DK157241B - PLANT FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING A VEHICLE - Google Patents
PLANT FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING A VEHICLE Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK157241B DK157241B DK535580A DK535580A DK157241B DK 157241 B DK157241 B DK 157241B DK 535580 A DK535580 A DK 535580A DK 535580 A DK535580 A DK 535580A DK 157241 B DK157241 B DK 157241B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- loading
- load
- vehicle
- platform
- stop position
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66F—HOISTING, LIFTING, HAULING OR PUSHING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, e.g. DEVICES WHICH APPLY A LIFTING OR PUSHING FORCE DIRECTLY TO THE SURFACE OF A LOAD
- B66F9/00—Devices for lifting or lowering bulky or heavy goods for loading or unloading purposes
- B66F9/02—Stationary loaders or unloaders, e.g. for sacks
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Loading Or Unloading Of Vehicles (AREA)
Description
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
5 Anlæg til lastning og losning af et keretoj af den art, der samlet kan lof te hele lasten pâ et koretojs lad, nâr lasten bestâr af ensartede enheder som f.eks. palier med gods.5 Installations for loading and unloading a vehicle of the kind that can collectively lift the entire load on a cargo bay when the load consists of uniform units such as the pallets with goods.
10 Manipulationen med store produktionsvolumina under lastning og losning af palleteret gods er mere kostbar end onskeligt, fordi lastnings- og losningsapparatu-rets kapacitet ifolge kendt teknik kræver stor plads og/eller mange hândteringsenheder. Herôverfor star 15 produktionsvirksomhedernes udleverings- og modtagean- læg med stor samlet kapacitet og pâ den anden side moderne koretojer med stor lastekapacitet pâ hvert koretojslad. Lastnings- og losningsapparaturet er ikke hidtil udviklet, sâ de kan hândtere voluminer, 20 der svarer til det forogede volumen i produktionsvirk-somheder og transportenheder.10 The manipulation of large production volumes during loading and unloading of palletized goods is more expensive than desirable because the capacity of the loading and unloading equipment according to the prior art requires a large space and / or many handling units. Here, 15 production companies are launching and receiving plants with a large total capacity and, on the other hand, modern vehicles with large load capacity on each vehicle load. The loading and unloading equipment has not been developed so far to handle volumes 20 corresponding to the increased volume in production companies and transport units.
Til illustration af den kendte teknik beskrives neden-for midler, der er blevet taget i anvendelse i forsog 25 pâ at rette misforholdet.To illustrate the prior art, the following have been described below which have been used in attempt 25 to correct the mismatch.
Rollax guicklastning gennem koretojets bagende. Ifolge denne fremgangsmâde rulles en hel vognlast palier ombord pâ transportruller i to rækker ved siden af 30 hinanden, i lastvognens lasteareal. Det er muligt efter denne procedure og med apparatet dertil, at fylde lastvognen pâ omkring 30 sekunder* Ulempen ved denne fremgangsmâde er, at arbejdsoperationen, som gâr forud for lastningen af keretojet, og i hvil-Rollax guick loading through the rear of the trolley. According to this method, an entire cargo pallet is rolled aboard transport rollers in two rows next to each other, in the loading area of the truck. It is possible, according to this procedure and with the apparatus thereto, to load the truck in about 30 seconds * The disadvantage of this method is that the work operation which precedes the loading of the vehicle and during the
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
2 1 ken pallerne læsset med returemballage losses# nodven-digvis mâ udf0res pâ et andet sted, hvorved det forud-sættes, at k0ret0jet flyttes. Herved forlænges natur-ligvis den samlede tid# soin anvendes i forbindelse 5 med losning og lastning. Det er en yderligere ulempe# at k0ret0jet n0dvendigvis skal bakkes ind i begge stillinger# og dette er besværligt med et stort k0re-t0j« Yderligere# hvis lastvognstog anvendes# mâ anhæn-geren og hovedvognen adskilles# sâledes at det bliver 10 muligt at manipulere hovedvognens last. Endnu en ulempe er det, at fremgangsmâden ikke er hensigtsmæs-sigt anvendelig ved j ernbanetransport # fordi særlige strukturer er n0dvendige# nemlig en jernbanevogn, som er âben i enden. Selvom lastningsfasen og los-15 ningsfasen er hurtige if0lge denne metode# er hele proceduren derfor meget langsom# fordi lastning-og losningsfaserne kræver for mange og pâ en mâde specielle hjælpetrin. Pladsspild er ogsâ en konse-kvens.2 1 if the pallets loaded with return packaging unloaded # must necessarily be carried out at another location, assuming that the vehicle is moved. This, of course, extends the total time # soin used in connection 5 with unloading and loading. It is a further disadvantage # that the vehicle must necessarily be backed into both positions # and this is cumbersome with a large vehicle «Further # if the truck train is used # the trailer and the main truck are separated # so that it becomes possible to manipulate the main vehicle cargo. Yet another disadvantage is that the method is not suitably applicable to rail transport # because special structures are required # namely a rail car which is open at the end. Therefore, although the loading phase and the unloading phase are rapid according to this method #, the whole procedure is very slow # because the loading and unloading phases require too many and in some ways special auxiliary steps. Space wastage is also a consequence.
2020
En anden kendt mâde indenfor faget bestâr i at flytte lasten ved hjælp af en truck eller et andet tilsvaren- de l0fteaggregat ind i k0ret0jet over dettes langside.Another known method in the art consists in moving the load by means of a truck or other similar lifting unit into the vehicle over its long side.
Med en specialtruck kan man nâ til tider pâ omkring 25 1-2 minutter pr. pâlie. Det er nodvendigt med forskel- lige standpladser til losning og lastning# hvilket endnu en gang n0dvendigg0r en flytning af koret0jet. Yderligere kræver hele systemet som konsekvens af den langsomme lastning og losning et stort antal 30 lastningspladser# hvis man 0nsker at nâ samme kapaci-tet# som stâr til râdighed ved hurtigere metoder.With a special truck you can sometimes reach about 25 1-2 minutes per hour. pâlie. Different stands are needed for unloading and loading # which again necessitates a relocation of the trolley. Further, as a result of the slow loading and unloading, the whole system requires a large number of 30 loading locations # if one wishes to reach the same capacity # as is available by faster methods.
Dette betyder igen stort pladsspild# stort arbejds-kraftbehov og ogsâ behov for udrustning. Dette er naturligvis derfor ogsâ uokonomisk.This in turn means large waste of space # large labor-power needs and also need for equipment. This, of course, is therefore also uneconomical.
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
3 1 Det er mâlet med nærværende opfindelse at tilvejebrin-ge et anlæg, der hurtigt og rationelt kan aflæsse og laste et koretojslad, der skal transportere enheds-laster, fortrinsvis af pallet gods. Det er mâlet, 5 at den angivne tekniske losning ikke er behæftet med de ovenfor nævnte ulemper.It is an object of the present invention to provide a system which can readily and rationally unload and load a trolley to carry unit loads, preferably of pallet goods. It is intended that the technical solution stated is not affected by the above-mentioned disadvantages.
Anlægget if0lge opfindelsen er ejendommeligt ved, at omfatte et stationært læsseaggregat med pallegafler 10 eller tilsvarende gribeorganer til hver enhedslast, en standplads med midler til markering af en fast, markeret stopposition for koretojet samt i det mindste en læsseplatform, der er placeret lige over stopposi-tionen for koretojets lad, og at læsseaggregatet 15 har bevægeorganer, der kan forskyde gribeorganerne dels vandret i hovedsagen i koretojets tværretning mindst sa langt som enhedslastens mal i denne retning og dels lodret i det mindste sâ langt som afstanden fra ladet pâ et pâ standpladsen anbragt k0ret0j til 20 læsseplatformens overside.The system according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a stationary loading assembly with pallet forks 10 or equivalent gripping means for each unit load, a stand with means for marking a fixed, marked stopping position for the trolley and at least one loading platform located just above the stop position. the loading assembly 15 has movable means which can displace the gripping means, partly horizontally in the main case in the transverse direction of the vehicle, at least as far as the dimensions of the unit load in this direction and partly vertically at least as far as the distance from the load on a vehicle position. to the top 20 of the loading platform.
Fordelen ved et anlæg af denne art er, at et trans-portkoretoj pâ en gang og derfor hurtigt kan losses eller lastes, at omlæsningen kun kræver lidt grundare-25 al, og endelig kan anlægget uden vanskelighed let indpasses som endestation i den varemodtagende eller vareudleverende virksomheds normale interne transport-an læg .The advantage of a plant of this kind is that a transport vehicle can be unloaded or loaded at one time and therefore quickly, that the re-loading requires only a small amount of ground, and finally the plant can easily be easily fitted as an end station in the goods receiving or delivering goods. the company's normal internal transport facility.
30 En særlig fordelagtig udformning af anlægget i folge opfindelsen er beskrevet i krav 2. Fordelen herved er, at losning af returgods og lastning af afsendt gods kan ske, uden at transportkoretojet skal flyttes.A particularly advantageous design of the plant according to the invention is described in claim 2. The advantage of this is that unloading of return goods and loading of shipped goods can be done without having to move the transport vehicle.
Herved bliver lastnings- og losningstiden minimal.This minimizes loading and unloading time.
44
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
1 Den i krav 3 beskrevne udformning af anlægget er fordelagtig, fordi pallet gods normalt læsses pâ koretojer i to rocker placeret symmetrisk omkring k0ret0jets længdemidterplan.The design of the system described in claim 3 is advantageous because the pallet goods are normally loaded on trolleys in two rockers located symmetrically around the longitudinal median plane of the vehicle.
55
Udformes anlægget if0lge opfindelsen som angivet i krav 4 opnâr man den fordel, at man ikke blot har markering af k0ret0jets stopposition i tværretnin-gen, men ogsâ ved foringerne sikrer, at tværpositions-10 stillingen nden vanskelighed nâs pâ sikker mâde, og at f0ringerne kan anvendes til koretojer med for-skellig sporvidde.If the system is designed according to the invention as claimed in claim 4, the advantage is obtained that not only has the vehicle's stop position is marked in the transverse direction, but also at the linings ensures that the transverse position position is reached in a safe way and that the guides can is used for different track gauge vehicles.
Fordi moderne transportkoretojer, ikke mindst lastbi-15 1er, er indrettet med affjedring, er det fordelagtigt at udforme anlægget ifolge opfindelsen pâ den i krav 5 anforte mâde. Herved sikrer man, at læsseaggre-gaternes pallegafler eller andre gribeorganer med sikkerhed kan anbringe enhedslasterne i nojagtig 20 hojde pâ koretojets lad. Samtidigt fjernes de risiko-momenter, der skyldes at koretojets lad sætter sig, nâr det belastes.Because modern transport vehicles, not least cargo lanes, are equipped with suspension, it is advantageous to design the plant according to the invention in the manner of claim 5. This ensures that the pallet forks or other gripping means of the loading units can safely place the unit loads at exactly 20 heights on the chute. At the same time, the risk factors that are caused by the charge of the trolley are removed when it is loaded.
Nedenfor beskrives opfindelsen mere detaljeret ved 25 hjælp af et eksempel og med henvisning til vedfojede tegning, hvori: fig. 1 viser apparatet ifolge opfindelsen i en facadetegning, og 30 fig. 2 viser det samme apparat i sideprojektion.The invention will now be described in more detail by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 1 shows the apparatus according to the invention in a facade drawing, and FIG. 2 shows the same apparatus in side projection.
Lastnings- og losningsapparatet pâ lastskiftestationen bestâr af folgende enkeltdele: i korebaneniveau findesThe loading and unloading apparatus at the load change station consists of the following individual parts:
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
5 1 der en standplads med vandret justerbare foreskinner 6 mellem hvilke et vejgâende koretoj 8, som skal lastes, k©res ind. Pâ hver side af de vandrette fore-skinner findes en række lodrette strukturer med lod-5 rette foringer 1. Transportelementerne 15 bevæger sig pâ de lodrette foringer, og de bestâr âf glidele-menter 2 og læssegafler 3, som bevæger sig vandret i forhold til glideelementerne. Det antal læssegafler# som anvendes i langsgâende retning vælges efter kore-10 tejets ladlængde. tfderligere findes der i korebane- niveau et antal hydrauliske perroncylindre 7# ved hjælp af hvilke koretojets ladposition i lodret retning kan justeres, og potentielle uheld eller skader pâ grund af sætning i koretojets affjedring kan elimi-15 neres. Over korebaneniveau og lige over de vandrette foreskinner 6 findes en vandret eller let skrânende returgodsplatform 5 med to godsfjernende transport-linier 9 i form af rullebaner 10, pâ hvilke pallerne med deres returgods 11, som fjernes fra koretojet, 20 placeres. Det kan dreje sig om stabler af bryggerikas-ser med tomme flasker. Returgodsplatformens 5 hojde over korebaneniveau vælges sâledes, at koretojet, som skal lastes, har fornuftig frihojde under dette niveau. I tilstrækkelig hojde over returgodsplatformen 25 5 findes en læsseplatform 4, som ligeledes er placeret lige over de vandrette foreskinner og returgodsplatformen. Lastningsplatformen 4 er ligeledes helt vandret eller let skrânende, og den er forsynet med to godstilforselstransportlinier 12 i form af rullebaner 30 13, fra hvilke pallerne 14, der skal lastes, kan udtages - f.eks. palier med stakke af fÿldte bryggeri-kasser. Til nojagtig længdemæssig positionering af koretojet, som skal belæsses, kan der anvendès et stort antal fremgangsmâder og apparaturer. En mâde5 1 there is a stand with horizontally adjustable front rails 6 between which a road trolley 8 to be loaded is driven. On each side of the horizontal front rails there are a number of vertical structures with vertical linings 1. The transport elements 15 move on the vertical liners and consist of sliding elements 2 and loading forks 3 which move horizontally with respect to sliding elements. The number of loading forks # used in the longitudinal direction is selected according to the load length of the ridge. Furthermore, at the track level there are a number of hydraulic platform cylinders 7 # by means of which the loading position of the trolley can be adjusted in the vertical direction, and potential accidents or damage due to insertion in the trunk spring can be eliminated. Above the railway track level and just above the horizontal front rails 6, there is a horizontal or slightly sloping return goods platform 5 with two goods-removing transport lines 9 in the form of runways 10, on which the pallets with their return goods 11, which are removed from the trolley, 20 are placed. These may be stacks of empty brewery breweries. The height of the return freight platform 5 above the rail track level is chosen such that the trolley to be loaded has reasonable clearance below this level. At a sufficient height above the return goods platform 25 there is a loading platform 4 which is also located just above the horizontal front rails and the return goods platform. The loading platform 4 is also completely horizontal or slightly sloping, and it is provided with two freight transport transport lines 12 in the form of runways 30 13 from which the pallets 14 to be loaded can be removed - e.g. pallets with stacks of fallen brewery boxes. For accurate longitudinal positioning of the trolley to be loaded, a large number of methods and apparatus can be used. A way
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
6 1 at sikre positioneringen er registrering med fotocel-ler og signalgivning til chaufferen, om keretejet er i korrekt eller ikke helt korrekt stilling, ved hjælp af arrangementer, der minder om trafiklys.6 1 to ensure the positioning is registration with photocells and signal to the driver whether the kerte object is in the correct or not completely correct position, using arrangements reminiscent of traffic lights.
5 Længderetningspositioneringen beskrives ikke yderlige-re her, og udstyret, som hænger sammen dermed, er ikke vist i tegningen. Pâ fuldt automatiserede belæs-ningsstationer sker lastnings- og losningsoperationer-ne under minimal overvâgning. Principielt er det 10 kun nedvendigt med en person til at starte operatio-nen. Eâr startknappen er aktiveret, starter aile læssegaflerne 3 deres bevægelse fra hvilestillingen A, og de bevæger sig til position B for at gribe pallerne 11, f.eks. bryggerikasser med tomme flasker.5 The longitudinal positioning is not further described here and the equipment associated therewith is not shown in the drawing. At fully automated loading stations, loading and unloading operations take place under minimal supervision. In principle, only one person is required to start the operation. When the start button is activated, all the loading forks 3 start their movement from the resting position A, and move to position B to engage the pallets 11, e.g. brewery boxes with empty bottles.
15 Læssegaflerne lefter sâ pallerne 11 til returgodsplat-formen 5. Dette svarer til operationsstilling C. Læssegaflerne afsætter pallerne 11 pâ returgodsplat-formen 5 pâ rullebanerne 10, som findes der, og fort-sætter deres bevægelse til position D for at samle 20 pallerne 4, der skal læsse op fra læsseplatformen.15 The loading forks then lift the pallets 11 to the return goods platform 5. This corresponds to the operating position C. The load forks place the pallets 11 on the return goods platform 5 on the runways 10, which are there, and continue their movement to position D to collect the 20 pallets 4 to unlock from the loading platform.
Efter sâledes at hâve samlet fyldt emballage op fra læsseplatformen 4 vender læssegaflerne 3 tilbage til position E og placerer lasten i k0ret<ajet. Endelig returnere læssegaflerne til deres hvilestilling A.After lifting the fully packed package up from the loading platform 4, the loading forks 3 return to position E and place the load in the vehicle. Finally return the loading forks to their resting position A.
25 Da afstanden mellem platformene 4 og 5 er âf storrel-sesordenen to meter, og da hvert par læssegafler hândterer en pâlie af gangen vil varigheden af en arbejdscyklus være omkring et minut, og dette er den tid, som medgâr til en losnings- og lastningspro-30 cedure.25 Since the distance between platforms 4 and 5 is of the order of two meters, and as each pair of loading forks handles one pile at a time, the duration of a duty cycle will be about one minute, which is the time taken for a unloading and loading process. -30 cedure.
Belæsningsstationen udfores mest fordelagtigt pâ den mâde, at der kan keres igennem 'den, og dette er pâ enkel mâde muligt med denne konstruktion. DetThe loading station is most advantageously designed in the way that it can be traversed, and this is easily possible with this construction. That
DK 157241 BDK 157241 B
7 1 er hermed muligt at minimere positioneringsforso- gene, eftersom positionering og korsel med det enkelte kpret0j bestâr i at kore fremad, og det næste k0ret0j kan umiddelbart efterfolge et foregâende. Det koretoj, 5 sont skal læsses, kan i stedet for en standardlastbil være et helt lastvogntog, et trailerkoretoj eller en jernbanewaggon. I disse tilfælde vil mangel af indkorselsmulighed betyde betydeligt tidstab.7 1 is hereby possible to minimize positioning attempts, since positioning and crossing with the individual jumping gear consists of driving forward, and the next vehicle can immediately follow a previous one. Instead of a standard lorry, the 5-cargo trailer that needs to be loaded can be an entire truck, a trailer wagon or a railway wagon. In these cases, a lack of accessibility will mean a significant loss of time.
10 Det er indlysende for fagfolk indenfor ômrâdet, at opfindelsen ikke er begrænset til det ovenfor beskrev-ne eksempel, og at forskellige udformninger for anlæg-get if0lge opfindelsen kan udformes indenfor nedenstâ-ende kravs anvisninger. P.ekst kan det store antal 15 faste lodrette foringer hver med sit transportelement ombyttes med to lodrette foringer og mellem disse et stort transportelement med et glidelegeme under-stpttet af f0ringerne og læssegaflerne kan sâ være monteret pâ dette glidelegeme.10 It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the example described above and that various designs of the system according to the invention may be designed within the requirements of the following claims. For example, the large number of 15 fixed vertical bushings each with its transport element can be interchanged with two vertical bushings, and between them a large transport element with a sliding body supported by the bushings and the loading forks can then be mounted on this sliding body.
2020
Returgodsplatformen, læsseplatformen, og koretojet skal ikke nodvendigvis være anbragt i samme lodrette plan. Returgodsplatformen og læsseplatformen kan placeres ved siden af hinanden i samme vandrette 25 plan. En niveaulift kan sâ bevæge sig mellem platfor-mene og de lodretgâende læssegaf1er kan konstrueres til at kore gennem platformliften/ hvorved losning og lastning i en arbejdscyklus kan praktiseres.The return goods platform, loading platform, and trolley must not necessarily be placed in the same vertical plane. The return goods platform and the loading platform can be placed side by side in the same horizontal plane. A level lift can then move between the platforms and the vertical loading loads can be designed to run through the platform lift / whereby unloading and loading in a work cycle can be practiced.
3030
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI794077 | 1979-12-28 | ||
| FI794077A FI60846C (en) | 1979-12-28 | 1979-12-28 | FOERFARANDE OCH ANORDNING FOER ATT AVLASTA OCH LASTA ETT FORDON |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DK535580A DK535580A (en) | 1981-06-29 |
| DK157241B true DK157241B (en) | 1989-11-27 |
| DK157241C DK157241C (en) | 1990-05-07 |
Family
ID=8513159
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DK535580A DK157241C (en) | 1979-12-28 | 1980-12-17 | PLANT FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING A VEHICLE |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DK (1) | DK157241C (en) |
| FI (1) | FI60846C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2472535A1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE8009135L (en) |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4027823A (en) * | 1974-11-18 | 1977-06-07 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Loading-unloading apparatus for a vehicle |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2553378A (en) * | 1947-07-09 | 1951-05-15 | Du Pont | Material handling device |
| DE2251289A1 (en) * | 1972-10-19 | 1974-05-02 | Interstructa Gmbh | DEVICE FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING PLATFORMS |
| DE2130537C3 (en) * | 1973-05-18 | 1974-07-18 | Okura Yusoki K.K., Kakogawa, Hyogo (Japan) | Stacking crane with adjustment of the forks |
| IT1029358B (en) * | 1975-03-13 | 1979-03-10 | Labati Ettore | ELEVATOR LOADING MACHINE WITH BRIDGE CARRIAGE SUITABLE FOR LOADING ON VARIOUS TRANSPORT MEANS OF MATERIALS ARRANGED ON PALETTE |
| US4077823A (en) * | 1975-11-10 | 1978-03-07 | Champion International Corporation | Method of producing a guarding cover for racks and the like |
| DE2838582A1 (en) * | 1977-09-06 | 1979-03-15 | Wyhlen Ag Eisenbau | Palletised goods handling system - has two conveyor levels for simultaneous transfer of goods between lorry and warehouse and vice=versa |
-
1979
- 1979-12-28 FI FI794077A patent/FI60846C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1980
- 1980-12-17 DK DK535580A patent/DK157241C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-12-23 SE SE8009135A patent/SE8009135L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-12-29 FR FR8027654A patent/FR2472535A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4027823A (en) * | 1974-11-18 | 1977-06-07 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Loading-unloading apparatus for a vehicle |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DK535580A (en) | 1981-06-29 |
| FI794077A (en) | 1981-06-29 |
| SE8009135L (en) | 1981-06-29 |
| FI60846B (en) | 1981-12-31 |
| DK157241C (en) | 1990-05-07 |
| FI60846C (en) | 1982-04-13 |
| FR2472535A1 (en) | 1981-07-03 |
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