

zinc pyrithione (zinc pyrithione (Zpt));

terbutrin and thiram.

Preferably, at least one antimicrobial agent is derived from zinc pyrithione (or zinc pyrithione), which is a zinc coordination complex. It has fungistatic (that is, inhibits the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (suppresses the division of bacterial cells) properties. Alternatively, at least one antimicrobial agent is based on and/or may be derived from K-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) and is recommended for use in severe and complex applications, especially when exposed to high levels UV radiation. It is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent used to prevent fungal, bacterial and algae deterioration of polymers such as PVC, polyurethane, silicone, polyolefin, polyester and acrylic base layers used in floor panels.

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Preferably, a plurality of different, mixed antimicrobials are used which can significantly improve the long-term protection of the panel, in particular when antimicrobials with different water and/or plasticizer solubility profiles are used. For example, a mixture of BBIT and Zpt provides significantly better panel protection than using OVPA as an antimicrobial agent alone. Mixed antimicrobials are specifically used to outperform plasticizer soluble antimicrobials in applications where antimicrobial leaching can shorten the life expectancy of flexible vinyl products (PVC products).

The panel according to the invention may contain one or more of the following layers, which are usually located when viewed from top to bottom:

1) protective coating: adds shine and provides wear resistance. This layer is usually immune to microbial growth;

2) an underlayment layer under the protective coating, which could be, for example, a PVC foam layer: this provides a cushioning effect to the panel, but also creates an environment for bacteria to grow;

3) Cardboard Interlayer: This layer can be used to control moisture transfer and is designed to absorb moisture. Usually this layer contains food for microorganisms;

4) back layer: this layer is often used for sound and humidity control, and is usually formed from a foam layer sensitive to microbial growth;

5) adhesive layer: this layer usually provides a significant amount of nutrients for microorganisms.

The subfloor supporting the panel is often made of concrete or wood and can also be a source of moisture from the bottom up to the panel. Antimicrobial additives are added to most of the above components. Preferably, the base layer is at least partially composed of at least one polymer and/or at least one plasticizer. This polymer may be based on a renewable source (also referred to as bio-based plastic) and/or may be formed from a biodegradable polymer and/or a recycled polymer. Examples of suitable - usually non-biodegradable - bio-based plastics are bio-based polyethylene (bio-PE), bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) or polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT). Examples of suitable - usually biodegradable - bio-based plastics are polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and starch. Preferably, the polymer is a polyolefin and/or at least one thermoplastic such as, for example, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PUR), polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), isotactic polypropylene, polybutylene and/or a copolymer, preferably an ethylene-propylene copolymer. These polymeric materials are generally relatively easy to melt and easy to process, for example by extrusion.

It may be preferable that the base layer contains an alloy of a polymer matrix and elastic particles dispersed in said matrix, the elastic particles being bonded to the polymer matrix via a covalent bond. Thus, the base layer material is not a mechanically produced mixture, but rather a chemically produced alloy of at least two compounds, in particular a polymer matrix material and an elastic material, chemically bonded to each other. This chemical (covalent (atomic)) binding is usually carried out during the preparation of the base layer composition. In this way, a block copolymer is formed which is heat-resistant, strong and, in addition, gives the base layer the required flexibility (elasticity) and impact resistance. In addition, a balance was found in the mixture obtained between functional properties, which are usually predominantly determined by elastic particles, and technological properties, which are usually predominantly determined by the matrix material. The matrix material is also referred to as the hard phase of the base layer, and the dispersed elastic particles are often referred to as the soft phase of the base layer.

Elastic particles have greater elasticity than the matrix material. Usually, elastic particles contain at least one elastomer. An elastomer is a relatively flexible polymer. More specifically, an elastomer is typically a viscoelastic (i.e., both tough and resilient) polymer and typically has relatively low intermolecular forces, typically low Young's modulus, and high fracture strain compared to other materials. The elastomer may be a crosslinked polymer. In a crosslinked polymer, the individual polymer chains are linked together (crosslinked), which usually results in a single macromolecule. These chemical cross-links can be conventional cross-links that are covalent and chemically link the polymer chains together into a single molecule. However, chemical crosslinks can also be, and preferably are, formed by reversible crosslinks that use non-covalent or secondary interactions between polymer chains to link them. These interactions include hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding. The advantage of using non-covalent interactions for image

- 2 043097 cross-linking is that when the material is heated, the cross-links are destroyed. This allows the material to be processed and, most importantly, reused, and when the molten material cools again, the cross-links are restored. Examples of suitable polymers are polyisoprene, natural rubber, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene and polyurethanes. Preferably, the resilient particles comprise ethylene-propylene rubber and/or ethylene-octene rubber and/or ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM). These materials have relatively good elastic and technological properties.

Preferably, any isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) commonly used to form high impact polypropylene blends having a melt flow rate (MFR) of about 0.001 to about 500 g/10 min ( 230°C, load 2160 g, according to ASTM D 1238). Preferably, the isotactic polypropylene will have an MFR of from about 0.01 to about 200 g/10 min. More preferably from about 20 to about 200 g/10 min. And even more preferably from about 80 to about 200 g/10 min. For the purposes of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, the term approximately means that the indicated values do not have to be exact, and they can be up to 10% greater or less than the value shown. Generally, solid isotactic polypropylenes, ie polypropylenes more than 90% insoluble in hot heptane, are preferably used in the impact resistant polypropylene composition of the present invention. The specific density of polypropylene is not critical. Preferred isotactic polypropylenes are typically crystalline and have a density in the range of about 0.90 to about 0.94 g/cm ³ . In addition, the base layer composite material, also referred to as an alloy, may contain several polypropylenes having different melt flow rates to obtain an impact-resistant polypropylene blend having desired mechanical property characteristics. Within the scope of the present invention, the term isotactic polypropylene is intended to include homopolypropylene as well as propylene-ethylene copolymers containing up to 8% by weight of polymerized ethylene or other alpha-olefins.

Ethylene-propylene rubbers (EPR) can be used to make up at least part of the elastic particles. EPR is suitable for blending and covalent bonding, for example, with a polypropylene composition constituting a polymer matrix material. The term elastomer and its derivatives will be used interchangeably with the term rubber and its corresponding derivatives.

Examples of ethylene propylene rubbers (EPRs) that are particularly useful in the present invention include saturated ethylene propylene binary copolymer rubbers (EPMs) and ethylene propylene non-conjugated diene terpolymer rubbers (EPDMs) having the above characteristics and containing from about 1 to about 5 wt. .% of a diene such as 5-ethylidene-2-norborene, 5-methylene-2-norborene, 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and the like. As used in this patent specification and in the appended claims, the term ethylene propylene rubber (abbreviated as EPR) is intended to cover all of the above types of rubbers, namely EPR, EPM or EPDM, as well as mixtures thereof.

While any of the EPRs described above may preferably be used in the present invention, an EPR with a lower Tg (glass transition temperature) is preferred. This is because lower Tg EPRs perform better in simple binary mixtures of i-PP and EPR. For example, the impact properties of ICP according to Izod and Gardner, which are composed of 80 wt % i-PP and 20 wt % EPR, are significantly improved by lowering the Tg of EPR. As the Tg of any i-PP and EPR binary blends decreases from about -37 to about -50°C, the Gardner impact resistance measured at -29°C increases. At the same time, the stiffness, determined by the thermal deformation temperature (HDT) and the flexural modulus, remains practically unchanged. Thus, the most preferred EPRs of the present invention will have the lowest Tg achievable for that EPR.

The Tg of a polymer can be readily measured by methods well known in the art, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) techniques. Within the scope of the present invention, Tg refers to a Tg value obtained using the DMTA method based on a tan δ peak well known in the art.

The Tg of EPR can be easily adjusted by changing its ethylene content. The lowest Tg for commercially produced EPRs, about -50° C., is in the range of about 35 to about 70 weight percent ethylene. Above this range, Tg increases due to the development of the crystallinity of the polypropylene. Similarly, Tg also increases due to the development of polypropylene crystallinity when the ethylene content falls below this range. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the relationship between Tg and ethylene content can be easily measured and is a continuous function in the form of a smooth curve. Therefore, there is no

- 3 043097 There is a well-defined point above or below which Tg changes abruptly as the ethylene content changes. Also, the catalyst used to make the EPR will determine the amount of ethylene needed to get the lowest Tg. For example, when using single site catalysts based on vanadium or metallocene EPR having the lowest Tg will have an ethylene content of approximately 45-55 wt.%, and Tg in this case is approximately -50°C. On the other hand, with traditional Ziegler-Natta titanium based catalysts, which are typically multisite, the EPR having the lowest Tg will have an ethylene content of about 65-68 wt.% and a Tg of about -47°C.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the EPR of the present invention will have a polymerized ethylene content of from about 35% to about 70% by weight, the term being roughly used to mean that a variation above 70% or below 35% is acceptable provided that Tg The EPR is within 5° of the minimum value obtained with the catalyst used.

High density polyethylenes, traditionally known as HDPE, as used herein, include those polyethylenes having a density equal to or greater than 0.940 g/cm ³ . High density polyethylenes suitable for use in the present invention as a high density polyethylene (hereinafter HDPE) matrix material preferably include those having a density of 0.940 g/cm ³ or more, preferably 0.945 g/cm ³ or more, more preferably 0.950 g/cm ³ or more, and most preferably 0.955 g/cm ³ or more. Such HDPEs typically include ethylene homopolymers and ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers (preferably having 3 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 3 to 8 carbon atoms). Preferred alpha-olefins are propylene, butene-1, hexene-1, 4-methylpentene-1 and octene-1. Methods for preparing such polymers are well known in the art and include, for example, gas phase, slurry, and solution polymerization processes. The HDPE melt index, determined under conditions E according to ASTM D 1238, is typically 0.10 to 300 g/10 min, preferably 0.1 to 100 g/10 min, more preferably 0.1 to 10 g/10 min. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the HDPE is not critical, although if the HDPE's melt index is particularly low, it may be more desirable to use broader MWD HDPEs that are more shear thinner and less viscous under extrusion conditions to facilitate melt mixing. A suitable HDPE of this type has been found to be Exxon HDZ-126 which has a melt index as defined above about 0.35 g/10 min. and a density of 0.957 g/cm ³ .

As mentioned above, an ethylene-propylene copolymer (hereinafter referred to as either ethylene-propylene copolymer or EPC) can be used as a matrix material in the panel of the present invention. This EPC preferably contains from about 10 to about 30 wt.% polymerized ethylene and from about 90 to about 70 wt.% polymerized propylene. Preferably, the ethylene-propylene copolymer will have a polymerized ethylene content of from about 14 to about 27% by weight, and more preferably from about 14 to about 20% by weight. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the ethylene-propylene copolymer is preferably in the range of from about 50,000 to about 500,000, more preferably from about 75,000 to about 300,000, and most preferably from about 100,000 to about 200,000.

The ethylene propylene copolymer (EPC) according to the invention can be prepared using a metallocene or conventional Ziegler-Natta type catalysts. In either case, the polymerization can be carried out in the gas phase, in solution, or by slurry polymerization processes. For example, a satisfactory method for preparing an ethylene-propylene copolymer involves contacting ethylene and propylene monomers, under polymerization conditions and in such a ratio as to obtain the desired polymerized composition, with a metallocene catalyst that produces isotactic polypropylene having a molecular symmetry greater than about 80%. An example of a metallocene catalyst is activated dimethylsilanylbis(indenyl)hafniumdimethyl.

Alternatively, the EPC of the invention can be prepared using a conventional Ziegler-Natta catalyst which can produce similar isotactic polypropylenes.

The base layer preferably contains at least one mineralizer selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium chloride (CaCl ₂ ), aluminum sulfate (Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ ) and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH) ₂ . The panel according to the invention, in particular the base layer of the panel, may comprise cellulose-based particles, in particular lignocellulose-based particles, in particular fibers. Preferably, the cellulose-based particles include wood, straw and/or hemp. Previous studies show that wood and hemp are chemically heterogeneous, and their components can be divided into two groups: structural components of high molecular weight natural polymer substances (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin), which are the main components of the cell wall, and non-structural components with low molecular weight

- 4 043097 (extractive and inorganic components). Both wood and wood fibers contain many chemical constituents, but sugar has been found to be the main inhibitor of base layer hydration. Some chemical treatments are preferably applied to natural fibers, such as wood fibers or hemp fibers, before they are mixed with the (originally liquid) polymer. The compressive strength and other mechanical properties of treated wood fiber composites are higher than those of untreated fibers. Chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium chloride (CaCl ₂ ) and aluminum sulfate (Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ ), sometimes also referred to as mineralizing agents (mineralizers), usually improve the compatibility of the base layer and plant-derived aggregates. You can also use complex mineralizers, such as Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ + Ca(OH)2. When Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ is used as a mineralizer, it inhibits the release of sugar from organic aggregates and reduces hygroscopicity and water absorption. Al ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ in the form of a hydrate is characteristic of an acidic reaction in water, and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is characteristic of an alkaline reaction in water. Mineralization is achieved by increasing the efficiency of Al2(SO4)3, at least partially neutralizing the acidic environment caused by Al2(SO4)3, and improving the workability of the mixture. The mineralization of the wood aggregates also results in improved adhesion between the wood particles and the polymer, resulting in a more stable, stronger polymer.

As mentioned above, at least a portion of the cellulose-based particles is formed by fibers. It can also be imagined that at least a part of the cellulose-based particles is formed by powder, (wood) shavings, (wood) wool and/or (wood) chips. Instead of wood, other natural fibers such as hemp can also be used. The hemp-enriched polymer also exhibits a relatively good thermal insulation material, excellent water properties, excellent acoustic properties, and good fire resistance. In this case, hemp fire is usually used as a rough aggregate (the main component). As with wood, hemp shank is preferably mineralized with Al2(SO4)3, neutralized with Ca(OH) ₂ and mixed with the (initially flowable/liquid) polymer.

Preferably the base layer and/or the back layer contains at least one filler selected from the group consisting of: a mineral, preferably calcium carbonate; pigment, modifier, fiber, such as fiberglass, wood, straw and/or hemp. The fibers may be loose fibers and/or interconnected fibers resulting in a layer of woven or nonwoven material.

The base layer preferably contains at least one additional filler selected from the group consisting of steel, glass, polypropylene, wood, acrylic, alumina, curaua, graphite, cellulose, coir, kevlar, nylon, perlon, polyethylene, PVA, mineral wadding, sisal and furcrea fibres. This may further increase the strength of the panel and/or the water resistance and/or fire resistance of the panel itself.

Preferably the base layer contains sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). It has been found that the addition of CMC to the base layer (during manufacture) facilitates and even promotes the self-degradation of said polymer-based base layer, in particular the polymer, in an alkaline aqueous environment and at elevated temperature (200° C. or higher). Therefore, it will improve the biodegradability of the panel. At this elevated temperature, the CMC released two major volatile compounds, CO ₂ and acetic acid, creating a porous structure in the base layer. CMC also reacted with NaOH from sodium silicate, when used, to form three water-insensitive reaction solids, glycolate disodium salt, sodium glucoside salt, and sodium bicarbonate. Other water sensitive reaction solids such as sodium polysilicate and sodium carbonate have been prepared from sodium silicate hydrolysates.

Preferably the base layer contains microsilica. Microsilica, also known as microsilica dust, is an amorphous (non-crystalline) polymorph of silica, silica. It is an ultra-fine powder collected as a by-product in the manufacture of silicone and ferro-silicon alloy and is usually composed of spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm. By incorporating microsilica into the base layer, in particular a polymer, the water resistance as well as the flame retardant properties can be greatly improved. Microsilica can affect the compressive strength of the base layer, although as a result, the amount of microsilica is preferably limited to 10% by mass or less.

The main layer may contain iron oxide (Fe ₂ O ₃ ), preferably in an amount of less than 6% by weight. Iron oxide gives the base layer its color. In addition, at a very high temperature, iron oxide chemically reacts with calcium and aluminum, which may also be present in the base layer, to form tricalcium aluminoferrite, which material (tricalcium aluminoferrite) improves the hardness and strength of the base layer. Preferably, the amount of alumina (Al ₂ O ₃ ) in the base layer is 3 to 8% by weight. Preferably, the amount of calcium sulfate required for the above reaction is usually up to (and including) 0.5% by weight.

The base layer preferably contains fatty acids. Fatty acids can permeate through the channels (pores) of the crude minerals (if used) prior to grinding and will contribute to the (efficiency) of the grinding process to produce a powder for the mineral base layer.

The base layer may contain at least one alkali metal sulfate, such as magnesium sulfate. This usually speeds up the base layer production process.

Typically, the base layer contains at least one polymer, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and/or polyurethane (PUR), and/or thermoplastic polyolefin. The polymer used may be virgin, recycled, and/or a mixture of virgin and/or recycled polymeric material may be used. To facilitate further processing, it is preferable to use only one (single) polymeric material. To further reduce the density of the PS panel, it can be in the form of PS (EPS) foam, resulting in cost savings and easier handling of the panels. Other polymers, in particular thermoplastics, can also be used. It can also be imagined that the rubber parts (particles) are dispersed within at least one base layer to improve flexibility, at least to some extent. The at least one polymer, when used, can be applied within the base layer in the form of a sheet (closed layer), mesh (woven), non-woven material and/or in the form of individual polymer particles (such as fibers, beads, spheres, etc.) . In the case of a polymeric layer, the layer is preferably closed on both sides with a composite material and is therefore preferably embedded within said base layer.

Preferably the base layer contains perlite, preferably expanded (foamed) perlite. Perlite is an amorphous volcanic glass with a relatively high water content that is usually formed from the hydration of obsidian. Perlite has the unusual property of being highly expanded when heated sufficiently, which can greatly reduce the density of the base layer and hence the panel as such. Preferably, the base layer also contains foamed perlite with different particle sizes. Closed-cell expanded perlite can achieve a porosity (perlite) of 30-40%. Said perlite can be pre-treated with silicone solutions, sodium, potassium and lithium silicates.

In addition, the base layer may contain one or more additional materials, preferably containing surfactants (SAS), such as methylcellulose, Badimol plasticizing materials and other cationic SAS to improve the rheological properties of the mixture. The base layer may also contain bentonite, which is a finely divided natural product adapted to improve the rheological and watertight properties of the panel itself.

The base layer may also contain at least one flame retardant additive. This flame retardant is preferably formed from an organohalogen compound. Such compounds can remove reactive H and OH radicals during a fire. The organohalogen compound preferably contains bromine and/or chlorine. In terms of fire resistance, compared to organochlorine compounds such as PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl), an organobromine compound such as PBDE (polybrominated diphenyl ether) is recommended. Other examples of suitable brominated compounds are: tetrabromobisphenol A, decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca), octabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromodiphenyl ether, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), tribromophenol, bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A polycarbonate oligomer (TBBA or TVBPA), tetrabromobisphenol A epoxy oligomer ( TVBA or TVBPA) and tetrabromophthalic anhydride. Other examples of suitable chlorinated compounds are: chlorinated paraffin, bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno)cyclooctane, dodecachloride pentacyclodecane (dechlorane) and 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1, 4,4a,5,6,6a,7,10,10a,11,12,12a-dodecahydro-1,4,7,10-dimethanedibenzo[a,e]cyclooctene (dechloran plus). Although halogenated flame retardants are particularly effective, they generally have the disadvantage that toxic smoke can be generated in the event of a fire. Therefore, the use of one or more alternative, less toxic flame retardants, including intumescent (foaming) agents, can also be contemplated. The principle of operation of these alternative additives is based on the formation of a foam layer that acts as an oxygen barrier and therefore also has a flame retardant effect. Such intumescent additives usually contain melamine or a salt derived from it. An example of this is a mixture of polyphosphates (acid donor) in reaction with melamine (foaming agent) and carbon donors such as dipentaerythritol, starch or pentaerythritol. In the event of a fire, gaseous products such as carbon dioxide and ammonia gas are formed in this case. The formed foam layer is stabilized by crosslinking, as in the case of vulcanization. Other examples of suitable, relatively environmentally friendly melamine-based additives are melamine cyanurate, melamine polyphosphate and melamine phosphate.

To reduce weight and therefore cost, it may be preferable that the base layer be at least partially foamed. The foam structure may contain open pores (cells) and/or closed pores (cells).

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While the base layer(s) may be provided with one or more plasticizers such as phthalates to make the base layer(s) (and the panel as such) more flexible, it is preferred that each composite preferably does not contain any plasticizer to increase the rigidity of the base panel layer. which, in addition, is also favorable from an environmental point of view.

At least one reinforcing layer is preferably a layer of non-woven material or a layer of woven material, in particular a fabric, for example, made of glass fibers. They can have a thickness of 0.2-0.4 mm. It is also possible for each tile to comprise a plurality of (usually thinner) base layers stacked on top of each other, with at least one reinforcing layer located between two adjacent base layers. Preferably, the density of the reinforcing layer is preferably 1000 to 2000 kg/m ³ , preferably 1400 to 1900 kg/m ³ and more preferably 1400 to 1700 kg/m ³ . At least one reinforcing layer may contain natural fibers such as jute. At least one reinforcing layer contains synthetic fibres, in particular polymer fibres, such as nylon fibres.

Preferably, the base layer contains at least 50% by weight, preferably between 50 and 90% by weight, of the polymer. Preferably the base layer contains from 1 to 15% by weight of cellulose-based fibers. Preferably the base layer contains from 0 to 3% perlite by weight. Preferably the base layer contains from 1 to 8% by weight of the reinforcement layer.

In a preferred embodiment, at least one base layer has a density greater than 1 kg/m ³ . This relatively high density generally results in strong and rigid panels. However, it is also conceivable that at least one base layer has a density below 1 kg/m ³ , which results in a reduction in weight and therefore a reduction in transport and handling costs. Lower density can be achieved, for example, through the use of one or more foam ingredients such as foamed perlite, expanded polystyrene, and so on.

It can be imagined that the base layer is provided with a waterproof coating substantially covering at least one base layer. This can further improve the waterproof properties of the panel as such. To this end, the waterproof coating may be a two-component liquid-applied waterproof coating for liquid application to at least one base layer (outer surface of at least one base layer). Usually, this coating contains: separate components A and B, which can be transported in separate containers and which can be combined to form a mixture in which the vulcanization begins, in which the components harden into a membrane, while component A contains an aqueous latex of natural or synthetic rubber, and component B contains an oil base in which a vulcanizing agent is dispersed, configured to cure the rubber in component A, and a hygroscopic agent, configured to chemically bind water in component A. Component A preferably contains a latex stabilizer, configured to increase the service life of the latex by adjusting the initial pH of the latex components. It has also been found that the addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in minimal amounts in component A can increase the setting time, but an excessive amount can destabilize and cause premature gelation of the latex. Therefore, the preferred rate of addition is up to 1.5 parts per 100 parts of rubber. It is believed that other high pH additives such as ammonia or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used. Accordingly, exemplary component A according to the invention may contain from 0 to 2.5 phr (per 100 parts of rubber). Component B contains, inter alia, an oily carrier fluid 12 for a vulcanizing agent and a hygroscopic agent. In preferred embodiments, the oily carrier fluid is a mixture of hydrocarbon oils, such as a mixture of aromatic and paraffinic compositions. Aromatic oils, which preferentially cause swelling of the rubber particles, are usually more viscous. Fluidity can be controlled by adding lower viscosity paraffin oils, which also serve to control the setting time of the composition. In other illustrative embodiments, synthetic liquid plasticizers such as phthalates, adipates, or other commonly used rubber plasticizers can be used. Carrier fluid 12 may also contain a portion of oxidized or penetrating grade bitumen. The aromatic oil level is unlikely to be less than 50% of the oily carrier fluid, and bitumen no more than 30%. However, the presence of bitumen is not critical to the invention. It is also optional to use a hard synthetic or natural resin. The oil carrier fluid 12 will comprise 20-60% of the total weight of the composition (when components A and B are combined). Component B usually contains a vulcanizing agent or packaging. Preferably, the vulcanization pack contains elemental sulfur as a sulfur donor for the system, zinc oxide as a vulcanization activator, and a mixture of zinc isopropyl xanthate (ZIX) and zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate-dibutylamine complex (ZDBCX) as accelerators. They can be used in the preferred ranges, respectively, 0.5 to 15.0 phr (parts of sulfur per hundred parts of rubber), 0.5 to 20.0 phr (ZnO), 0.1 to 5.0

- 7043097 phr (ZIX) and 0.1 to 5.0 phr (ZDBCX). Other known curatives and/or packages are considered suitable for use in the invention. Component B may also contain a humectant or desiccant to chemically bind the water of component A. A preferred hygroscopic agent is calcium oxide. Other hygroscopic agents may include other metal oxides which react with water to form hydroxides such as magnesium, barium, and so on. It is also possible to use hydraulic base layers such as a base layer of Portland cement or a base layer with a high content of alumina, a base layer with a high content of calcium sulfate (stucco), or a base layer of magnesium oxychloride. The humectant may also contain anhydrous salts that absorb significant amounts (25% or more) of water of their own weight, such as borax. The weight of the hygroscopic agent is chosen to effectively dehydrate the latex, preferably to a slight excess, allowing water to be bound. However, it is possible to use partial dehydration of the latex, ie less than the stoichiometric amounts of the hygroscopic agent used. The hygroscopic agent, depending on which one is chosen, can make up 10-50% of the entire composition system. Component B may also contain one or more rheology modifiers. It is preferable to use a combination of montmorillonite clay (activated with a chemical activator) and calcium carbonate coated with stearate to achieve the desired balance of rheological properties, although other options such as organo-treated bentonite clays, colloidal silica, polymer fibers, ground rubber, ground fly ash, hollow glass microspheres and hydrogenated castor oils. The amount of rheology modifiers, depending on the selected material, can be from 0.5 to 25.0% of the total mass of solids in the composition system (combined components A and B).

It is also possible for the waterproof layer to be located between the base layer and the top structure. This can further improve the waterproof properties of the panel as such. The waterproof layer may have the same composition as the composition of the waterproof coating described above, but may also be formed by a polymeric layer such as a PVC layer.

It is possible that the main layer contains a plurality of reinforcing layers. For example, at least one first reinforcing layer may be located at the top of the base layer, while at least one second reinforcing layer may be located at the bottom of the base layer.

It can be imagined that the base layer comprises a laminate of base layers that are directly and/or indirectly stacked on top of each other. The base layers may have an identical composition, although they may also have mutually different compositions, allowing the properties of each base layer to be modified and adapted for its own primary function (eg, sound deadening, strength, flexibility, and so on).

The top structure is preferably glued to the base layer with a waterproof adhesive. This protects the base layer(s) from water entering the top structure, making the panel itself more watertight. In addition, it prevents the upper structure from being easily detached from the base layer. The waterproof adhesive is preferably a methoxysilyl based adhesive, more preferably a dimethoxysilyl and/or trimethoxysilyl based adhesive. More preferably, this methoxysilyl adhesive is a modified acrylic. Polypropylene glycol is preferably used as a plasticizer in this adhesive. Preferably, the adhesive also contains at least one of the following ingredients: at least one silane (acting as a moisture scavenger and/or adhesion promoter), a catalyst such as DOT (dioctyltin), at least one antioxidant, at least one mineral filler, for example, calcium carbonate. Preferably, all of the ingredients mentioned above are present in the (waterproof) adhesive. This glue is usually 1K glue.

The top structure preferably comprises at least one decorative layer and at least one transparent wear layer overlying said decorative layer. A layer of varnish or other protective layer may be applied over said wear-resistant layer. A finishing layer can be applied between the decorative layer and the wear layer. The decorative layer will be visible and will be used to give the panel an attractive appearance. To this end, the decorative layer may have a patterned pattern, which may, for example, have a wood grain pattern, a mineral texture pattern that resembles marble, granite or any other natural stone pattern, or a colored pattern, a mixture of colors or a single color, and that's just several design possibilities. It is also possible to imagine a custom look, often done by digital printing during the panel production process. The decorative top structure can also be formed by at least one layer, preferably a polymer layer or a paper layer. The resin layer or paper layer is usually printed, the (printed) resin layer or the (printed) paper layer may be adhered to the base layer. In this case, the base layer may contain and/or consist of a plasticized or non-plasticized polymer, or alternatively may contain and/or consist of a mineral material such as magnesium oxide.

- 8 043097 niya. In an alternative embodiment, the decorative top structure is omitted and therefore not used in the panel according to the invention. In this latter embodiment, the decorative panel, in particular a floor panel, a ceiling panel or a wall panel, comprises: a base layer having a top side and a bottom side, a first panel edge containing a first connection profile, and a second panel edge containing a second connecting profile, made with the possibility of mutual engagement with the specified first connecting profile of the adjacent panel, both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction, while the specified main layer contains at least one main layer containing at least one polymer, particles based on celluloses dispersed in said polymer; and at least one reinforcing layer embedded in said base layer.

Preferably, the panel comprises a back layer attached to the back side of the base layer. The at least one backsheet is preferably at least partially made of a flexible material, preferably an elastomer. The thickness of the back layer typically ranges from about 0.1 to 2.5 mm. Non-limiting examples of materials from which the backsheet can be made are polyethylene, cork, polyurethane, and ethylene vinyl acetate. The thickness of the polyethylene backsheet is typically 2 mm or less, for example. The backsheet typically provides additional strength, dimensional stability and/or impact resistance to the panel itself, which increases the durability of the panel. In addition, the (flexible) backsheet can increase the acoustic (sound absorbing) properties of the panel. In a specific embodiment, the back layer is provided with at least one plasticizer. It can be imagined that the back side of the backing layer is provided with at least one antimicrobial coating to prevent and/or hinder the growth of bacteria under the panels after installation.

Preferably, at least one reinforcing layer extends in one connection profile from the first and second connection profiles. This can be done by designing the first connection profile and the second connection profile in such a way as to form a (foldable) connection with vertically extending tongue-groove, usually by using an upper profile and a lower profile, a preferred example of which will be given below. The advantage of using a reinforcing layer in one connection profile, usually in the bottom profile mentioned above, and thus not in a complementary connection profile, usually not in the top profile mentioned above, is that the flexibility of one profile (top profile) is greater than that of the other profile (lower profile). This usually means that the top profile is easier to deform than the bottom profile, and this is especially useful if deformation is needed to make the connection between the connecting profiles.

Preferably, the first connecting profile comprises an upwardly directed tongue, at least one upwardly directed face located at a distance from the upwardly directed tongue, an upwardly directed groove formed between the upwardly directed tongue and the upwardly directed face, while the upwardly directed groove is adapted to receive along at least part of the downwardly directed tab of the second connecting profile of the adjacent panel, and at least one first locking element, preferably provided on the far side of the upwardly directed tongue, facing away from the upwardly directed face, and preferably the (complementary) second connecting profile comprises the first downwardly directed tongue, at least one first downwardly directed face located at a distance from the downwardly directed tongue, the first downwardly directed groove formed between the downwardly directed tongue and the downwardly directed face, while the downwardly directed groove is adapted to receive at least a part of the upwardly directed tongue of the first connecting profile of the adjacent panel, and at least one second locking element configured to interact with the first locking element of the adjacent panel, said second locking element being preferably provided on a downwardly directed face.

Preferably, the first locking element comprises a protrusion and/or a groove, while the second locking element comprises a protrusion and/or a groove. The protrusion is usually configured to at least partially receive in the slot of an adjacent connected panel in order to achieve a locked connection, preferably a vertically locked connection. It is also possible that the first locking element and the second locking element are not formed by a tongue-and-groove combination, but by another combination of cooperating profiled surfaces and/or high friction contact surfaces. In this latter embodiment, at least one locking element of the first locking element and the second locking element may be formed by a (flat or otherwise shaped) contact surface consisting of an optionally separate plastic material configured to create friction with another

- 9 043097 fixing element of the other panel in the coupled (connected) state. Examples of plastics suitable for creating friction include:

Acetal (ROM), tough and strong with good creep resistance. It has a low coefficient of friction, remains stable at high temperatures, and has good hot water resistance;

Nylon (PA), which absorbs more moisture than most polymers, and impact resistance and overall energy absorption properties do improve when it absorbs moisture. Nylons also have a low coefficient of friction, good electrical properties, and good chemical resistance;

Polyphthalamide (PPA).

This high performance nylon features improved heat resistance and low moisture absorption. It also has good chemical resistance;

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is thermoplastic at high temperature with good chemical and fire resistance combined with high strength. PEEK is often used in the aerospace industry;

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) has a balance of properties, including chemical and high temperature resistance, fire resistance, fluidity, dimensional stability and good electrical properties;

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), which is dimensionally stable and has high temperature and chemical resistance with good electrical properties;

Thermoplastic polyimide (TPI) is inherently flame retardant with good physical, chemical and wear resistant properties.

Polycarbonate (PC) with good impact resistance, high temperature resistance and good dimensional stability. PC also has good electrical properties and is stable in water and mineral or organic acids; And

Polyetherimide (PEI) that retains strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures. It also has good long-term thermal stability, dimensional stability, inherent fire resistance, and resistance to hydrocarbons, alcohols, and halogenated solvents.

It can be imagined that the first connection profile and the second connection profile are designed in such a way that in the connected state there is a predetermined tension that presses the connected panels against each other at their respective edges, this being preferably carried out by superimposing the overlapping contours of the first connection profile and the second connection profile, in particular, overlapping contours of a downwardly directed tongue and an upwardly directed groove and/or overlapping contours of an upwardly directed tongue and a downwardly directed groove, and wherein the first connection profile and the second connection profile are designed in such a way that two such panels can be connected to each other by means of a folding downward and/or vertical movement so that in the connected state at least a part of the downwardly directed tongue of the second connecting part is inserted into the upwardly directed groove of the first connecting part so that the downwardly directed tongue is clamped by the first connecting part and/or the upwardly directed tongue is clamped by the second connecting part.

In a preferred embodiment, the panel comprises at least one third connection profile and at least one fourth connection profile located at the third edge of the panel and the fourth edge of the panel, respectively, the third connection profile having a sideways-directed tongue extending in the direction along essentially parallel to the upper side of the base layer, at least one second downwardly directed edge located at a distance from the sideways tongue, and the second downward groove formed between the sideways tongue and the second downwardly directed edge, while the fourth connecting profile contains the third groove, configured to accommodate at least part of the laterally directed tongue of the third connecting profile of the adjacent panel, wherein said third groove is formed by an upper ledge and a lower ledge, while said lower ledge is provided with an upwardly directed locking element, while the third connecting profile and the fourth connecting profile are made such in such a way that two such panels can be connected to each other by means of a pivoting movement, wherein in the connected state at least a part of the laterally directed tab of the first panel is inserted into the third groove of the adjacent second panel, and at the same time at least part of the upwardly directed locking element of the said second panel is inserted into the second downward groove of said first panel.

The panel, usually the base layer, in particular at least one base layer, preferably contains recycled material. Recycled material generally refers to the reuse of material left over from previous manufacturing processes (panels).

Preferably at least one groove and preferably each groove is provided with at least one antimicrobial agent. This provides a sound barrier to bacteria, fungi, etc. The base layer preferably has a thickness of at least 3 mm, preferably at least 4 mm and even more preferably at least 5 mm. The thickness of the panel is usually 3 to 10 mm, preferably 4 to 8 mm.

The invention also relates to a decorative covering, in particular a decorative floor covering, a decorative ceiling covering or a decorative wall covering, comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to the invention. The coating can also be installed at vertical corners, inside corners of intersecting walls, pieces of furniture and outside corners such as walkways.

The sequence numbers used in this document, such as first, second, and third, are used for identification purposes only. Therefore, the use of the expressions third latch element and second latch element does not necessarily require the simultaneous presence of the first latch element.

Decorative panels according to the invention may also be referred to as decorative tiles. Complementary connection profiles mean that these connection profiles can interact with each other. However, for this complementary connection profiles do not have to have complementary shapes. Fixing in the vertical direction means fixing in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the panel. By fixing in the horizontal direction is meant fixing in a direction perpendicular to the respective joined edges of the two panels and parallel or coinciding with the plane defined by the panels.

The invention will be explained on the basis of the non-limiting illustrative embodiments presented in the following figures, in which FIG. 1a is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel for use in the multi-purpose panel system according to the invention;

in fig. 1b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels as shown in FIG. 1a;

in fig. 2a is a schematic representation of two different types of multi-purpose panels for use in another embodiment of the multi-purpose panel system according to the invention;

in fig. 2b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels as shown in FIG. 2a;

in fig. 3a is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel for use in another embodiment of the multi-purpose panel system according to the invention;

in fig. 3b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels as shown in FIG. 3a;

in fig. 4a is a cross section along the line A-A of the multi-purpose panel as shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a;

in fig. 4b is a B-B cross section of a multi-purpose panel as shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a;

in fig. 5a-5c are cross-sectional views of two multi-purpose panels as shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a in the first, second and third connected state, respectively;

in fig. 6a-6c are cross-sectional views of two multi-purpose panels with alternative connection profiles in the first, second and third connected state, respectively; and in fig. 7a-7c are cross-sectional views of two multi-purpose panels with additional alternative connection profiles in the first, second and third connected state, respectively.

In FIG. 1a is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose decorative panel (100) for use in a multi-purpose panel system (110) according to the invention. The figure shows a panel (100) having a first pair of opposite edges, consisting of a first edge (101) and an opposite third edge (103), and a second pair of opposite edges, consisting of a second edge (102) and another opposite third edge (103) . The first, second and third edges (101, 102, 103) respectively have first, second and third connection profiles (104, 105, 106). The first connecting profile (104) and the third connecting profile (106) are designed in such a way that two such panels (100) can be connected to each other at the first and third edges (101, 103) by means of a pivoting movement. In addition, the second connection profile (105) and the third connection profile (106) are designed in such a way that two such panels (100) can be connected to each other at the second and third edges (102, 103) by means of a downward folding movement and/or vertical movement. The proportional relationship between the width and length of the panel (100) can be selected as desired. In FIG. 1a shows only one of the many possibilities, with the panel having an upper side (107) with a rectangular outline (108). However, it is also possible for the width and length of the panel (100) to be such that the panel (100) has an upper side (107) with a square outline.

In FIG. 1b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system (110) comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels (100) as shown in FIG. 1a. Although each of the panels (100) is equivalent and has a first pair of opposite edges, consisting of a first edge (101) and an opposite third edge (103), and a second pair of opposite edges, consisting of a second edge (102) and an opposite third edge (103 ), panels (100) can be connected in different ways due to the compatibility of the connecting profile of the third edge (103) with the connecting profile of both the first and second edges (101, 102), which leads to different schemes (111, 112) of panels within the same system ( 110) multipurpose panels. In the depicted system (110) of multi-purpose panels, in which the individual panels (110) have a top side (107) with a rectangular outline (108), each of the panels (100) has a long side (113) and a short side (114). Thus, different panel patterns (111, 112) are created by connecting the first pattern (111) of interconnected panels (100), in which their long side (113) is connected to the long side (113) of the adjacent panel (100), with the second pattern ( 112) of interconnected panels (100), in which their long side (113) is connected to the long side (113) of an adjacent panel (100), and their short side (114) is connected to the short side (114) of another adjacent panel (100). Due to this, the first and second panel schemes (111, 112) are turned towards each other in such a way that the long sides (113) of the panels (100) of the first panel scheme (111) are located at an angle of 90° relative to the long sides (113) of the panels (100 ) of the second scheme (112) panels. This connection between different schemes (111, 112) of panels becomes possible due to the connection of short sides (114) of panels (100) of the first scheme (111) of panels with long sides (113) of panels (100) of the second scheme (112) of panels. Installation of the panel system (110) can be carried out by tilting the first edge (101) of the panel (100) to be installed relative to the third edge (103) of the already installed panel (100), which usually mutually fixes said panels (100) both vertically and and in the horizontal direction. During this tilting or pivoting movement of the panel (100) to be installed relative to the already installed panel (100), the second edge (102) of the panel (100) to be installed will be connected (simultaneously) to the third edge (103) of another already installed panel. (100), which is usually carried out by lowering or folding the panel (100) to be installed relative to another already installed panel (100), during which the second edge (102) of the panel (100) to be installed and the third edge (103) another already installed panel (100) will crash (fasten) into each other. This results in fixing the panel (100) to be installed relative to another already installed panel (100) in both the horizontal and vertical directions.

In FIG. 2a is a schematic representation of two different types of multi-purpose panels (201, 202) for use in another embodiment of the multi-purpose panel system (200) according to the invention. Like the multi-purpose panel (100) shown in FIG. 1a, each of these panels (201, 202) contains a first pair of opposite edges, consisting of a first edge (101) and an opposite third edge (103), and a second pair of opposite edges, consisting of a second edge (102) and an opposite third edge ( 103). Again, the first, second and third edges (101, 102, 103), respectively, have the first, second and third connection profiles (104, 105, 106), while the first connection profile (104) and the third connection profile (106) are made in such a way that the two panels (201, 202) can be connected to each other at the first and third edges (101, 103) by means of a pivoting movement, and the second connection profile (105) and the third connection profile (106) are made in such a way that the two the panels (201, 202) can be connected to each other at the second and third edges (102, 103) by means of a downward folding movement and/or a vertical movement. However, this time there are two different types of panels (201, 202), while the connecting profiles (105, 106) of one pair of opposite edges (102, 103) on the panels (201) of the first type are mirrored inverted relative to the connecting profiles (105, 106) of the corresponding pair of opposite edges (102, 103) on the panel (202) of the second type. It should be noted that the depicted pairs of edges of panels (201, 202) of different types, which are mirror inverted, are formed by the second and third edges (102, 103). However, it is also possible that the mirrored edge pairs are formed by the first and third edges (101, 103). In addition, multi-purpose boards (201, 202) for use in this multi-purpose board system (200) have an upper side (107) with a parallelogram-shaped contour (208). The two adjacent edges (101, 102, 103) of these panels (201, 202) then form either an acute angle (203) or an obtuse angle (204). In this particular embodiment, the first and second edges (101, 102), respectively, the third edges (103) form an obtuse angle (204) of the same size, while the first and third edges (101, 103), respectively, the second and third edges (102, 103) form an acute angle (203) of the same size. The difference in the configuration of the panels and the contour (208) in the form of a parallelogram of their upper side (107) ensures that these panels (201, 202) form a chevron pattern (205) in the connected state.

In FIG. 2b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system (200) comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels (201, 202) as shown in FIG. 2a. As previously discussed, the multi-purpose panels (201, 202) forming part of this multi-purpose panel system (200) come in two different (mirror) types/configurations. Although the difference in the configuration of the panels and the shape of the parallelogram of their upper surface (107) ensures that these panels (201, 202) form a chevron pattern (205) in the connected state, with the first pair of opposite edges consisting of the first edge (101) and the opposite third edge (103 ), and the second pair of opposite edges consists of the second edge (102) and the opposite third edge (103), while the connecting profile (106) of the third edge (103) is compatible with the connecting profile (104, 105) of both the first and second edges (101, 102) also allows the panels (201, 202) to be connected in different ways, resulting in different panel layouts (206, 207) within one system (200) of interconnected multi-purpose panels. As with the multipurpose panel system (110) shown in FIG. 1b, different panel patterns (206, 207) are created by connecting a first interconnected panel (201, 202) pattern (206) to a second interconnected panel (201, 202) pattern (207). Within these individual panel patterns (206, 207), each panel (201, 202) has each of pairs of opposite edges (101, 103; 102, 103) connected to the edges (101, 102, 103) of adjacent panels (201, 202) , which are part of the corresponding pair of opposite edges (101, 103; 102, 103) of said adjacent panels (201, 202). However, the connection of the first and second schemes (206, 207) of panels is carried out due to the connection of the panel (201, 202) of the first scheme (206) of panels with an edge (101, 103) forming part of one pair of opposite edges (101, 103) with a panel (201 , 202) of a second panel pattern (207) with an edge (102, 103) forming part of another, non-matching pair of opposite edges (102, 103). The result is a system (200) of interconnected multi-purpose panels, containing two different schemes (206, 207) of panels that are rotated 90 degrees relative to each other. Installation of the panel system (200) shown in FIG. 2b is generally similar to the installation of the panel system (110) shown in FIG. 1b.

In FIG. 3a is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel (301) for use in another embodiment of the multi-purpose panel system (300) according to the invention. Unlike the multi-purpose panels (100, 201, 202) shown in FIG. 1a and 2a, each of these panels (301) contains three pairs of opposite edges and has a top side (107) with a regular hexagonal outline (302). The first pair of opposite edges consists of the first edge (101) and the opposite third edge (103). The second and third pair of opposite edges consists of a second edge (102) and an opposite third edge (103). Due to this, the first, second and third edges (101, 102, 103) are arranged in such a way that the third edges (103) are directly adjacent to each other, and the second edges (102) are located on both edges next to the first edge (101) . Therefore, the second edges (102) are not next to each other. The commonality between these multi-purpose panels (301) and the multi-purpose panels (100, 201, 202) shown in FIG. 1a and 2a, however, consists in the fact that the first, second and third edges (101, 102, 103), respectively, have the first, second and third connecting profiles (104, 105, 106), while the first connecting profile (104) and the third connecting profile (106) are made in such a way that the two panels (301) can be connected to each other at the first and third edges (101, 103) by means of a rotary movement, and the second connecting profile (105) and the third connecting profile (106) designed in such a way that the two panels (301) can be joined to each other at the second and third edges (102, 103) by means of a downward folding movement and/or a vertical movement.

In FIG. 3b is a schematic representation of a multi-purpose panel system (300) comprising a plurality of multi-purpose panels (301) as shown in FIG. 3a. In the depicted panel formation, all panels (301) are identically oriented. Installation of the panel system (300) can be carried out in a manner similar to the panel systems (110, 200) of FIG. 1b and 2b. By tilting the first edge (101) of the panel (301) to be installed relative to the third edge (103) of the panel (301) already installed, said panels (301) will usually be mutually fixed in both the vertical and horizontal directions. During this tilting or pivoting movement of the panel (301) to be installed relative to the already installed panel (301), one or more second edges (102) of the panel (300) to be installed must be connected (simultaneously) to the third edge (103) of one or several other already installed adjacent panels (301), which is usually carried out by lowering or folding the panel (301) to be installed relative to another already installed panel (s) (301), during which the specified second edge (edges) (102) of the panel (301) to be installed and the third edge(s) (103) of the other panel(s) (301) already installed will cut (fasten) into each other. This causes the panel (301) to be installed to be fixed relative to the other panel(s) (301) already installed, both in the horizontal and vertical directions.

In FIG. 4a is a cross-section along the line A-A of the multi-purpose panel (100, 201, 202, 301) as shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a. The figure shows the first edge (101) and the opposite third edge (103) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) having a first connecting profile (104) and a third connecting profile (106), respectively. The first connecting profile (104) contains a laterally directed tongue (400) extending in a direction substantially parallel to the upper side (107)

- 13 043097 panels (100, 201, 202, 301), wherein at least one first downwardly directed edge (401) is located at a distance from the sidewardly directed tongue (400), and between the sideways directed tongue (400) and the first downwardly directed edge (401) a first downwardly directed groove (402) is formed. The proximal side (403) of the laterally directed tongue (400) of the first connecting profile (104), facing the first downwardly directed groove (402), is therefore inclined downwardly in the direction away from the first downwardly directed edge (401). However, it is also possible that the proximal side (403) of the sideways tongue (400) is inclined downwards in the direction of the first downwardly directed face (401). Between the proximal side (403) of the sideways-directed tongue (400) of the first connecting profile (104) and the lower side (405) of the sideways-directed tongue (400) of the first connecting profile (104), a first transition zone (404) can be formed, and the first transition zone (404) in this case is curved. The top side (406) of the first downward groove (402) in the depicted panel (100, 201, 202, 301) is inclined downwards towards the first downward edge (401). In addition, the first connecting profile (104) may contain the first locking element (407), which in the connected position can interact with the third locking element (440) of the third connecting profile (106) of the adjacent panel (100, 201, 202, 301). This first locking element (407) can be provided on the first downwardly directed face (401) of the first connecting profile (104). In the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) depicted here, the first locking element (407) comprises at least one first locking groove (408).

The third connecting profile (106) contains a third groove (430) made with the possibility of accommodating at least part of the tongue (400) directed laterally of the first connecting profile (104) of the additional panel (100, 201, 202, 301), and the specified third groove ( 430) is formed by an upper ledge (431) and a lower ledge (432), wherein said lower ledge (432) is provided with an upwardly directed locking element (433). The proximal side (434) of the upwardly directed locking element (433) of the third connecting profile (106), facing the third groove (430), is inclined upwards in the direction from the upper ledge (431). However, as an alternative, it may be possible that the proximal side (434) of the upwardly directed locking element (433) is tilted upwards in the direction of the upper ledge (431). Between the proximal side (434) of the upward locking element (433) and the upper side (436) of the upwardly directed locking element (433), a third transition zone (435) can be formed, in which case the third transition zone (435) is also curved so that follow the curved first transition zone (404). The upper side (436) of the upwardly directed locking element (433) in the depicted panel (100, 201, 202, 301) is inclined downward in the direction facing away from the upper protrusion (431) of the third connecting profile (106). On the underside (437) of the lower protrusion (432) of the third connecting profile (106), there is a groove (438) that extends to the distal end (439) of the lower protrusion (432). This slot (438) allows the lower lip (432) to bend downward. As already mentioned, the third connecting profile (106) may further comprise a third locking element (440), which can interact with the first locking element (407) of the first connecting profile (104) of the adjacent panel (100, 201, 202, 301), creating a vertical lock between connected panels (100, 201, 202, 301). In this case, the third locking element (440) may be on the distal side (441) of the lower protrusion (432) facing away from the third groove (430), and/or on the distal side (442) of the upwardly directed locking element (433) facing away from the third groove (430). As shown in this case, the third locking element (440) can be specially located at a distance from both the lower side (437) of the lower projection (432) and from the upper side (436) of the upwardly directed locking element (433). In the panel shown here, the third locking element (440) comprises at least one outwardly directed protrusion (443), this outwardly directed protrusion (443) being at least partially received in the first locking groove (408) or the second locking groove (423) of the adjacent connected panel (100, 201, 202, 301) in order to make a (vertical) locking connection. The base layer (452) has at least one reinforcing layer (454), such as a glass fiber layer (fabric), included (embedded) in the base layer (452). More specifically, the base layer contains at least one polymer and preferably at least one plasticizer. Alternatively, the base layer contains a mineral such as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or magnesia cement. The panel, and optionally only the connection profiles, may be provided with at least one antibacterial (antimicrobial) coating and/or antibacterial (antimicrobial) agent mixed with the base layer material and/or the top structure of said panel. Optionally, an antimicrobial coating may be applied over the top structure, although it may be preferable not to expose the antimicrobial to the (top) environment during normal use for health reasons. The base layer may contain additional additives such as calcium carbonate and/or cellulose-based particles dispersed in said polymer (matrix); and in this embodiment at least one reinforcing layer (454) embedded in said base layer. The base layer shown can be seen as one layer, although part is above the reinforcement layer (454) and part is below

- 14 043097 reinforcing layer (454), while both parts are mutually (entirely) connected by a composite material present in the pores of the reinforcing layer. Examples of detailed compositions and additives have been detailed above.

In FIG. 4b is a B-B cross section of the multi-purpose panel (100, 201, 202, 301) as shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a. The figure shows the second edge (102) and the other opposite third edge (103) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) having a second connection profile (105) and a third connection profile (106), respectively. When the third connection profile (106) matches the third connection profile (106) provided on the adjacent third edge (103) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301), the characteristics of which are given above in the description of the cross-section along line A-A of the multi-purpose panel (100, 201, 202, 301), the second connecting profile (105) comprises a downwardly directed tongue (410) extending in a direction substantially perpendicular to the upper side (107) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301), at least one second downward edge (411) located at a distance from the downward tongue (410), and a second downward groove (412) formed between the downward tongue (410) and the second downward edge (411). The proximal side (413) of the downwardly directed tongue (410) of the second connecting profile (105), facing the second downwardly directed groove (412), is therefore inclined downwardly in the direction away from the second downwardly directed edge (411). However, it is also possible for the proximal side (413) of the downwardly directed tongue (410) to be inclined downwards in the direction of the second downwardly directed face (411). Between the proximal side (413) of the downwardly directed tongue (410) of the second connecting profile (105) and the lower side (415) of the downwardly directed tongue (410) of the second connecting profile (105), a second transition zone (414) can be formed, the second transition zone (414) in this case is curved. The distal side (416) of the downwardly directed tongue (410) facing from the second downwardly directed groove (412) contains at least a vertical upper wall part (417) next to the upper side (107) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) , and located next to and under the specified vertical upper wall part (417) inclined wall part (418), which is inclined inwardly to the beveled and/or curved lower wall part (419) of the said distal side (416) of the downward tongue (410). Due to this, between the inclined wall part (418) and the beveled and/or curved lower wall part, an intermediate vertical wall part (420) can be provided. In addition, the lower wall portion (419) of the distal side (416) of the downward tongue (410) can be connected to the lower side (415) of the downward tongue (410). The upper side (421) of the second downward groove (412) in the depicted panel (100, 201, 202, 301) is inclined downwardly towards the second downwardly directed edge (411). In addition, the second connecting profile (105) may contain at least one second locking element (422), which in the connected position can interact with the third locking element (440) of the third connecting profile (106) of the adjacent panel (100, 201, 202, 301) creating a vertical lock between panels (100, 201, 202, 301). At the same time, a second locking element (422) can be provided on the second downwardly directed edge (411) of the second connecting profile (105). In the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) depicted here, the second locking element (422) comprises at least one second locking groove (423) configured to at least partially receive the outwardly directed protrusion (443) of the third locking element (440) adjacent connected panel (100, 201, 202, 301) in order to implement a (vertical) locking connection.

The connection profiles (104, 105, 106) of each of the multipurpose panels (100, 201, 202, 301) shown in FIG. 4a and 4b have chamfers (450) on or near the top side (107) of the panels (100, 201, 202, 301). The panels (100, 201, 202, 301) comprise an upper substrate (451) attached to the upper side (453) of the main layer (452) with which the first, second and third connection profiles (104, 105, 106) are connected as a single whole. Again, at least one reinforcing layer (454) is visible, such as a layer (fabric) of glass fiber, which is embedded in the main layer (452). And in Fig. 4a and in FIG. 4b shows that this reinforcing layer (454) is present in only one of the two complementary connection profiles. The upper substrate (451) contains a decorative layer (455), an abrasion-resistant wear layer (456) covering the specified decorative layer (455), and a transparent finishing layer (457) located between the decorative layer (455) and the wear layer (456) . In addition, the panels (100, 201, 202, 301) comprise a back layer (458) attached to the underside (459) of the base layer (452).

In FIG. 5a-5c are cross-sectional views of the two multi-purpose panels (100, 201, 202, 301) shown in FIG. 1a, 2a or 3a in the first, second and third connected state, respectively. In these figures, it can be seen that in the connected state, at least part of the laterally directed tongue (400) of the first connecting profile (104) of the panel (100, 201, 202, 301) is inserted into the third groove (430) of the third connecting profile (106) of the adjacent panels (100, 201, 202, 301), and at least part of the upwardly directed locking element (433) of the third connecting profile (106) is inserted into the first downwardly directed groove (402) of the first connecting profile (104). In order to fix the first connecting profile (104) and the third connecting profile (106) in the relative position, the lower side (405) of the sideways-directed tongue (400) of the first connecting profile (104) can rest on the bottom surface (500) of the third groove (430) of the third connecting profile (106). The first edge (101) and the third edge (103) in the connected state form the first closing surface (501), formed in the form of the first vertical plane (502) through the upper edges (503) of the connected panels (100, 201, 202, 301). Each of the laterally directed tongue (400) and the third slot (430) thus passes through said first vertical plane (502). In the embodiments shown, the first and third connection profiles (104, 106), respectively, comprise a first and third locking element (407, 440). The first and third locking element (407, 440) are thus arranged in such a way that the first locking element (407) faces and interacts with the third locking element (440) of the third connection profile (106), creating a vertical locking effect.

In addition, in FIG. 5a-5c show that in the connected state, at least part of the downwardly directed tongue (410) of the second connecting profile (105) is inserted into the third groove (430) of the third connecting profile (106), and at least part of the upwardly directed locking element (433 ) of the third connection profile (106) is inserted into the second downward groove (412) of the second connection profile (105). In order to fix the second connecting profile (105) and the third connecting profile (106) in the relative position, the lower side (415) of the downward tongue (410) of the second connecting profile (105) can rest on the bottom surface (500) of the third groove (430) third connecting profile (106). The second edge (102) and the third edge (103) in the connected state form a second closing surface (504) forming a second vertical plane (505) through the top edges (503) of the connected panels (100, 201, 202, 301). As a result, the downwardly directed tab (410) is located on one side of said second vertical plane (505), while the third groove (430) passes through said second vertical plane (505). In addition, in the embodiments shown, the second connection profile (105) includes a second locking element (422). Said second locking element (422) faces and interacts with the third locking element (440) of the third connecting profile (106), creating a vertical locking effect.

In FIG. 6a-6c are cross-sectional views of two multi-purpose panels (600) with alternate connection profiles (601, 602, 603) in first, second and third connected states, respectively. In this case, the connecting profiles (104, 105, 106) of the panels (100, 201, 202, 301) shown in FIG. 5a-5c are made in such a way that in the connected state there is (essentially) no predetermined tension between the connecting profiles (104, 105, 106), the connecting profiles (601, 602, 603) of the panels (600) shown in FIG. 6a-6c are designed such that, in the connected state, there is a predetermined tension that presses the respective panels (600) together at their respective edges (604). In the illustrated embodiments of the connection profiles (601, 602, 603), the predetermined tension is due to (local) deformation of the connection profiles (601, 602, 603).

In FIG. 7a-7c are cross-sectional views of two multi-purpose panels (700) with additional alternate connection profiles (701, 702, 703) in the first, second and third joined states, respectively. In this embodiment, the third connection profile (703) has no groove on the underside (705) of its lower protrusion (704). In addition, in the depicted multi-purpose panels (700), the first connection profile (701) contains another first locking element (706) provided on the distal side (707) of the first connection profile (701) located above at least part of the sideways-directed tongue (708 ). In addition, the second connection profile (702) includes another second locking element (709) provided on the distal side (711) of the downward tongue (710) facing away from the second downward groove (712). The third connecting profile (703) also contains another, third, locking element (713) provided on the side (715) of the upper ledge (714). In the connected states shown in FIG. 7a and 7b, the additional third locking element (713) faces the distal side (707) of the first connection profile (701) of the adjacent panel (700), while in the connected state shown in FIG. 7c, the additional third locking element (713) faces the distal side (711) of the downward tongue (710) of the second connection profile (702) of the adjacent panel (700). In addition, in FIG. 7a-7c show the interaction between the additional first or second locking element (706, 709) and the optional third locking element (713) to create the effect of vertical locking in the connected state of the two panels (700), forming a tangent T1 (716), which forms an angle A1 (717) with a plane (718) formed by the panel (700), wherein the angle A1 (717) is less than the angle A2 (719) formed by said plane (718) formed by the panel (700) and the tangent T2 (720) formed behind calculation of the interaction between the inclined part of the proximal side (722) directed upwards of the locking element (721), facing the third groove (723), and the inclined part of the proximal side (724) of the downward tongue (710), facing the second downwardly directed face (725) , respectively, the inclined part of the proximal side (726) of the sideways tongue (708) facing the first downward face (727).

- 16 043097

In the embodiments of the connection profiles (701, 702, 703) shown in FIG. 7a-7c, the first connection profile (701) and the third connection profile (703), respectively, the second connection profile (702) and the third connection profile (703) are made in such a way that in the connected state there are a plurality of remote contact zones (728), while between each pair of adjacent contact zones (728) there is a space (729). Specifically, in FIG. 7a and 7b show that the first downward face (727) of the first connecting profile (701) and the distal side (730) of the upwardly directed locking element (721) and the lower protrusion (704) of the third connecting profile (703) facing the first downward faces (727) are located at a distance from each other. In addition, the upper side (731) of the upwardly directed locking element (721) of the third connecting profile (703) is located at a distance from the upper side (733) of the first downwardly directed groove (732) of the first connecting profile (701). In FIG. 7c, it can be seen that the second downward face (725) of the second connection profile (702) and the distal side (730) of the upwardly directed locking element (721) and the lower protrusion (704) of the third connection profile (703) facing the second downward edge (725), located at a distance from each other. In addition, the upper side (731) of the upwardly directed locking element (721) of the third connecting profile (703) is located at a distance from the upper side (734) of the second downwardly directed groove (712) of the second connecting profile (702).

In the embodiments shown in FIG. 5a-7c, the base layer preferably contains at least one polymer such as PVC and preferably at least one plasticizer. Alternatively, the base layer contains a mineral such as magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or magnesia cement. The panel and optionally only the base layer and/or the connecting profiles can be provided with at least one antibacterial (antimicrobial) coating and/or antibacterial (antimicrobial) substance. This substance is preferably mixed with the polymeric material of the material of the base layer and/or with the material of the top structure of said panel. Optionally, an antimicrobial coating may be applied over the top structure, although it may be preferable not to expose the antimicrobial to the (top) environment during normal use for health reasons. Preferably, at least one antimicrobial agent is a zinc complex, preferably zinc pyrithione. Preferably, at least one antimicrobial agent is N-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT). Preferably, the panel, in particular said base layer and/or said top structure and/or the first joint profile and/or the second joint profile, is provided with a mixture of different antimicrobial substances, this mixture preferably containing a zinc complex, preferably zinc pyrithione and N-butyl- 1,2-benzisothiazolin3-one (BBIT). The base layer may contain additional additives such as calcium carbonate and/or cellulose-based particles dispersed in said polymer (matrix); and in this embodiment, at least one reinforcing layer embedded in said base layer. The main layer shown can be considered as one layer, although part is above the reinforcement layer and part is below the reinforcement layer (454), both parts are mutually (entirely) connected by the composite material present in the pores of the reinforcement layer. Examples of detailed compositions and additives have been detailed above.

The inventive concepts described above are illustrated by several illustrative embodiments. It is quite possible that certain ideas of the invention can be applied without applying also other details of the described example. It is not necessary to elaborate on examples of all possible combinations of the above described inventive concepts, as one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many inventive concepts can be (re)combined to arrive at a particular application.

It will be apparent that the invention is not limited to the working examples shown and described herein, but that a person skilled in the art will appreciate the many variations possible within the scope of the appended claims.

The verb contain and its conjugations used in this patent publication are to be understood as meaning not only to contain, but also to be understood as signifiers of phrases to include, essentially consist of, formed, and their conjugations.

Claims (66)

1. A decorative panel, in particular a floor panel, a ceiling panel or a wall panel, comprising a base layer having a top side and a bottom side, a decorative top structure fixed to said top side of the base layer, a first edge of the panel containing a first connecting profile , and the second edge of the panel containing the second connecting profile, made with the possibility of mutual engagement with the specified first connecting profile of the adjacent panel, both in the horizontal direction and in - 17 043097 in the vertical direction, wherein said base layer and/or said top structure and/or first connecting profile and/or second connecting profile are provided with at least one antimicrobial agent, wherein at least one antimicrobial agent is a zinc complex , preferably zinc pyrithione. 2. The panel according to claim 1, wherein the first connection profile and the second connection profile form an integral part of the base layer. 3. The panel according to claim 1 or 2, in which at least one antimicrobial agent is dispersed within the base layer and/or top structure. 4. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one antimicrobial agent is coated on the base layer and/or top structure. 5. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one antimicrobial agent is applied as a coating to the surface of the first connection profile, configured to face the second connection profile of the adjacent panel in the connected state. 6. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one antimicrobial agent is applied as a coating to the surface of the second joint profile, configured to face the first joint profile of the adjacent panel in the connected state. 7. Panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one antimicrobial agent is N-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT). 8. Panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel, in particular said base layer and/or said top structure and/or first joint profile and/or second joint profile, is provided with a mixture of different antimicrobial agents, this mixture preferably containing a zinc complex , preferably zinc pyrithione, and N-butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin3-one (BBIT). 9. A panel according to any one of the above, wherein the base layer contains at least one polymer. 10. A panel according to any one of the above, wherein the base layer contains at least one plasticizer. 11. The panel according to claim 9 or 10, wherein at least one polymer and/or at least one plasticizer used in the base layer is recycled material. 12. The panel according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein at least one polymer and/or at least one plasticizer used in the base layer is a bio-based material. 13. The panel according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein at least one polymer of the base layer is formed from PVC (polyvinyl chloride). 14. A panel according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein at least one base layer polymer is formed from PUR (polyurethane). 15. The panel according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein at least one base layer polymer is formed from PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 16. Panel according to any one of claims 9 to 15, wherein at least one base layer polymer is formed from a polyolefin, in particular PE or PP. 17. A panel according to any one of claims 9 to 16, wherein at least one base layer polymer is formed from polystyrene, preferably expanded polystyrene. 18. Panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains one plasticizer selected from the group consisting of DOTP, DINP, DIDP. 19. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains 100 parts of polyvinyl chloride and 20 to 200 parts of a total plasticizer. 20. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains at least one compatibilizer to improve compatibility between at least one polymer and at least one plasticizer. 21. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel comprises a backsheet applied directly or indirectly to the back surface of the base layer, said backsheet comprising at least one polymer and optionally at least one plasticizer. 22. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the back layer contains a plurality of different plasticizers. 23. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one polymer and/or at least one plasticizer used in the back layer is a recycled material. 24. Panel according to any one of the preceding paragraphs, in which at least one polymer and/or - 18 043097 at least one plasticizer used in the back layer is a bio-based material. 25. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one backing polymer is formed from PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or PUR (polyurethane). 26. A panel according to any one of the above, wherein the backsheet is at least partially made from a natural material such as cork. 27. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one backing polymer is formed from PVB (polyvinyl butyral). 28. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one backing polymer is formed from a polyolefin, in particular PE or PP. 29. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the back layer contains one plasticizer selected from the group consisting of DOTP, DINP, DIDP. 30. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the antimicrobial agent is at least one antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole); (benzothiazol-2-ylthio)methyl thiocyanate (TSMTB); 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol (tebuconazole); 1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole (propiconazole); 2-butylbenzo[d]isothiazol-3-one (BBIT); 2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (OIT); 2-thiazol-4-yl-1H-benzoimidazole (thiabendazole); 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate (IPBC); 4,5-dichloro-2-octylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (DCOIT); 10,10-hydroxybisphenoxarzine (OBPA); carbendazim; chlorocresol; fludioxonil; N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide (folpet); p-[(diiodomethyl)sulfonyl]toluene; zinc pyrithione (zinc pyrithione (Zpt)); terbutrin and thiram. 31. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer and/or the back layer contains at least one filler selected from the group consisting of a mineral, preferably calcium carbonate, a pigment, a modifier, fibers. 32. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer and/or the back layer contains particles based on cellulose, which preferably includes lignocellulose, such as wood or hemp. 33. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains at least one additional filler selected from the group consisting of steel, glass, polypropylene, wood, acrylic, alumina, curaua, graphite, cellulose, coir, kevlar , nylon, perlon, polyethylene, PVA, mineral wool, sisal and furcrea. 34. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one polymer of the base layer is foamed. 35. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer comprises perlite, preferably expanded perlite. 36. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains at least one flame retardant additive. 37. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel comprises at least one reinforcing layer, preferably a layer of non-woven material or a layer of woven material, in particular a fabric. 38. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the reinforcing layer comprises fiberglass. 39. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the reinforcement layer contains natural fibers such as jute. 40. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the reinforcing layer comprises synthetic fibres, in particular polymer fibres. 41. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one reinforcing layer is embedded in the base layer. 42. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains from 1 to 15% by weight of cellulose-based fibers. 43. The panel according to any of the previous paragraphs, in which the main layer contains from 0 to 3% by - 19 043097 mass of perlite. 44. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains from 1 to 8% by weight of the reinforcing layer. 45. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one base layer has a density greater than 1 kg/m ³ . 46. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one base layer has a density below 1 kg/m ³ . 47. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer is provided with a waterproof coating substantially covering at least one base layer. 48. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the top surface of the base layer is covered with a barrier layer which is impervious to at least one plasticizer used in the base layer. 49. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the waterproof layer is located between the base layer and the top structure. 50. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel comprises a plurality of reinforcing layers, preferably at least one first reinforcing layer being at the top of the base layer and at least one second reinforcing layer being at the bottom of the base layer. 51. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer comprises a laminate of base layers that are directly and/or indirectly stacked on top of each other. 52. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer comprises a laminate of base layers, wherein the composition of at least two base layers is mutually different. 53. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the top structure is bonded to the base layer with a waterproof adhesive, preferably a methoxysilyl adhesive. 54. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the top structure comprises at least one decorative layer and at least one transparent wear layer overlying said decorative layer. 55. The panel of claim 54, wherein the wear layer has a melting point above 100° C., wherein the wear layer is preferably made of polyurethane. 56. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one reinforcing layer extends in one connection profile from the first and second connection profiles. 57. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickness of the panel is between 2 and 10 mm, preferably between 3 and 10 mm. 58. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first connecting profile comprises an upwardly directed tongue, at least one upwardly directed face located at a distance from the upwardly directed tongue, an upward groove formed between the upwardly directed tongue and the upwardly directed face, and the upwardly directed groove is adapted to receive at least a portion of the downwardly directed tongue of the second connecting profile of the adjacent panel, and at least one first locking element, preferably provided on the far side of the upwardly directed tongue, facing away from the upwardly directed face, and in which the second connecting profile comprises a first downwardly directed tongue, at least one first downwardly directed face located at a distance from the downwardly directed tongue, a first downwardly directed groove formed between the downwardly directed tongue and the downwardly directed face, wherein the downwardly directed groove is configured to receive at least a portion an upwardly directed tongue of the first connecting profile of the adjacent panel, and at least one second locking element configured to interact with the first locking element of the adjacent panel, said second locking element being preferably provided on the downwardly directed edge. 59. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel comprises at least one third connection profile and at least one fourth connection profile, respectively located on the third edge of the panel and the fourth edge of the panel, and the third connection profile contains a tongue directed laterally, extending in a direction substantially parallel to the upper side of the base layer, at least one second downwardly directed edge located at a distance from the sideways-directed tab, and the second downward groove formed between the sideways-directed tab and the second - 20 043097 downwardly directed edge, and the fourth connecting profile contains a third groove, made with the possibility of accommodating at least part of the laterally directed tongue of the third connecting profile of the adjacent panel, and the specified third groove is formed by an upper ledge and a lower ledge, and the specified lower ledge is provided with an upwardly directed a locking element, wherein the third connecting profile and the fourth connecting profile are designed in such a way that two such panels can be connected to each other by means of a pivotal movement, wherein in the connected state at least part of the first panel's laterally directed tongue is inserted into the third groove of the adjacent second panel, and when wherein at least a portion of the upwardly directed locking element of said second panel is inserted into the second downwardly directed groove of said first panel. 60. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the panel is rigid, flexible or semi-flexible. 61. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer comprises a mixture of three types of terephthalate-based material and an epoxidized oil, wherein the weight ratio of the terephthalate-based material to the epoxidized oil is preferably 99:1 to 1:99. 62. The panel according to any of the above, wherein the base layer comprises an oil, preferably an epoxidized oil, more preferably at least one epoxidized oil selected from the group consisting of epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized castor oil, epoxidized linseed oil, epoxidized palm oil , epoxidized stearic acid, epoxidized oleic acid, epoxidized tall oil, epoxidized linoleic acid, or mixtures thereof. 63. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer comprises magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and/or magnesium based cement. 64. A panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). 65. The panel according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the base layer contains at least one additive selected from the group consisting of microsilica, iron oxide, fatty acids and an alkali metal sulfate, in particular magnesium sulfate. 66. A decorative covering, in particular a decorative floor covering, a decorative ceiling covering or a decorative wall covering, comprising a plurality of interconnected decorative panels according to any one of claims 1 to 65.