DK176669B1

DK176669B1 - Apparatus for distilling a liquid to be purified

Info

Publication number: DK176669B1
Application number: DK200501510A
Authority: DK
Inventors: Henrik-Gerner Olrik
Original assignee: Aquarden Technologies Aps
Priority date: 2005-11-02
Filing date: 2005-11-02
Publication date: 2009-02-09
Also published as: WO2007051469A1; DK200501510A

Description

DK 176669 B1DK 176669 B1

Titel: Apparat til destillation af en væske der skal rensesTitle: Apparatus for distilling a liquid to be purified

Opfindelsen angår et apparat til destillation af en væske, der skal renses, nær eller over dens kritiske punkt, hvilken væske indeholder et opløst fast stof, hvil-5 ket apparat omfatter: et separationskammer for adskillelse af væsken i en dampfase i en superkritisk tilstand og et flydende residue adskilt ved hjælp af en væskeoverflade i separationskammeret, varmevekslersorganer for transmission af varme fra dampfasen 10 og det flydende residue til væsken, der skal renses, organer til at pumpe væsken, der skal renses, forbi varmevekslerorganerne til separationskammeret, hvilket separationskammer har en væskeindgang, en dampudgang og en residueudgang, idet dampudgangen er placeret ved toppen 15 af separationskammeret, væskeindgangen er placeret ved bunden af separationskammeret, og residueudgangen er placeret i separationskammeret mellem væskeindgangen og dampudgangen og umiddelbart under overfladen af væsken, hvor dampudgangen er forbundet med en dampindgang til varmevekslerorganet, og hvor residueudgangen er forbundet med en residueindgang til var-20 mevekslerorganet, og organer for etablering af et tryk og en temperatur i separationskammeret, og for etablering af en temperaturprofil i væsken, der skal renses, med stigende temperatur fra væskeindgangen til dampfasen.The invention relates to an apparatus for distilling a liquid to be purified near or above its critical point which contains a dissolved solid, which apparatus comprises: a separation chamber for separating the liquid in a vapor phase in a supercritical state, and a liquid residue separated by a liquid surface in the separation chamber, heat exchanger means for transmitting heat from the vapor phase 10 and the liquid residue to the liquid to be purified, means for pumping the liquid to be purified past the heat exchanger means to the separation chamber, a liquid inlet, a vapor outlet and a residue outlet, the vapor outlet being located at the top 15 of the separation chamber, the liquid inlet being located at the bottom of the separation chamber, and the residue outlet being located in the separation chamber between the liquid inlet and the vapor outlet and immediately below the surface of the liquid where the vapor outlet is connected for heat exchange the means, and wherein the residue output is connected to a residue input to the heat exchanger means, and means for establishing a pressure and temperature in the separation chamber, and for establishing a temperature profile in the liquid to be purified, with increasing temperature from the liquid input to the vapor phase.

25 US patent nr. 5.591.310 beskriver et apparat for destillation af en væske nær dens kritiske punkt, hvilken væske indeholder et opløst fast stof. Apparatet omfatter et separationskammer, i hvilket væsken kan opdeles i en damp og et flydende residue adskilt ved hjælp af en væskeoverflade. Apparatet indeholder 30 desuden en pumpe til at pumpe væske til kammeret for derved at etablere og holde væsken og dampen i separationskammeret ved et ønsket tryk. Pumpen er en frem- og tilbagegående pumpe med i det væsentlige horisontale forskydningsorganer, såsom stempler for væskeresidue og destilat, som er karakterise- 2 DK 176669 B1 ret ved, at hver af udpumpningscylindrene associeret med residue forskydningsorganerne og destillat forskydningsorganerne kommunikerer med en udgangsventil og en skyderventil, som er styret ved hjælp af stempelbevægelsen, således at skyderventilen afskærer afgivelsen af væske til en afgiveudgang, når 5 stemplet har nået en position inden toppositionen, og åbner udgangsventilen, når trykket ovenover er sammenligneligt dermed. Det kan imidlertid være vanskeligt at styre driftsparametrene, og det kan være vanskeligt at starte appara-tet.U.S. Patent No. 5,591,310 discloses an apparatus for distilling a liquid near its critical point which contains a dissolved solid. The apparatus comprises a separation chamber in which the liquid can be divided into a vapor and a liquid residue separated by a liquid surface. The apparatus further comprises a pump for pumping liquid to the chamber, thereby establishing and holding the liquid and steam in the separation chamber at a desired pressure. The pump is a reciprocating pump having substantially horizontal shear means, such as liquid residue and distillate pistons, characterized in that each of the pumping cylinders associated with the residue shear means and distillate shear means communicates with an output valve. sliding valve which is controlled by the piston movement such that the sliding valve cuts the delivery of liquid to a discharge outlet when the piston has reached a position before the top position, and opens the output valve when the pressure above is comparable therewith. However, it can be difficult to control the operating parameters and it can be difficult to start the device.

10 Apparatet ifølge opfindelsen er ejendommeligt ved, at organerne til at pumpe væsken, der skal renses, omfatter mindst tre frem- og tilbagegående pumper med i det væsentlige vertikale forskydningsorganer for tilførsel af væske forbi varmevekslerorganerne og udtagning af flydende residue og destillat fra varmevekslerorganerne, hvor pumperne med i det væsentlige vertikale forskydnings-15 organer er udstyret med ventiler styret af en overliggende knastaksel.The apparatus of the invention is characterized in that the means for pumping the liquid to be purified comprises at least three reciprocating pumps having substantially vertical displacement means for supplying liquid past the heat exchanger means and withdrawing liquid residue and distillate from the heat exchanger means, wherein the pumps having substantially vertical displacement means are equipped with valves controlled by an overhead camshaft.

Som et resultat af den vertikale placering af forskydningsorganerne kan volumenet over forskydningsorganerne anvendes til detektion af forskellige driftsparametre, såsom trykket, hvorved det bliver lettere at styre processen i afhæn-20 gighed af disse parametre.As a result of the vertical location of the shear means, the volume above the shear means can be used to detect various operating parameters such as the pressure, thereby facilitating the control of the process in dependence on these parameters.

Apparatet kan ifølge opfindelsen være udstyret med en fjerde pumpe med i det væsentlige vertikale forskydningsorganer for tilførsel af en gas, såsom oxygen til separationskammeret. Væsken og gassen, såsom oxygen kan evt. tilføres 25 ved hjælp af samme pumpe.The apparatus of the invention may be equipped with a fourth pump having substantially vertical displacement means for supplying a gas such as oxygen to the separation chamber. The liquid and gas, such as oxygen, may be used. supplied by the same pump.

Ifølge opfindelsen kan varmevekslerorganerne bestå af tætliggende rør af var-meledende materiale, der er formet som spoler.According to the invention, the heat exchanger means may consist of adjacent tubes of thermally conductive material formed as coils.

30 Ifølge opfindelsen kan organerne til etablering af en tilstrækkelig temperatur i separationskammeret og for tilvejebringelse af temperaturprofilen i den væske, der skal renses, omfatte opvarmningsorganer placeret i separationskammeret.According to the invention, the means for establishing a sufficient temperature in the separation chamber and for providing the temperature profile in the liquid to be purified may comprise heating means located in the separation chamber.

3 DK 176669 B13 DK 176669 B1

Endvidere kan apparatet ifølge opfindelsen indeholde temperaturaffølingsorga-ner til afføling af temperaturprofilen og et reguleringskredsløb til regulering af en eller flere af opvarmningsorganerne i afhængighed af den aktuelle temperaturprofil for derved at tilvejebringe en ønsket temperaturprofil.Furthermore, the apparatus according to the invention may contain temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature profile and a control circuit for controlling one or more of the heating means in dependence on the current temperature profile, thereby providing a desired temperature profile.

55

Opfindelsen forklares detaljeret i det følgende under henvisning til tegningen, hvor fig. 1 illustrerer et destillationsapparat ifølge opfindelsen omfattende et separa-10 tionskammer og dertil hørende pumpeorganer, fig. 2 et snitbillede af separationskammeret, fig. 3 en anden gengivelse af separationskammeret, 15 fig. 4a et snitbillede af pumpeorganerne, fig. 4b et perspektivbillede af pumpeorganerne, 20 fig. 5a et snitbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 0°, fig. 5b et perspektivbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 0°, fig. 6a et snitbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 90°, 25 fig. 6b et perspektivbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 90°, fig. 7a et snitbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 180°, 30 fig. 7b et perspektivbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 180°, fig. 8a et snitbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 270°, DK 176669 B1 4 fig. 8b et perspektivbillede af pumpeorganerne i en vinkelposition ved 270°, fig. 9a et tidsdiagram af det første stempel og dertil hørende ventiler, og 5 fig. 10 et tidsdiagram af det andet og det tredje stempel og dertil hørende venti ler.The invention is explained in detail in the following with reference to the drawing, in which fig. 1 illustrates a distillation apparatus according to the invention comprising a separation chamber and associated pumping means; FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the separation chamber; FIG. 3 shows a second view of the separation chamber; FIG. 4a is a sectional view of the pump means; FIG. 4b is a perspective view of the pump means; FIG. 5a is a sectional view of the pump means at an angular position at 0 °; 5b is a perspective view of the pump means at an angular position at 0 °; 6a is a sectional view of the pumping means at an angular position at 90 °; 6b is a perspective view of the pump means at an angular position at 90 °; 7a is a sectional view of the pumping means at an angular position at 180 °; 7b is a perspective view of the pump means at an angular position at 180 °; 8a is a sectional view of the pumping means at an angular position at 270 °; FIG. Fig. 8b is a perspective view of the pump means at an angular position at 270 °; 9a is a timing diagram of the first piston and associated valves; and FIG. 10 is a timing diagram of the second and third pistons and associated valves.

Fig. 1 illustrerer et destillationsapparat omfattende et separationskammer 2 for adskillelse af en væske i en dampfase i superkritisk tilstand og et flydende resi-10 due adskilt ved hjælp af en væskeoverflade i separationskammeret 2.FIG. 1 illustrates a distillation apparatus comprising a separation chamber 2 for separating a liquid in a vapor phase in supercritical state and a liquid residue separated by a liquid surface in the separation chamber 2.

Varmevekslersorganerne 4a, 4b er placeret i separationskammeret 2 for transmission af varme fra dampfasen og det flydende residue til den væske, der skal renses.The heat exchanger means 4a, 4b are located in the separation chamber 2 for transmitting heat from the vapor phase and the liquid residue to the liquid to be purified.

1515

Apparatet omfatter endvidere pumpeorganer 6 til at pumpe den væske, der skal renses, såsom saltvand, gennem varmevekslersorganerne og til separationskammeret 2 for separation af den væske, der skal renses, i dampfase og flydende residue adskilt ved hjælp af væskeoverfladen. Pumpeorganerne 6 er i 20 stand til at tilvejebringe et tryk på i det mindste omkring 260 bar.The apparatus further comprises pump means 6 for pumping the liquid to be purified, such as saline, through the heat exchanger means and to the separation chamber 2 for separating the liquid to be purified, in vapor phase and liquid residue separated by the liquid surface. The pump means 6 are capable of providing a pressure of at least about 260 bar.

Separationskammeret 2 har en indgang 2a for den væske, der skal renses, en dampudgang 2b (via varmevekslersorganet 4b) og en residueudgang 2c (via varmevekslersorganet 4a). Dampudgangen 2b er placeret ved toppen af sepa-25 rationskammeret 2. Væskeindgangen 2a er placeret ved bunden af separationskammeret 2. Udgangen 2c for flydende residue er placeret i separationskammeret 2 mellem væskeindgangen 2a og dampudgangen 2b og umiddelbart under overfladen af væsken for at maksimere koncentrationen af opløste faste stoffer afgivet via residueudgangen 2c.The separation chamber 2 has an inlet 2a for the liquid to be purified, a vapor outlet 2b (via the heat exchanger 4b) and a residual outlet 2c (via the heat exchanger 4a). The vapor outlet 2b is located at the top of the separation chamber 2. The liquid inlet 2a is located at the bottom of the separation chamber 2. The liquid residue outlet 2c is located in the separation chamber 2 between the liquid inlet 2a and the vapor outlet 2b and immediately below the surface of the liquid. dissolved solids delivered via residue output 2c.

Apparatet omfatter desuden organer for etablering af et tryk og en temperatur i separationskammeret 2, som er tilstrækkelig til at bringe væsken til en tilstand nær eller over det kritiske punkt til dannelse af dampfasen og væskeresiduet og 30 DK 176669 B1 5 etablere en temperaturprofil i den væske, der skal renses, som øges fra væskeindgangen 2a til dampfasen ved dampudgangen 2b. Pumpeorganerne 6 omfatter tre stempelpumper 6a, 6b, 6c med frem- og tilbagegående stempler med i det væsentlige vertikal forskydning, en første stempelpumpe 6a for tilførsel af 5 væske, der skal renses, til bunden (ved 2a) af separationskammeret 2 gennem stempelpumpen 6a, en anden stempelpumpe 6b for udtagning af residue fra separationskammeret 2 gennem varmevekslersorganet 4a, og en tredje stempelpumpe 6c for udtagning af destillat fra separationskammeret 2 gennem varmevekslersorganet 4b.The apparatus further comprises means for establishing a pressure and temperature in the separation chamber 2 sufficient to bring the liquid to a state near or above the critical point to form the vapor phase and liquid residue and to establish a temperature profile in the liquid. which is to be purified which increases from the liquid inlet 2a to the vapor phase at the vapor outlet 2b. The pump means 6 comprise three piston pumps 6a, 6b, 6c with reciprocating pistons having substantially vertical displacement, a first piston pump 6a for supplying 5 liquid to be purified to the bottom (at 2a) of the separation chamber 2 through the piston pump 6a, a second piston pump 6b for extracting residue from the separation chamber 2 through the heat exchanger means 4a, and a third piston pump 6c for removing distillate from the separation chamber 2 through the heat exchanger means 4b.

1010

Pumpernes i det væsentlige vertikale forskydningsorganer, såsom stempler, er ført op og ned ved hjælp af en overliggende krumtapaksel 11.The substantially vertical displacement means of the pumps, such as pistons, are moved up and down by means of an overhead crankshaft 11.

Hver af pumperne 6a, 6b, 6c er udstyret med ventiler styret af en overliggende 15 knastaksel 9. Knastakslen 9 er indrettet til at åbne og lukke ventilerne 6a”, 6a’”, 6b”, 6b’”, 6c”, 6c’”, som indikeret i tidsdiagrammet illustreret i fig. 9 og 10. Knastakslen 9 er via et bælte 17 i rotationsforbindelse med krumtapakslen 11.Each of the pumps 6a, 6b, 6c is equipped with valves controlled by an overhead camshaft 9. The camshaft 9 is arranged to open and close the valves 6a ", 6a '", 6b ", 6b'", 6c ", 6c '" , as indicated in the timing diagram illustrated in FIG. 9 and 10. The camshaft 9 is rotationally connected to the crankshaft 11 via a belt 17.

Et svinghjul 12 er placeret ved enden af krumtapakslen 11 for derved at sikre en jævn rotation.A flywheel 12 is positioned at the end of the crankshaft 11 thereby ensuring a smooth rotation.

2020

En fjerde stempelpumpe kan være indrettet til at tilføre en gas, såsom oxygen til separationskammeret 2 for derved at afbrænde urenheder i den væske, der skal destilleres. Væsken og gassen er fortrinsvis tilført ved hjælp af samme pumpe 6a.A fourth piston pump may be adapted to supply a gas such as oxygen to the separation chamber 2, thereby burning off impurities in the liquid to be distilled. The liquid and gas are preferably supplied by the same pump 6a.

2525

Organerne for regulering af trykket i separationskammeret 2, fortrinsvis ved et konstant tryk på omkring 240-260 bar kan udgøres af en ventil 19 med et forudbestemt åbningstryk, eksempelvis en kugleventil, hvilken ventil er lokaliseret ved toppen af pumpen 6a for den væske, der skal destilleres.The means for controlling the pressure in the separation chamber 2, preferably at a constant pressure of about 240-260 bar, may be constituted by a valve 19 having a predetermined opening pressure, for example a ball valve located at the top of the pump 6a for the liquid to be distilled.

Alternativt kan organerne for regulering af trykket i separationskammeret 2 udgøres af en trykfølsom mekanisme, der regulerer i hvert fald en af ventilerne, fortrinsvis en trykudligningsventil 19, fortrinsvis lukkevinklen af trykudlignings- 30 DK 176669 B1 6 ventilen 19 i afhængighed af trykket i separationskammeret 2, jf. fig. 4b, der illustrerer pumperne og ventilerne i forbindelse med hver af pumperne 6a, 6b, 6c. Reguleringsmekanismen omfatter et kammer 13, som er forbundet til separationskammeret 2 for derved at detektere trykket i separationskammeret 2. Det 5 trykfølsomme kammer 13 har en bevægelig fjederforspændt væg 14, som er forbundet til et roterbart skaft 15. I overfladen af det roterbare skaft 15 er der tilvejebragt to sæt af skruelinjeformede riller 15a, 15b.Alternatively, the means for regulating the pressure in the separation chamber 2 may be constituted by a pressure-sensitive mechanism which regulates at least one of the valves, preferably a pressure equalizing valve 19, preferably the closing angle of the pressure equalizing valve 19, depending on the pressure in the separation chamber 2. cf. 4b illustrating the pumps and valves associated with each of the pumps 6a, 6b, 6c. The regulating mechanism comprises a chamber 13 which is connected to the separation chamber 2 so as to detect the pressure in the separation chamber 2. The pressure-sensitive chamber 13 has a movable spring biased wall 14 which is connected to a rotatable shaft 15. In the surface of the rotatable shaft 15 providing two sets of helical grooves 15a, 15b.

Hvert sæt af riller 15a, 15b er roterbart forbundet til et gearhjul 15a’, 15b’, der 10 styrer rotationen af den underliggende knastaksel 9 med to gear 9a, 9b, idet det første gear 9a er fikseret til knastakslen 9, og det andet gear 9b er roterbart i forhold til knastaksen 9. De to sæt af skruelinjeformede riller 15a, 15b er modsat rettede, dvs. hhv. mod uret og med uret. Ved at forskyde den roterbare aksel 15 i aksial retning vil gearhjulene 15a’, 15b’, der er forbundet dertil, blive 15 drejet i forhold til hinanden, således at åbningen og åbningsfasen af ventilen 6b’”, styret ved hjælp af knastakslen 9 (indirekte) ændres tilsvarende, dvs. i afhængighed af trykket i det trykfølsomme kammer 13. Denne opstilling kan også anvendes i forbindelse med andre ventiler til styring af åbningen og åbningsfasen, eksempelvis for regulering af åbningsintervallet af en ventil, der tilfører eller 20 fjerner væske, der skal renses, til eller fra separationskammeret.Each set of grooves 15a, 15b is rotatably connected to a gear wheel 15a ', 15b' which controls the rotation of the underlying camshaft 9 by two gears 9a, 9b, the first gear 9a being fixed to the camshaft 9 and the second gear. 9b is rotatable relative to camshaft 9. The two sets of helical grooves 15a, 15b are oppositely directed, i.e. respectively. counterclockwise and clockwise. By displacing the rotatable shaft 15 in the axial direction, the gear wheels 15a ', 15b' connected thereto will be rotated relative to each other so that the opening and opening phase of the valve 6b '", controlled by camshaft 9 (indirectly ) is changed accordingly, ie. Depending on the pressure in the pressure-sensitive chamber 13. This arrangement can also be used in connection with other valves for controlling the opening and opening phase, for example for controlling the opening interval of a valve supplying or removing liquid to be cleaned, to or from separation chamber.

En negativ tilbagekobling er etableret, hvis åbningsintervallet af ventilen 6b’” ændres tilsvarende, når trykket i det trykfølsomme kammer 13 øges. Som et resultat heraf vil trykreguleringsorganerne automatisk søge mod ligevægt. Lige-25 vægtstrykket er indstillet ved hjælp af en justerbar skrue 16 for komprimering af en fjeder til forspænding af den bevægelige væg 14 af det trykfølsomme kammer 13. Den justerbare skrue 16 er kalibreret til at indikere trykket i afhængighed af vinkelpositionen af skruen. Hældningen af de skruelinjeformede riller 15a, 15b skal blot være passende.A negative feedback is established if the opening interval of the valve 6b '' changes accordingly as the pressure in the pressure-sensitive chamber 13 increases. As a result, the pressure regulating means will automatically seek equilibrium. The equal weight pressure is adjusted by means of an adjustable screw 16 for compressing a spring to bias the movable wall 14 of the pressure-sensitive chamber 13. The adjustable screw 16 is calibrated to indicate the pressure depending on the angular position of the screw. The inclination of the helical grooves 15a, 15b is merely appropriate.

Fig. 9 og 10 illustrerer tidsdiagrammerne af ventilerne styret ved hjælp af knastakslen 9.FIG. 9 and 10 illustrate the time diagrams of the valves controlled by the camshaft 9.

30 7 DK 176669 B130 7 DK 176669 B1

Fig. 9a illustrerer slaget af stemplet af pumpen 6 vs. vinkelpositionen af krumtapakslen 11.FIG. 9a illustrates the stroke of the piston of the pump 6 vs. the angular position of the crankshaft 11.

Fig. 9b illustrerer åbningen og lukningen afvandindgangsventilen 6a’”.FIG. 9b illustrates the opening and closing of the water inlet valve 6a ''.

55

Fig. 9c illustrerer åbningen og lukningen af gasindgangsventilen 6a”.FIG. 9c illustrates the opening and closing of the gas inlet valve 6a ".

Fig. 9d illustrerer åbningen og lukningen af udgangsventilen 6a’, fortrinsvis i afhængighed aftrykket i reaktoren (separationskammeret).FIG. 9d illustrates the opening and closing of the outlet valve 6a ', preferably depending on the pressure in the reactor (separation chamber).

1010

Fig. 9e illustrerer åbningen og lukningen af en speciel udluftningsventil 19, som er en meget kort periode af begyndelsen af procescyklen.FIG. 9e illustrates the opening and closing of a special vent valve 19 which is a very short period of the beginning of the process cycle.

Fig. 10a illustrerer slaget af stemplerne af pumperne 6b og 6c vs. vinkelpositio-15 nen af krumtapakslen 11. Vinkelpositionen af stemplerne af pumperne 6b og 6c er 180° forskudt i forhold til vinkelpositionen af stemplet af pumpen 6a.FIG. 10a illustrates the stroke of the pistons of pumps 6b and 6c vs. the angular position of the crankshaft 11. The angular position of the pistons of the pumps 6b and 6c is offset 180 ° relative to the angular position of the piston of the pump 6a.

Fig. 10b illustrerer åbningen og lukningen af indgangen af enten destillat og gas (pumpe 6b) eller residue og gas (pumpe 6c) fra reaktoren (separationskamme-20 ret).FIG. 10b illustrates the opening and closing of the inlet of either distillate and gas (pump 6b) or residue and gas (pump 6c) from the reactor (separation chamber).

Fig. 10c illustrerer åbningen og lukningen af udgangsventilen af enten destillat og gas (pumpe 6c) eller residue og gas (pumpe 6c).FIG. 10c illustrates the opening and closing of the outlet valve of either distillate and gas (pump 6c) or residue and gas (pump 6c).

25 Fig. 10d illustrerer næsten det samme som fig. 9d.FIG. 10d illustrates almost the same as FIG. 9d.

Varmevekslersorganerne for separationskammeret 2 består af rør af varmele-dende materiale formet som spoler. Den væske der skal destilleres, føres langs spolerne, medens residuet og dampen transporteres i modsat retning i rørerne 30 for derved at tilvejebringe en varmeudveksling.The heat exchanger means for the separation chamber 2 consists of tubes of heat conducting material shaped as coils. The liquid to be distilled is passed along the coils while the residue and vapor are transported in the opposite direction in the tubes 30, thereby providing a heat exchange.

Organerne for tilvejebringelse af en forudbestemt temperaturprofil og en tilstrækkelig temperatur i separationskammeret 2 består af opvarmningsorganer 8 DK 176669 B1 10 i form af elektriske modstande, som er placeret i separationskammeret. Temperaturaffølingsorganer for afføling af temperaturprofilen i separationskammeret 2 og et elektronisk reguleringskredsløb 19 for regulering af den elektriske strøm til en eller flere af opvarmningsorganerne 10 i afhængighed af den 5 aktuelle temperaturprofil er blevet tilvejebragt for derved at opnå den ønskede temperaturprofil. Temperaturen ved toppen af reaktoren skal være omkring 600 °C, i midten af reaktoren omkring 450 °C. Et antal spoler for cirkulation af et kølemiddel er tilvejebragt uden for reaktoren.The means for providing a predetermined temperature profile and a sufficient temperature in the separation chamber 2 consist of heating means 8 in the form of electrical resistors located in the separation chamber. Temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature profile in the separation chamber 2 and an electronic control circuit 19 for regulating the electric current to one or more of the heating means 10, depending on the current temperature profile, have been provided thereby to obtain the desired temperature profile. The temperature at the top of the reactor should be around 600 ° C, in the center of the reactor around 450 ° C. A plurality of coils for circulating a refrigerant are provided outside the reactor.

10 Separationskammeret 2 er forsynet med et yderrør 21 af rustfrit stål. Røret er udsat for en relativ stor termisk belastning, især i den øvre del. Som et resultat deraf vil det være nødvendigt at udskifte røret efter et forudbestemt antal driftstimer, fortrinsvis 2000 timer. Et sådant rør 21 er forholdsvis dyrt. Ansøgeren har derfor konstrueret separationskammeret på en sådan måde, at røret er symme-15 trisk og kan reverseres således, at den øvre ende kommer til at vende nedad, og den nedre ende kommer til at vende opad. Som et resultat heraf kan røret 21 have en meget længere levetid, fortrinsvis to gange levetiden uden en sådan reversering. Årsagen er, at røret er udsat for den højeste termiske belastning i den øvre del. Røret skal naturligvis være symmetrisk, og det skal være muligt at 20 skille separationskammeret ad.The separation chamber 2 is provided with a stainless steel outer tube 21. The tube is subjected to a relatively large thermal load, especially in the upper part. As a result, it will be necessary to replace the tube after a predetermined number of operating hours, preferably 2000 hours. Such a tube 21 is relatively expensive. The applicant has therefore constructed the separation chamber in such a way that the tube is symmetrical and can be reversed so that the upper end faces downward and the lower end faces upward. As a result, the tube 21 may have a much longer life, preferably twice the life without such reversal. The reason is that the pipe is exposed to the highest thermal load in the upper part. The pipe must, of course, be symmetrical and it must be possible to separate the separation chamber.

Eksempler Eksempel 1 25 EnergiforbrugExamples Example 1 25 Energy consumption

Energiforbruget for 1000 kg destillat for afsaltningsapparatet blev beregnet underfølgende omstændigheder:The energy consumption of 1000 kg of distillate for the desalination apparatus was calculated under the following circumstances:

30 rå vand, 3% NaCI: 1125 kg/h temperatur 8 °CCrude water, 3% NaCl: 1125 kg / h temperature 8 ° C

destillat: 1000 kg/h temperatur 15 °Cdistillate: 1000 kg / h temperature 15 ° C

residue, 24% NaCI: 125 kg/h temperatur 15 °Cresidue, 24% NaCl: 125 kg / h temperature 15 ° C

9 DK 176669 B19 DK 176669 B1

Tryk i varmeveksler og separator: 250 bar, effektivitet af vandpumpe: 85%, strålingstab fra apparatet: 10% tilføjet varme 5 a) Energiforbrug af pumpe: 0,15x250x105x1125/ (3600x106)=1.172 kWh b) Varmeforbrug: 4x184x(15-8)x125/3600=9.150 kWh 10 c) Strålingstab: 9x150x0,1=0.915 kWhPressure in heat exchanger and separator: 250 bar, efficiency of water pump: 85%, radiation loss from the device: 10% added heat 5 a) Energy consumption of pump: 0.15x250x105x1125 / (3600x106) = 1.172 kWh b) Heat consumption: 4x184x (15-8 ) x125 / 3600 = 9,150 kWh 10 c) Radiation loss: 9x150x0.1 = 0.915 kWh

Det totale energiforbrug afhænger af konstruktionen af pumpe, varmeveksler og isolation.Total energy consumption depends on the design of pump, heat exchanger and insulation.

15 Eksempel 2Example 2

Energiovervejelser for apparatetEnergy considerations for the appliance

For teoretisk at vurdere tilføjet varme til separationszonen blev enthalpier be-20 regnet for rent vand: råvand til opvarmningszonen: 1,5 kg, temperatur 10 °C, tryk 250 bar, 99 kJ; destillat ved indgangen i toppen af separationszonen (damprør): 1,0 kg, temperatur 420 °C, tryk 250 bar, 2774 kJ; 25 destillat ud af opvarmningszone: 0,5 kg, temperatur 390 °C, tryk 250 bar, 107 kJ; residue ved indgangen i bunden af separationszonen (residuerørets udgang): 30 0,5 kg, temperatur 390 °C, tryk 250 bar, 1195 kJ; og residue fra opvarmningszonen: 0,5 kg, temperatur 20 °C, tryk 250 bar, 55 kJ. 162kJ-99kJ=63 kJ per 1,0 kg destillat er tilsat.To theoretically evaluate added heat to the separation zone, enthalpies were calculated for pure water: raw water for the heating zone: 1.5 kg, temperature 10 ° C, pressure 250 bar, 99 kJ; distillate at the entrance at the top of the separation zone (steam pipe): 1.0 kg, temperature 420 ° C, pressure 250 bar, 2774 kJ; 25 distillate out of heating zone: 0.5 kg, temperature 390 ° C, pressure 250 bar, 107 kJ; residue at the entrance at the bottom of the separation zone (outlet tube exit): 30 0.5 kg, temperature 390 ° C, pressure 250 bar, 1195 kJ; and residue from the heating zone: 0.5 kg, temperature 20 ° C, pressure 250 bar, 55 kJ. 162kJ-99kJ = 63 kJ per 1.0 kg distillate is added.

10 DK 176669 B110 DK 176669 B1

Eksempel 3Example 3

Sammenligning af damp- og vandkompression 5Comparison of steam and water compression 5

For at vurdere størrelsen af det mekaniske arbejde for et destillationsapparat ifølge opfindelsen blev der foretaget en beregning af kompressionsarbejdet for en destillation af råvand ved produktion af vand (destillat) af 1 kg/h under følgende omstændigheder: 10In order to assess the magnitude of the mechanical work of a distillation apparatus according to the invention, a calculation was made of the compression work for a distillation of raw water in the production of water (distillate) of 1 kg / h in the following circumstances:

råvand ind: 1,5 kg/h temperatur 10 °Craw water entering: 1.5 kg / h temperature 10 ° C

destillat ud: 1,0 kg/h temperatur 20 °Cdistillate out: 1.0 kg / h temperature 20 ° C

residue ud: 0,5 kg/h temperatur 20 °Cresidue out: 0.5 kg / h temperature 20 ° C

15 a) Varmetab af udgående vand (fælles for damp- og vandkompression): Q=dt x Cpxm/3600=17,43 Wh 20 Cp=4184 J/kg ved 250 bar.15 a) Heat loss of outgoing water (common for steam and water compression): Q = dt x Cpxm / 3600 = 17.43 Wh 20 Cp = 4184 J / kg at 250 bar.

b) Damp kompressionsarbejde:b) Steam Compression Work:

tryk i fordamper: 1 bar temperatur 100 °Cpressure in evaporator: 1 bar temperature 100 ° C

25 tryk i kondensator: 1,5 bar temperatur 110 °C25 pressure in capacitor: 1.5 bar temperature 110 ° C

Teoretisk arbejde: L=k/(k-1) x P1XV1 ((P2/P1 )((k-1 )/k)-1 )/3600=19,86 Wh 30Theoretical work: L = k / (k-1) x P1XV1 ((P2 / P1) ((k-1) / k) -1) / 3600 = 19.86 Wh 30

Forventet arbejde: 19,86 / 0,5=39,7 Wh.Expected work: 19.86 / 0.5 = 39.7 Wh.

11 DK 176669 B1 c) Vand kompressionsarbejde Tryk i varmeveksler og separator:250 bar 5 Teoretisk arbejde: L=P x V/3600=10,42 Wh, hvilket med en genvindingsgrad på 50% giver L=5,21 Wh.11 DK 176669 B1 c) Water compression work Pressure in heat exchanger and separator: 250 bar 5 Theoretical work: L = P x V / 3600 = 10.42 Wh, which with a recovery rate of 50% gives L = 5.21 Wh.

1010

For en kontinuert produktion af vand på 1 kg/h er der en besparelse i arbejde på omkring 5 gange ved vandkompression med hensyn til dampkompression, hvilket muliggør destillation af en væske med et lavere energiforbrug end ved de hidtil kendte metoder, og destillatet er altid sterilt.For a continuous production of water of 1 kg / h, there is a saving of about 5 times in water compression by steam compression, which allows distillation of a liquid with a lower energy consumption than by the known methods and the distillate is always sterile .

1515

Claims

An apparatus for distilling a liquid to be purified near or above its critical point, said liquid containing a dissolved solid, comprising an separating chamber (2) for separating the liquid in a vapor phase in a supercritical state and a liquid residue separated by a liquid surface in the separation chamber (2), heat exchanger means (4a, 4b) for transmitting heat from the vapor phase and the liquid residue to the liquid to be purified, means (6) to pump the liquid which is to be cleaned, past the heat exchanger means (4a, 4b) to the separation chamber (2), said separation chamber (2) having a liquid inlet (2a), a steam outlet (2b) and a residual outlet (2c), said steam outlet (2b) being located at the top of the separating chamber (2), the liquid inlet (2a) being located at the bottom of the separating chamber (2) and the residual outlet (2c) being located in the separating chamber (2) between the liquid inlet (2a) and the vapor outlet (2b) and immediately below the surface one of the liquid, wherein the steam outlet (2b) is connected to a steam inlet to the heat exchanger means (4b) and where the residue outlet (2c) is connected to a residue input to the heat exchanger means (4a), means for establishing a pressure and a temperature the separation chamber (2), and 25 for establishing a temperature profile in the liquid to be purified with increasing temperature from the liquid inlet to the vapor phase, wherein the means for pumping the liquid to be purified comprise at least three reciprocating pumps. substantially vertical displacement means for supplying liquid past the heat exchanger means (4a, 4b), withdrawing liquid residue from a residue outlet (2c ') of the heat exchanger means (4a) and withdrawing the distillate from a distillation outlet (2b') of the heat exchanger 13 176669 B1 (4b), wherein the pumps with substantially vertical displacement means are provided with valves controlled by an overhead crankshaft (9).

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by a fourth pump having substantially vertical displacement means for supplying a gas such as oxygen to the separation chamber.

Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that the liquid and the gas such as oxygen are supplied by the same pump. 10

4. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the heat exchanger means (4a, 4b) are formed by adjacent tubes of heat conducting material, shaped as coils.

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that means for establishing a sufficient pressure and temperature in the separation chamber (2) and for providing the temperature profile in the liquid to be purified comprise heating means (10) located in the separation chamber.

Apparatus according to claim 1 or 5, characterized by temperature sensing means for sensing the temperature profile and a control circuit for controlling one or more of the heating means (10) depending on the current temperature profile, thereby providing a desired temperature profile.

Apparatus according to claim 5, characterized by the means for establishing a sufficient pressure and temperature in the separation chamber (2) comprising a pressure-sensitive mechanism for controlling the valve for supplying the liquid to be purified to the separation chamber (2), or of the valve for removing liquid from the separation chamber (2) depending on the pressure in the separation chamber.

Apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that the regulating mechanism comprises a chamber (13) connected to the separation chamber (2), said chamber (13) having a movable, spring-biased valve (14) connected to a shaft (15). 14 DK 176669 B1 with helical grooves (15a, 15b) connected to gear wheels (15a ', 15b') controlling the rotation of the gears (9a, 9b).

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the vertical displacements of the displacement means are synchronized to the rotation of a crankshaft (11).

Apparatus according to claim 1 or 9, characterized in that some of the shear members are moved upwards, while other shear members are moved downwards.

Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by further means for regulating the pressure in the separation chamber (2).

Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the additional means for controlling the pressure in the separation chamber (2) are constituted by a one-way valve (19), which is arranged to open at a predetermined pressure.

12 DK 176669 B1

Apparatus according to claim 11, characterized in that the additional means for regulating the pressure in the separation chamber (2) are constituted by a pressure-sensitive mechanism which regulates the opening interval of a valve for supplying liquid to be purified to or from the separation chamber ( 2).

Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that the valve is controlled by means of the camshaft (9) in dependence on the pressure in the separation chamber (2).

Apparatus according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the side wall of the separation chamber (2) is constituted by a tube (21) of preferably stainless steel which is symmetrical so that it can be reversed.