DK3231405T3 - Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige udskillelser og indretning hertil - Google Patents

Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige udskillelser og indretning hertil Download PDF

Info

Publication number
DK3231405T3
DK3231405T3 DK16165643T DK16165643T DK3231405T3 DK 3231405 T3 DK3231405 T3 DK 3231405T3 DK 16165643 T DK16165643 T DK 16165643T DK 16165643 T DK16165643 T DK 16165643T DK 3231405 T3 DK3231405 T3 DK 3231405T3
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
secretions
predicting
arrangement
predicting secretions
Prior art date
Application number
DK16165643T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Bernd Kunze
Philipp Pomp
Thomas Fett
Andreas Rösner
Original Assignee
Reifenhaeuser Masch
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Reifenhaeuser Masch filed Critical Reifenhaeuser Masch
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DK3231405T3 publication Critical patent/DK3231405T3/da

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/42Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/103Detecting, measuring or recording devices for testing the shape, pattern, colour, size or movement of the body or parts thereof, for diagnostic purposes
    • A61B5/11Measuring movement of the entire body or parts thereof, e.g. head or hand tremor, mobility of a limb
    • A61B5/1116Determining posture transitions
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/20Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons for measuring urological functions restricted to the evaluation of the urinary system
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/6802Sensor mounted on worn items
    • A61B5/6808Diapers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/45Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape
    • A61F13/49Absorbent articles specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers
    • A61F13/49007Form-fitting, self-adjusting disposable diapers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/45Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the shape
    • A61F13/49Absorbent articles specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers
    • A61F13/496Absorbent articles specially adapted to be worn around the waist, e.g. diapers in the form of pants or briefs
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/84Accessories, not otherwise provided for, for absorbent pads
    • A61F13/8405Additives, e.g. for odour, disinfectant or pH control
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/04Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
    • G01N27/048Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance for determining moisture content of the material
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01PMEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P13/00Indicating or recording presence, absence, or direction, of movement
    • GPHYSICS
    • G08SIGNALLING
    • G08BSIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B31/00Predictive alarm systems characterised by extrapolation or other computation using updated historic data
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/42Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm
    • A61F2013/421Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm the alarm being a temperature change
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/42Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm
    • A61F2013/423Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm the alarm being a volume change or a movement of a component
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/42Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm
    • A61F2013/424Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm having an electronic device
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/42Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm
    • A61F2013/425Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators with wetness indicator or alarm being also a toilet training aid
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/84Accessories, not otherwise provided for, for absorbent pads
    • A61F2013/8476Accessories, not otherwise provided for, for absorbent pads with various devices or method

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Orthopedics, Nursing, And Contraception (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
DK16165643T 2016-04-15 2016-04-15 Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige udskillelser og indretning hertil DK3231405T3 (da)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16165643.4A EP3231405B1 (de) 2016-04-15 2016-04-15 Verfahren zur vorhersage von ausscheidungen sowie vorrichtung hierzu

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK3231405T3 true DK3231405T3 (da) 2019-10-28

Family

ID=55806168

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK16165643T DK3231405T3 (da) 2016-04-15 2016-04-15 Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige udskillelser og indretning hertil

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US10507143B2 (da)
EP (1) EP3231405B1 (da)
JP (1) JP6906350B2 (da)
KR (1) KR102413530B1 (da)
CN (1) CN107296688B (da)
DK (1) DK3231405T3 (da)
ES (1) ES2751987T3 (da)
HR (1) HRP20191830T1 (da)
HU (1) HUE046298T2 (da)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA3084835A1 (en) * 2017-11-07 2019-05-16 Fred Bergman Healthcare Pty Ltd A system for managing incontinence
JP2021181884A (ja) * 2018-07-31 2021-11-25 株式会社aba 排泄又は放屁検知器
JP7398212B2 (ja) * 2019-06-21 2023-12-14 ユニ・チャーム株式会社 情報処理装置、情報処理方法、情報処理プログラムおよびシステム
JP7398213B2 (ja) * 2019-06-21 2023-12-14 ユニ・チャーム株式会社 推定装置、推定方法、推定プログラムおよびシステム
CN110613214A (zh) * 2019-09-25 2019-12-27 烟台职业学院 一种儿童把尿脚环
TWI755316B (zh) * 2021-04-12 2022-02-11 醫鼎企業有限公司 排便偵測提示裝置

Family Cites Families (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1309547A (zh) 1998-06-29 2001-08-22 宝洁公司 带有前摄传感器的一次性用品
WO2005092177A1 (en) * 2004-03-22 2005-10-06 Bodymedia, Inc. Non-invasive temperature monitoring device
US7855653B2 (en) * 2006-04-28 2010-12-21 Medtronic, Inc. External voiding sensor system
US20080052030A1 (en) * 2006-08-22 2008-02-28 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Method of predicting an incontinent event
US8697933B2 (en) * 2006-09-29 2014-04-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Toilet training using sensor and associated articles
US8250921B2 (en) * 2007-07-06 2012-08-28 Invensense, Inc. Integrated motion processing unit (MPU) with MEMS inertial sensing and embedded digital electronics
US8462109B2 (en) 2007-01-05 2013-06-11 Invensense, Inc. Controlling and accessing content using motion processing on mobile devices
US8821418B2 (en) * 2007-05-02 2014-09-02 Earlysense Ltd. Monitoring, predicting and treating clinical episodes
US8628506B2 (en) * 2008-06-30 2014-01-14 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Multifunctional monitoring device for absorbent articles
RU2012147455A (ru) 2010-04-08 2014-05-20 Конинклейке Филипс Электроникс Н.В. Прогнозирование мочеиспускания
JP2012105839A (ja) * 2010-11-18 2012-06-07 Hitachi Ltd オムツ、オムツ濡れ検知装置、健康管理装置、及び健康管理システム
US9931251B2 (en) * 2011-07-20 2018-04-03 etectRx Inc. Wetness sensors, wetness monitoring system, and related methods
US9119748B2 (en) * 2011-10-28 2015-09-01 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Electronic discriminating device for body exudate detection
CN104010608A (zh) * 2011-12-21 2014-08-27 Sca卫生用品公司 用于监测吸收剂产品使用情况的方法和计算机程序
SG10201701487YA (en) * 2012-08-28 2017-03-30 Agency Science Tech & Res An apparatus for a diaper, a system, a diaper and a method of manufacturing an electrode
JP6101802B2 (ja) * 2012-08-28 2017-03-22 エスセーアー・ハイジーン・プロダクツ・アーベー 衛生用品の使用を監視するための相互共有データベースを用いた方法およびモバイル・アプリケーション
ES2747261T3 (es) * 2014-12-11 2020-03-10 Essity Hygiene & Health Ab Sensores de impedancia para detectar y supervisar humedad en artículos absorbentes
CN204411116U (zh) * 2014-12-31 2015-06-24 中山润涛商贸有限公司 一种护理垫及应用该护理垫的看护提醒系统
CN204995661U (zh) * 2015-07-28 2016-01-27 深圳市中顺源科技有限公司 一种智能大小便监测系统
US10238551B2 (en) * 2015-08-07 2019-03-26 Mavin Wear Inc. System and methods for monitoring defecation, urination, near-body temperature, body posture and body movements in young children, patients and elderlies
US9675496B1 (en) * 2016-06-21 2017-06-13 Zainab Alkhamis Diaper change alert

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US10507143B2 (en) 2019-12-17
HRP20191830T1 (hr) 2019-12-27
JP2017189615A (ja) 2017-10-19
US20170296397A1 (en) 2017-10-19
ES2751987T3 (es) 2020-04-02
CN107296688A (zh) 2017-10-27
CN107296688B (zh) 2021-02-09
JP6906350B2 (ja) 2021-07-21
EP3231405A1 (de) 2017-10-18
EP3231405B1 (de) 2019-08-21
KR20170118605A (ko) 2017-10-25
KR102413530B1 (ko) 2022-06-24
HUE046298T2 (hu) 2020-02-28

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DK3618863T3 (da) Anti-tigit-antistoffer og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse deraf
DK3529257T3 (da) Oxysteroler og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse deraf
DK3601358T3 (da) Anti-trem2-antistoffer og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse deraf
DK3317284T3 (da) Benzoxazepin-oxazolidinonforbindelser og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse
DK3259597T3 (da) Pvrig-polypeptider og fremgangsmåder til behandling
DK3295951T3 (da) Anti-pvrig-antistoffer og fremgangsmåder for anvendelse
DK3265947T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde og system til kryptering
DK3183687T3 (da) System og fremgangsmåde til fugledetektering
DK3161693T3 (da) System og fremgangsmåde til overvågning
DK3339479T3 (da) Elektrolyseindretning og elektrolysefremgangsmåde
DK3205119T3 (da) Høreapparat system og metode
DK3250610T3 (da) Fcrn-antistoffer og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse heraf
DK3319612T3 (da) Oxysteroler og fremgansmåder til anvendelse derfor
DK3394065T3 (da) Tetrahydropyranyl-amino-pyrrolopyrimidinon og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse deraf
DK3390442T3 (da) Anti-C5 antistoffer og fremgangsmåde til anvendelse deraf
DK3368613T3 (da) Matteringsmiddel og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling deraf
DK3411151T3 (da) Mikrofluidt assaysystem og fremgangsmåde til at udføre et assay
DK3551209T3 (da) Insulin-fc-fusioner og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse
DK3368578T3 (da) Anti-HtrA1-antistoffer og fremgangsmåder til anvendelse deraf
DK3231405T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til at forudsige udskillelser og indretning hertil
DK3178980T3 (da) Stof og fremgangsmåde til stoffremstilling
DK3242947T3 (da) Genterapi og elektroporese til behandling af maligniteter
DK3128910T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til bestemmelse af tværsnitsarealet og voluminet af et objekt
KR20180084834A (ko) 장치 및 그러한 장치의 제조 방법
DK3072560T3 (da) Trampolinsystemer og fremgangsmåder til fremstilling og anvendelse deraf