DK153619B - Electret Microphone - Google Patents

Electret Microphone Download PDF

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Publication number
DK153619B
DK153619B DK450682A DK450682A DK153619B DK 153619 B DK153619 B DK 153619B DK 450682 A DK450682 A DK 450682A DK 450682 A DK450682 A DK 450682A DK 153619 B DK153619 B DK 153619B
Authority
DK
Denmark
Prior art keywords
conductive
housing
electret microphone
electret
film
Prior art date
Application number
DK450682A
Other languages
Danish (da)
Other versions
DK450682A (en
DK153619C (en
Inventor
Guy John Chaput
Edward Matthew Sich
Beverley William Thomas Gumb
Original Assignee
Northern Telecom Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Northern Telecom Ltd filed Critical Northern Telecom Ltd
Publication of DK450682A publication Critical patent/DK450682A/en
Publication of DK153619B publication Critical patent/DK153619B/en
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Publication of DK153619C publication Critical patent/DK153619C/en

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04RLOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R19/00Electrostatic transducers
    • H04R19/01Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets
    • H04R19/016Electrostatic transducers characterised by the use of electrets for microphones
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04RLOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/08Mouthpieces; Microphones; Attachments therefor

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Electrostatic, Electromagnetic, Magneto- Strictive, And Variable-Resistance Transducers (AREA)
  • Telephone Set Structure (AREA)
  • Obtaining Desirable Characteristics In Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)

Description

DK 153619 BDK 153619 B

Opfindelsen angår en elektret-mikrofon, specielt til brug i et telefonapparat.The invention relates to an electret microphone, especially for use in a telephone apparatus.

En elektret-mikrofon til telefonapparat behøver en afskærmning mod elektromagnetiske forstyrrelser, som 5 mikrofonen udsættes for under normal brug. Sådanne felter, som forekommer i hjemmet, hidrører fra f.eks. nærliggende TV- og radiosendere eller fra elmotorer. I en kendt udførelsesform for en telefon-elektret-mikrofon er mikrofonens bestanddele omgivet af, og elektret-elemen-10 tet beskyttet af et aluminiumhus. En eller flere cirkulære åbninger i overfladen af huset lader de akustiske bølger passere frem til elektret-elementet. Desværre udsættes elektret-elementet, når telefonbrugeren placerer ansigtet ved åbningen, for et forvrænget elektrisk felt 15 på grund af legemets kapacitet. Normalt føres udgangssignalet fra elektret-elementet til en forstærker og derfra til en balanceret linie, idet der til transmission anvendes en balanceret linie for at opveje forstyrrelser, der forekommer i transmissionsbanen. Imid-20 lertid vil en skævhed, som et forvrænget felt fremkalder på elektret-elementet, ikke opvejes, og den vil blive betragtet som en komposant af det akustiske signal. Derfor er en af skærmning mod alle forstyrrelser til mikrofonen, herunder forstyrrelser, der skyldes legemets ka-25 pacitet, nødvendig.An electret microphone for telephone sets needs a shield against electromagnetic interference to which the microphone is exposed during normal use. Such fields that occur in the home derive from e.g. nearby TV and radio transmitters or from electric motors. In a known embodiment of a telephone electret microphone, the components of the microphone are surrounded by and the electret element is protected by an aluminum housing. One or more circular openings in the surface of the housing allow the acoustic waves to pass to the electret element. Unfortunately, when the telephone user places the face at the opening, the electret element is subjected to a distorted electric field 15 due to the capacity of the body. Typically, the output of the electret element is fed to an amplifier and thence to a balanced line, using a balanced line for transmission to offset interference occurring in the transmission path. However, a bias that a distorted field produces on the electret element will not be offset and will be considered a component of the acoustic signal. Therefore, one of shielding against all interference to the microphone, including interference due to the capacity of the body, is necessary.

Elektret-mikrofoner med yderligere elektroder til elektrisk afskærmning af elektret-elementet findes beskrevet i DS-patentskrifterne 3.77S.561 og 3.942.029. I henhold til begge disse patentskrifter er elektret-ele-30 mentet indlagt mellem perforerede elektroder, idet per-forationerne giver passage for luften til elektret-elementet.Electret microphones with additional electrodes for electrically shielding the electret element are disclosed in DS patents 3.77S.561 and 3.942.029. According to both of these patents, the electret element is sandwiched between perforated electrodes, the perforations providing passage of air to the electret element.

En kendt elektret-mikrofon i et telefonapparat omfatter følgende bestanddele: Den øverste part, der un-35 der brugen er placeret tættest ved talerens mund, udgør den ene del af et todelt hus af aluminium. Huset har en 2A known electret microphone in a telephone set comprises the following components: The upper part, which is placed closest to the speaker's mouth, is one part of a two-part aluminum housing. The house has a 2

DK 153619BDK 153619B

central åbning for passage af akustiske bølger. Under nævnte part findes der et fugtspærreelement, der sædvanligvis er en tynd film af plast, f.eks. Mylar (registreret varemærke), som presses i tætnende anlæg mod den 5 øverste part af huset. Under dette spærreelement og den tilhørende sammentrykkelige monteringsring finder man elektret-elementet, der sammen med tilhørende elektriske komponenter sidder i en anden part af aluminiumhuset. En elektret-mikrofon med flere af nævnte træk og navnlig 10 fugtspærreelementet kendes fra beskrivelsen til US patent nr. 4.188.513.central opening for passage of acoustic waves. Under said part there is a moisture barrier element which is usually a thin film of plastic, e.g. Mylar (registered trademark) which is pressed into sealing systems against the top 5 of the house. Under this locking element and the associated compressible mounting ring one finds the electret element, which, together with associated electrical components, sits in another part of the aluminum housing. An electret microphone having several of said features and in particular the moisture barrier element is known from the specification of US Patent No. 4,188,513.

En elektret-mikrofon omfattende et hus og et inden i huset anbragt elektret-element til frembringelse af et elektrisk signal svarende til akusti sk svingning, 15 der føres ind i huset gennem en åbning i huset, samt en film, der spærrer åbningen er ifølge opfindelsen ejendommelig ved, at den film, der spærrer denne åbning, i det mindste delvis udgøres af en ledende film, der er transparent for nævnte akustiske svingning og er i elek-20 trisk forbindelse med et legeme på fast potential for herved at fiksere potentialet på den ledende film.An electret microphone comprising a housing and an electret element arranged within the housing for generating an electrical signal corresponding to acoustic vibration which is introduced into the housing through an opening in the housing, and a film blocking the opening is according to the invention. peculiar in that the film blocking this aperture is at least in part constituted by a conductive film which is transparent to said acoustic oscillation and is electrically connected to a body of fixed potential to thereby fix the potential of it. leading film.

Opfindelsen forklares nærmere i det følgende under henvisning til den skematiske tegning, der viser en udførelsesform for en elektret-mikrofon ifølge opfindel-25 sen med de enkelte bestanddele trukket fra hinanden.The invention will be explained in greater detail below with reference to the schematic drawing showing an embodiment of an electret microphone according to the invention with the individual components drawn apart.

Den på tegningen viste mikrofon omfatter en øvre ring eller kapselpart 10 af aluminium udformet med en åbning 11. Den er udformet med en øvre kant 12, der kan skrues ind i en gevindskåret del af et ikke vist te-30 lefonrør. En rundtgående, i retning opad presset part 14 rummer og centrerer en tætningsring 16. 1 samlet tilstand presser tætningsringen 16 et som film udformet element 18, der virker som kombineret spærring og afskærmning, op i fordybningen 14. Elementet 18 har 35 en ledende overside 20. Dette element kan fremstilles ved vakuumpåføring af et tyndt lag aluminium på en film 3The microphone shown in the drawing comprises an upper ring or capsule portion 10 of aluminum formed with an opening 11. It is formed with an upper edge 12 which can be screwed into a threaded part of a telephone tube not shown. An annular, upwardly pressed portion 14 accommodates and centers a sealing ring 16. In overall condition, the sealing ring 16 presses a film 18, which acts as a combined latch and shield, into the recess 14. The element 18 has a conductive top 20 This element can be made by vacuum application of a thin layer of aluminum onto a film 3

DK 153619BDK 153619B

21 af plast, f.eks. Mylar, i en tykkelse på 10 μια. Elementet har en sådan tykkelse og fleksibilitet, at det er transparent over for akustiske svingninger mellem 10 Hz og 4 kHz. Tætningsringen 16 har til funktion af spænde 5 elementet 18 ud. Hvis ikke elementet monteres korrekt, er der risiko for, at det påvirker den talefrek-vente svingning, det overfører.21 of plastic, e.g. Mylar, at a thickness of 10 μια. The element has such thickness and flexibility that it is transparent to acoustic oscillations between 10 Hz and 4 kHz. The sealing ring 16 has the function 18 of the element 18 out. If the element is not mounted correctly, there is a risk that it will affect the voice-frequency oscillation it transmits.

Under den fleksible tætningsring 18 og i tæt anlæg mod denne finder man et transducerelement 22.Under the flexible sealing ring 18 and in close contact with it there is found a transducer element 22.

10 Dette består i hovedsagen af en topramme 24, der med klemmer 29 fastklemmer et stykke elektret-folie 26 mod en bundplade 28. Folien har en metallisk overflade og et underlag, der er i stand til i længere tidsperioder at opbevare en ladning. Elektret-strukturen er vel-15 kendt. Strimler 32 af dielektrisk film i en tykkelse på 50 μ adskiller den ladningsopbevarende side fra et ledende overtræk 30 på bundpladen 28. I området for det ledende overtræk er bundpladen 28 udformet med huller 34, som giver elektret-elementet mulighed for 20 at svinge under påvirkningen fra de akustiske bølger, der går ind i mikrofonen. Da den ladning, der oplagres i elektretfoliens underlag, ikke ændrer sig, vil potentialforskellen mellem det ledende overtræk 30 og elek-tretets ledende overflade, når folien svinger, fremkalde 25 et elektrisk analog til den talefrekvente svingning. Ved hjælp af en trykt leder på en plade 36 og ledninger 37, der har forbindelse med de elektriske flader på elektret-elementet 22, føres den varierende elektret-spænding til en ikke vist felteffekttransistor, der er 30 monteret på bagsiden af pladen. Felteffekttransistoren er placeret i et rum 40, der er tilvejebragt i den ne-derste part 42 af aluminiumkapslen. Størrelsen af dette rum vælges således, at elektret-folien 26's svingninger optimeres. På bagsiden af pladen 36 findes der 35 ikke viste kontakter i elektrisk forbindelse med kredsen på oversiden af pladen. Disse kontakter rager ud gennem t 4This consists essentially of a top frame 24 which, with clamps 29, clamps a piece of electret foil 26 against a base plate 28. The foil has a metallic surface and a substrate capable of storing a charge for extended periods of time. The electret structure is well known. Strips 32 of dielectric film at a thickness of 50 µ separate the charge storage side from a conductive coating 30 on the base plate 28. In the region of the conductive coating, the base plate 28 is formed with holes 34 which allow the electret element to swing 20 under the influence. from the acoustic waves entering the microphone. Since the charge stored in the substrate foil substrate does not change, the potential difference between the conductive coating 30 and the conductive surface of the electrode as the foil swings produces an electrical analogue to the speech frequency oscillation. By means of a printed conductor on a plate 36 and wires 37 which are connected to the electric surfaces of the electret element 22, the varying electret voltage is applied to a field effect transistor not shown, mounted on the back of the plate. The field effect transistor is located in a compartment 40 provided in the lower portion 42 of the aluminum capsule. The size of this space is chosen so that the oscillations of the electret film 26 are optimized. On the back of the plate 36, there are 35 electrical contacts not shown with the circuit on the top of the plate. These contacts protrude through t 4

DK 153619BDK 153619B

en åbning 46 i kapselparten 42. En anden pakning 48, der omringer kontakterne 44, beskytter mikrofonens indre mod skadelige påvirkninger udefra.an aperture 46 in the capsule portion 42. Another gasket 48 surrounding the contacts 44 protects the interior of the microphone from harmful external influences.

Under driften er kapslen med den øvre part 10 5 og den nedre part 42 jordforbundet gennem en af ledningerne på pladen 36 således, at oversiden på elementet 18 også er jordforbundet. Elementet 18 virker således til at forsegle mikrofonen mod fugt og gasformi-ge forureninger og til at danne elektromagnetisk af~ 10 skærmning omkring hele elektret-elementet. Som tidligere angivet er den primære virkning af denne supplerende afskærmning, at der opnås en reduktion af forstyrrelsen fra det elektriske felt, der skyldes legemets kapacitet, og som ellers ville påvirke udgangssignalet fra elek-15 tret-mikrofonen til en balanceret linie.During operation, the capsule with the upper portion 105 and the lower portion 42 is grounded through one of the wires on the plate 36 such that the upper surface of the member 18 is also grounded. The element 18 thus acts to seal the microphone against moisture and gaseous contaminants and to form electromagnetically by ~ 10 shielding around the entire electret element. As previously stated, the primary effect of this additional shielding is to achieve a reduction in the electrical field interference due to the body's capacity and which would otherwise affect the output of the electric microphone to a balanced line.

Kombinationen af et plastunderlag og et tyndt overtræk til dannelse af elementet 18 betragtes som en optimal, men ikke begrænsende konstruktion. Eksempelvis kan elementet 18 i stedet for udgøres af ét enkelt lag 20 af ledende folie. Det ville imidlertid være vanskeligt at fremstille en så tynd folie af f.eks. aluminium med den ønskede transparens for talefrekvente svingninger og med tilstrækkelig styrke til mekanisk beskyttelse af elektretet. Man foretrækker specielt aluminium som le~ 25 dende overtræk på elementet 18, for det første fordi det nemt kan vakuumpåføres plastunderlaget, for det andet fordi kapslen også består af aluminium og derfor ikke vil danne celle med overtrækket, når det er fugtigt, og endelig fordi aluminium er en god leder. Det 30 skal dog forstås, at der under andre omstændigheder kan foretrækkes andre ledende materialer, såsom kobber eller zink, og at elementet også kan bestå af plast med car-bonfyld.The combination of a plastic support and a thin coating to form the element 18 is considered an optimal but not limiting construction. For example, the element 18 may instead be constituted by a single layer 20 of conductive film. However, it would be difficult to make such a thin film of e.g. aluminum with the desired transparency for voice frequency oscillations and with sufficient strength for mechanical protection of the electret. Particularly, aluminum is preferred as a light coating on element 18, firstly because it can easily be vacuum-applied to the plastic substrate, secondly because the capsule is also aluminum and therefore will not form cell with the coating when moist, and finally because Aluminum is a good conductor. However, it should be understood that in other circumstances, other conductive materials, such as copper or zinc, may be preferred and that the element may also consist of carbon-filled plastic.

I den viste udførelsesform er oversiden på ele-35 mentet 18 ledende og i kontakt med den jordforbundne kapseltop 10. I andre udførelsesformer kan man fore-In the illustrated embodiment, the top side of the element 18 is conductive and in contact with the grounded capsule top 10. In other embodiments,

DK 153619BDK 153619B

5 trække ikke at jordforbinde huset omkring elektretet, og i så fald kan det ledende overtræk på elementet 18 påføres den side af elementet, der skal være i kontakt med et legeme, som er jordforbundet eller er påtrykt et fast 5 potential.5 does not pull to ground the housing around the electret, in which case the conductive coating on the element 18 can be applied to the side of the element which must be in contact with a body which is grounded or has a fixed potential applied to it.

I den viste udførelsesform dækker det ledende overtræk hele overfladearealet af elementet 18 for således helt at omslutte transducer-elementet 22 med en elektromagnetisk afskærmning. I andre tilfælde kan det 10 dog være mere hensigtsmæssigt at begrænse det ledende overtræk på elementet 18 til et centralt område eller et kantområde, der i vertikal akseretning ligger på linie med den centrale åbning i kapseltoppen 10.In the embodiment shown, the conductive coating covers the entire surface area of the element 18 so as to completely enclose the transducer element 22 with an electromagnetic shield. In other cases, however, it may be more convenient to limit the conductive coating of the element 18 to a central region or an edge region which is aligned vertically with the central aperture in the capsule top 10.

Med henblik på nemmere samling kan der være et 15 ledende overtræk på begge sider af elementet 18.For easier assembly, there may be a 15 conductive coating on both sides of the element 18.

20 25 30 3520 25 30 35

Claims (10)

1. Elektret-mikrofon omfattende et hus og et inden i huset anbragt elektret-element (22) til frembrin- 5 gelse af et elektrisk signal svarende til akustisk svingning, der føres ind i huset gennem en åbning (11) i huset, samt en film (13), der spærrer åbningen (11), kendetegnet ved, at den film (18) , der spærrer denne åbning (11), i det mindste delvis udgøres af 10 en ledende film, der er transparent for nævnte akustiske svingning og er i elektrisk forbindelse med et legeme (10) på fast potential for herved at fiksere potentialet på den ledende film (IS).An electret microphone comprising a housing and an electret element (22) disposed within the housing for generating an electrical signal corresponding to acoustic vibration which is introduced into the housing through an opening (11) in the housing, and a film (13) blocking the aperture (11), characterized in that the film (18) blocking this aperture (11) is at least partially constituted by a conductive film which is transparent to said acoustic oscillation and is in electrical connection with a body (10) of fixed potential to thereby fix the potential of the conductive film (IS). 2. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 1, kende- 15 tegnet ved, at den ledende film består af et ledende overtræk (20), der er påført et substrat (21).Electret microphone according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive film consists of a conductive coating (20) applied to a substrate (21). 3. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 2, kendetegnet ved, at det ledende overtræk (20) er påført begge sider af et lamelformet substrat (21).Electret microphone according to claim 2, characterized in that the conductive coating (20) is applied to both sides of a slat-shaped substrate (21). 4. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 2, kende tegnet ved, at substratet (21) udgøres af en film af fleksible plastmaterialer.The electret microphone of claim 2, characterized in that the substrate (21) is constituted by a film of flexible plastics material. 5. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 4, kendetegnet ved, at filmen (IS) med nævnte substrat 25 (21) af plastmaterialer med påført ledende overtræk (20), er fugt-uigennemtrængeligt.Electret microphone according to claim 4, characterized in that the film (IS) having said substrate 25 (21) of plastic materials with applied conductive coating (20) is moisture impervious. 6. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 5, kendetegnet ved et tætningsorgan (16) til at presse kombinationen af substratet (21) og det ledende over- 30 træk (20) mod indersiden af huset (10).Electret microphone according to claim 5, characterized by a sealing means (16) for pressing the combination of the substrate (21) and the conductive cover (20) against the inside of the housing (10). 7. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at huset (10) er ledende og jordforbundet, og at den ledende film (18) er i elektrisk kontakt med indersiden af huset (10).Electret microphone according to claim 1, characterized in that the housing (10) is conductive and grounded and that the conductive film (18) is in electrical contact with the inside of the housing (10). 8. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 7, kende tegnet ved, at både den ledende film (18) og huset (10) består af aluminium. DK 153619BThe electret microphone according to claim 7, characterized in that both the conductive film (18) and the housing (10) consist of aluminum. DK 153619B 9. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at den ledende film (18) består af plast med ledende fyld.Electret microphone according to claim 1, characterized in that the conductive film (18) consists of plastic with conductive filling. 10. Elektret-mikrofon ifølge krav 9, kende-5 tegnet ved, at det ledende fyld er carbon. 10 15 20 25 30 35Electret microphone according to claim 9, characterized in that the conductive filling is carbon. 10 15 20 25 30 35
DK450682A 1981-10-19 1982-10-12 Electret Microphone DK153619C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA000388183A CA1165859A (en) 1981-10-19 1981-10-19 Electret microphone shield
CA388183 1981-10-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
DK450682A DK450682A (en) 1983-04-20
DK153619B true DK153619B (en) 1988-08-01
DK153619C DK153619C (en) 1988-12-19

Family

ID=4121192

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DK450682A DK153619C (en) 1981-10-19 1982-10-12 Electret Microphone

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0077615B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS5881000A (en)
KR (1) KR880000963B1 (en)
CA (1) CA1165859A (en)
DE (1) DE3270879D1 (en)
DK (1) DK153619C (en)
IE (1) IE53590B1 (en)

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GB2218298A (en) * 1987-11-28 1989-11-08 Anthony David Heyes An ultra-sonic pulse-echo ranging device
DE19715365C2 (en) * 1997-04-11 1999-03-25 Sennheiser Electronic Condenser microphone
US7439616B2 (en) 2000-11-28 2008-10-21 Knowles Electronics, Llc Miniature silicon condenser microphone
US7434305B2 (en) 2000-11-28 2008-10-14 Knowles Electronics, Llc. Method of manufacturing a microphone
US8617934B1 (en) 2000-11-28 2013-12-31 Knowles Electronics, Llc Methods of manufacture of top port multi-part surface mount silicon condenser microphone packages
US7166910B2 (en) 2000-11-28 2007-01-23 Knowles Electronics Llc Miniature silicon condenser microphone
US6781231B2 (en) 2002-09-10 2004-08-24 Knowles Electronics Llc Microelectromechanical system package with environmental and interference shield
JP4452584B2 (en) * 2004-08-31 2010-04-21 株式会社オーディオテクニカ Condenser microphone
DE102005008512B4 (en) 2005-02-24 2016-06-23 Epcos Ag Electrical module with a MEMS microphone
DE102005008511B4 (en) 2005-02-24 2019-09-12 Tdk Corporation MEMS microphone
DE102005053765B4 (en) 2005-11-10 2016-04-14 Epcos Ag MEMS package and method of manufacture
DE102005053767B4 (en) 2005-11-10 2014-10-30 Epcos Ag MEMS microphone, method of manufacture and method of installation
KR20080011066A (en) * 2006-07-27 2008-01-31 스타 마이크로닉스 컴퍼니 리미티드 Housing for microphone, and condenser microphone
US7894622B2 (en) 2006-10-13 2011-02-22 Merry Electronics Co., Ltd. Microphone
CN103999484B (en) 2011-11-04 2017-06-30 美商楼氏电子有限公司 As the embedded-type electric medium and manufacture method of the barrier in acoustic equipment
US9078063B2 (en) 2012-08-10 2015-07-07 Knowles Electronics, Llc Microphone assembly with barrier to prevent contaminant infiltration
US9794661B2 (en) 2015-08-07 2017-10-17 Knowles Electronics, Llc Ingress protection for reducing particle infiltration into acoustic chamber of a MEMS microphone package

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3787642A (en) * 1971-09-27 1974-01-22 Gte Automatic Electric Lab Inc Electrostatic transducer having resilient electrode
US3778561A (en) * 1972-06-21 1973-12-11 Bell Canada Northern Electric Electret microphone
JPS5419172B2 (en) * 1973-07-23 1979-07-13
JPS5717013Y2 (en) * 1977-07-11 1982-04-09
US4188513A (en) * 1978-11-03 1980-02-12 Northern Telecom Limited Electret microphone with simplified electrical connections by printed circuit board mounting

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Publication number Publication date
EP0077615B1 (en) 1986-04-30
IE53590B1 (en) 1988-12-21
DK450682A (en) 1983-04-20
KR840002387A (en) 1984-06-25
KR880000963B1 (en) 1988-06-04
JPS5881000A (en) 1983-05-16
IE822516L (en) 1983-04-19
CA1165859A (en) 1984-04-17
DK153619C (en) 1988-12-19
EP0077615A1 (en) 1983-04-27
DE3270879D1 (en) 1986-06-05

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