DK159358B

DK159358B - ELECTRIC APPLIANCE FOR ACCUMULATING HEAT

Info

Publication number: DK159358B
Application number: DK437283A
Authority: DK
Inventors: Daniel Drugeon
Original assignee: Electricite De France
Priority date: 1982-09-24
Filing date: 1983-09-23
Publication date: 1990-10-01
Also published as: DK437283A; DK159358C; IE832242L; DE3378457D1; EP0104979B1; IE54734B1; DK437283D0; FR2533792A1; EP0104979A1; FR2533792B1

Description

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Den foreliggende opfindelse angår elektriske apparater til akkumulering af varme.The present invention relates to electrical apparatus for heat accumulation.

Disse apparater, fx vandvarmere eller akkumulerende varmeapparater til boligopvarmning, indkobles normalt på det elektriske forsynings-5 net på et bestemt tidspunkt af døgnet, fx klokken 22, så at de virker i de "stille timer", hvilket gør det muligt at optimere elektricitetsproduktionen, idet det undgås, at disse apparater (der som alle varmeapparater normalt har en høj effekt) overbelaster nettet i de travle timer (om dagen), når den krævede effekt er betydelig, og idet 10 apparaterne derimod får mulighed for at virke om natten, når nettet har overskudskapacitet til produktion af energi. Til gengæld nyder brugeren godt af en reduceret takst i de "stille timer".These appliances, such as water heaters or accumulator heaters for home heating, are normally switched on at the electrical supply network at a certain time of day, eg at 22 o'clock, so that they operate during the "quiet hours", which makes it possible to optimize electricity production, avoiding that these appliances (which, like all heaters, usually have a high power) overload the network during the busy hours (during the day) when the required power is considerable, and, on the other hand, allow the appliances to operate at night when the grid has surplus capacity for energy production. On the other hand, the user benefits from a reduced rate during the "quiet hours".

Aktiveringen af disse apparater sikres normalt ved hjælp af et relæ, der fjernstyres af impulser, som udsendes over nettet på det givne 15 tidspunkt. Aktiveringen kan ligeledes sikres ved hjælp af en tidsindretning, såsom et kontaktur der er indstillet til at aktivere et relæ på dette samme tidspunkt.The activation of these devices is usually ensured by a relay controlled remotely by pulses transmitted over the network at the given time. The activation can also be ensured by means of a timing device such as a contact clock set to activate a relay at this same time.

Denne indkoblingsmåde tilvejebringer en samtidig eller næsten samtidig aktivering af alle apparaterne i det samme område, hvorved der 20 opstår et pludseligt effektkrav, hvilket er uheldigt både fra et forsynings- og et produktionssynspunkt.This mode of operation provides for simultaneous or near simultaneous activation of all the devices in the same area, resulting in a sudden power requirement, which is unfortunate from both a supply and a production point of view.

Anlæg bestemt til at reducere effektkravet betydeligt for at tage hensyn til det elektriske forsyningsnets ledningskapacitet er beskrevet i fransk patentskrift nr. 2.301.146. I denne type anlæg 25 reducerer eller blokerer et kredsløb til varmestyring den strøm, som tilføres et varmeelement i et varmeakkumuleringsapparat i løbet af intervaller mellem de "stille timer", i hvilke intervaller den største elektriske strøm på nettet forudses.Systems intended to significantly reduce the power requirement to take into account the wiring capacity of the electrical supply network are described in French Patent No. 2,301,146. In this type of system 25, a heat control circuit reduces or blocks the current supplied to a heating element in a heat accumulator during intervals between the "quiet hours" at which intervals the largest electrical current on the grid is predicted.

Tilsvarende beskriver fransk patentskrift nr. 2.220,117 et styrings -30 anlæg til forvarmning af apparater til akkumulering af varme i løbet af en periode med lav tarif, idet effekten styres som funktion af tiden under hensyntagen til varmereduktionen ved begyndelsen af perioden med lav tarif.Similarly, French Patent No. 2,220,117 discloses a control-30 system for preheating apparatus for accumulating heat during a low tariff period, the effect being controlled as a function of time, taking into account the heat reduction at the beginning of the low tariff period.

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Denne type anlæg medfører følgelig ulemper ved frembringelse af en reduktion eller en forsinkelse af den ønskede effekt i løbet af de "stille timer".Accordingly, this type of system causes disadvantages in producing a reduction or delay of the desired power during the "quiet hours".

Et af formålene ved den foreliggende opfindelse er at afhjælpe denne 5 ulempe ved tilvejebringelse af et apparat, i hvilket effektkravet stiger progressivt i løbet af de stille timer samtidig med, at det yder den samme energi som et traditionelt apparat.One of the objects of the present invention is to overcome this disadvantage of providing an apparatus in which the power requirement increases progressively during the quiet hours while providing the same energy as a traditional apparatus.

Til opnåelse af dette har apparatet organer til variation af den effekt, der leveres af varmeelementerne, mellem en minimumværdi og en 10 maksimumværdi under hele deres driftsperiode.To achieve this, the apparatus has means for varying the power supplied by the heating elements between a minimum value and a maximum value during their entire operating period.

I en første udførelsesform har disse organer, i serie med varmeelementerne, et styret halvlederkredsløb, der styres i fase ved hjælp af en stigningsgenerator, der aktiveres på det forudbestemte indkoblingstidspunkt på en sådan måde, at den leverede effekt bringes til 15 at stige kontinuerligt i løbet af driftsperioden.In a first embodiment, these means, in series with the heating elements, have a controlled semiconductor circuit which is controlled in phase by means of a rise generator which is activated at the predetermined switch-on time in such a way that the power supplied is continuously increased during the course of the operation. of the operating period.

I en anden udførelsesform har apparatet to adskilte grupper af varmeelementer, hvoraf den første gruppe aktiveres på det forudbestemte indkoblingstidspunkt, og den anden gruppe indkobles senere ved brug af en forudbestemt forsinkelse.In another embodiment, the apparatus has two separate groups of heating elements, the first group being activated at the predetermined switch-on time and the second group being switched on later using a predetermined delay.

20 Andre kendetegn og fordele ved opfindelsen vil fremgå af den detaljerede beskrivelse under henvisning til tegningen, på hvilken fig. 1 viser en kurve, der for en første udførelsesform viser den leverede effekts variation som funktion af tiden, fig. 2 skematisk et apparat svarende til den første udførelsesform 25 for opfindelsen, fig. 3 og 4, svarende til fig. 1 og 2, en anden udførelsesform for opfindelsen. 1 en første udføreisesform følger effekten P en i fig. 1 vist variationslov: fra tidspunktet Tq svarende til det forudbestemte indkob-30 lingstidspunkt (fx klokken 22) og til tidspunktet svarende til slutningen af perioden med "de stille timer" (fx klokken 6 om morge- 3Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description with reference to the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a graph showing, for a first embodiment, the variation of the delivered power as a function of time; FIG. 2 schematically shows an apparatus corresponding to the first embodiment 25 of the invention; FIG. 3 and 4, similar to FIG. 1 and 2, another embodiment of the invention. In a first embodiment, the effect P follows in FIG. 1 shows variation law: from the time Tq corresponding to the predetermined switch-on time (eg 22 o'clock) and to the time corresponding to the end of the period of "the quiet hours" (eg 6 o'clock in the morning)

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nen) stiger effekten lineært fra en nulværdi til en maksimumsværdi.nen) the effect increases linearly from a zero value to a maximum value.

Det er let at vise, at den såkaldte maksimumseffekt, for at den frembragte energi skal producere den samme akkumulerede varme som med et varmeelement, der fungerer på konventionel måde med konstant effekt, 5 skal være dobbelt så stor som effekten Pq af dette konventionelle varmeelement, idet den frembragte energi er den samme, hvis de to arealer og S2 er identiske.It is easy to show that the so-called maximum power, in order for the energy generated to produce the same accumulated heat as with a heating element operating in a conventional constant-power manner, must be twice the power Pq of this conventional heating element. the energy produced being the same if the two areas and S2 are identical.

Den i fig. 1 viste kurve svarer naturligvis til frembringelsen af al den nødvendige energi, svarende til fx en vandvarmer, der fra starten 10 er fyldt med koldt vand. I tilfælde af, at kun en del af varmtvands-mængden er blevet aftappet i løbet af dagen, afbrydes driften tidligere (stiplet linje i fig. 1). Ikke des mindre vil energifrembringelsen i dette tilfælde være strakt over flere timer, medens den ved den konventionelle løsning ville være sikret ved drift med fuld ef-15 fekt i et forholdsvis kort tidsrum fra tidspunktet Tg.The FIG. 1, of course, corresponds to the generation of all the necessary energy, corresponding to, for example, a water heater which is filled with cold water from the start 10. In the event that only part of the hot water volume has been drained during the day, the operation is interrupted earlier (dotted line in Fig. 1). Nevertheless, in this case, the energy generation will be stretched over several hours, while in the conventional solution it would be ensured by operating at full power for a relatively short period of time from the time Tg.

Fig. 2 viser et eksempel svarende til denne første udførelsesform, i hvilket et varmeelement 10 er forbundet i serie med en styret halvleder 20 såsom en tyristor eller en triac, som styres i fase af et kredsløb 32 som svar på signaler, der afgives fra en stigningsge-20 nerator 31, som styres af en kreds 30, der modtager fjernstyringsimpulser transmitteret via forsyningsnettet.FIG. 2 shows an example similar to this first embodiment, in which a heating element 10 is connected in series with a controlled semiconductor 20 such as a thyristor or a triac which is controlled in phase by a circuit 32 in response to signals emitted from a pitch generator. 20 generator 31, which is controlled by a circuit 30 which receives remote control pulses transmitted via the supply network.

I en anden udførelsesform, der er vist i fig. 3 og 4, opnås den gradvise variation af effekten ved successiv indkobling af to grupper af varmeelementer, idet en varmeelementgruppe med lille effekt aktiveres 25 først. Af fig. 3 fremgår det, at der, hvis der tilvejebringes en forsinkelse t, som i alt væsentligt er lig halvdelen af perioden T^-Tq, på indkoblingen af varmeelementgruppen med den største effekt, skal tilvejebringes en første varmeelementgruppe med en effekt på 0,5 Pq og en anden varmeelementgruppe med en effekt på Pq (idet Pq defineres 30 på samme måde som for den første udførelsesforra), for at områderne S'^ og S'2 bliver lige store.In another embodiment shown in FIG. 3 and 4, the gradual variation of power is obtained by successively coupling two groups of heaters, with a small power heater group being first activated. In FIG. 3 it appears that if a delay t, which is substantially equal to half of the period T ^ -Tq, is provided on the connection of the heater group having the greatest power, a first heater group having a power of 0.5 Pq must be provided. and a second heater group having an effect on Pq (where Pq is defined in the same way as for the first embodiment) so that the regions S 'and S'2 are equal.

Under disse forudsætninger vil apparatet til tidspunktet Tq kun kræve halvdelen, derefter eventuelt (fra tidspunktet T2 svarende til aktiveringen af den anden varmeelementgruppe) halvanden gange den nomiUnder these conditions, the apparatus at time Tq will require only half, then optionally (from time T2 corresponding to the activation of the second heater group) one and a half times the nominal

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4 nelle effekt af et konventionelt apparat (idet den anden varmeelementgruppe kun aktiveres, hvis mere end en tredj edel af vandvarmerens kapacitet er tappet i løbet af dagen).4 power of a conventional apparatus (the second heater group being activated only if more than a third of the capacity of the water heater is drained during the day).

I fig. 4 er vist et eksempel på en udførelsesform for et kredsløb, 5 der sikrer denne funktion. Varmeelementet 11 med effekten 0,5 Pø aktiveres af et relæ, fx et styret, statisk halvlederrelæ 21 (omend et traditionelt elektromekanisk relæ ligeledes kan anvendes), og det andet varmeelement 12 med effekten Pq styres af et styret, statisk halvlederrelæ 22.In FIG. 4 is an example of an embodiment of a circuit 5 which ensures this function. The heating element 11 having a power of 0.5 P is actuated by a relay, eg a controlled static semiconductor relay 21 (although a traditional electromechanical relay can also be used), and the second heating element 12 with the power Pq is controlled by a controlled static semiconductor relay 22.

10 Det statiske relæ 21 styres direkte af en kreds 30, som modtager fjernstyringsimpulser transmitteret via nettet. Det statiske relæ 22 styres ved brug af en forsinkelse r for et tidskredsløb 33.The static relay 21 is controlled directly by a circuit 30 which receives remote control pulses transmitted over the network. The static relay 22 is controlled by using a delay r for a time circuit 33.

Der kan med fordel anvendes et tidskredsløb med lille præcision (fx med en tidsindstilling på fire timer ± én time), som foruden at være 15 billigt gør det muligt at sikre spredning af apparaternes karakteristikker og dermed tidsmæssigt forskyde aktiveringen af det andet varmeelement i alle apparaterne inden for det samme forsyningsområde.It is advantageous to use a low-precision time circuit (eg with a time setting of four hours ± one hour) which, in addition to being cheap, makes it possible to ensure the spread of the characteristics of the appliances and thus temporarily delay the activation of the second heating element in all the appliances. within the same supply area.

Selv om der er beskrevet en voksende variation af effekten, kan der opnås enhver anden form for effektkurven således, at effektkravet kan 20 tilpasses produktionsmulighederne.Although a growing variation of power has been described, any other form of power curve can be obtained so that power requirements can be adapted to production possibilities.

Der kan især tilvejebringes organer til variation af effekten, hvilke organer styres af en funktionsgenerator, der frembringer en række diskrete værdier, idet hver værdi fastholdes i et tidsrum, som udgør en underinddeling af den samlede funktionsperiode.In particular, means for varying the power may be provided, which means are controlled by a function generator which produces a series of discrete values, each value being maintained for a period constituting a subdivision of the total period of operation.

25 I alle disse tilfælde vælges værdierne således, at det samlede areal for effektkurven er identisk med arealet for et apparat med samme varmekapacitet, der drives med konstant effekt.In all these cases, the values are chosen such that the total area of the power curve is identical to the area of a device with the same heat capacity that is operated at a constant power.

Claims

1. Electrical apparatus for the accumulation of heat and of the type having at least one group of heating elements supplied from the electrical supply network and switched on at a specified time (Tg) of 5 days, characterized by having means for variation of the power (P) supplied by the heating elements, from a minimum value to a maximum value, gradually and independently of the size of the stored residual heat, as a function of a time parameter during the operating or operating period of the means 10, that the minimum value of the power delivered (P ) is substantially 0 that the means for varying the power have a series of controlled, semiconductor circuits (20) connected in series with the heating elements (10), which are phase controlled by a circuit (32) in response to signals emitted by a pitch generator (31) which is activated at a predetermined switch-on time in such a way that the delivered power is continuously increased from the minimum value during operation or operation period n, and the apparatus further has a controlled semiconductor circuit (20, 21, 22) activating each of the heating elements, and a circuit (30) receiving remote control pulses 20 transmitted over the supply network and producing the function change at the predetermined time. of the day.

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the pitch produced by the pitch generator (31) is linear and that the maximum value (P) of the supplied power is substantially twice the power (Pq) of a heating element operating at constant power and produce the same total thermal energy.

Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that it has two separate groups of heating elements, the first group (11) being activated at the predetermined switch-on time Tg and the second group (12) being switched on later using a predetermined delay (s). DK 159358 B

Apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that the power supplied by the first group (11) is substantially equal to half the power (Po) of a single element operating at constant power and producing it. 5 is the same accumulated heat that the power supplied by the second group (12) is substantially twice the power of the first group and that the delay (33, r) is on the order of half the maximum operating period of the apparatus corresponding to to the total accumulated heat.