DE969439C - Anisotor per waveguide for the transmission of high-frequency currents - Google Patents

Description

ISSUED JUNE 4, 1958

S 37840 VIII dl 2i c

There are anisotropic waveguides for the transmission of high-frequency currents known from alternating thin layers of metal and insulating layers are made, the thickness of each Metal layers must be smaller than the equivalent conductive layer thickness. The metal layers are supposed to be preferably in the form of closed, highly conductive layers that can be produced chemically, for example. As part of the well-known Proposals were also made to form the layers by thin insulated wires. It was too already pointed out that the layers or wires are not contiguous under certain circumstances need to be, since such interruptions at high frequencies do not break the conductor render ineffective. The main idea behind these well-known proposals can be seen in the to arrange conductive organs in the conductor in layers and in great length, preferably in equal lengths the manufacturing lengths. The disadvantage of this known high-frequency layer conductor is in primarily to be seen in the difficult production of the same.

There are also high-frequency lines with increased phase velocity become known, which consist of a mixed body of insulating material and metal in fine distribution. Such lines can be used as short connecting cables for devices. For antennas with artificially enlarged Wavelength it has become known in a corresponding way " the radiating antenna parts made of a mixed body made of metal and insulating material with dielectric

80 »524/10

see properties manufacture. In this way, antenna conductors can achieve greater radiation resistances than conventional antennas.

The invention relates to a further development of the last-mentioned known proposals. According to the invention constructed anisotropic waveguides for the transmission of high-frequency currents consist of an insulating compound with evenly embedded, against

ίο the diameter of the waveguide thin, elongated conductive particles or from an insulating compound with spontaneous internal electrical or magnetic Polarization with preferential direction in the axial direction of the waveguide. The conductive particles in coarsely dispersed form embedded in the isohermass. Such waveguides can favorable transmission properties not only for the transmission of £ waves or TM waves, but also for the transmission of H-waves resp.

ΓΙί waves received. For the transfer of the latter According to the invention, the waveguide can be formed from a magnetic material, d. H. can be made from a magnetically anisotropic medium. For example, to this Purpose in the insulating compound fine elongated magnetizable particles are embedded.

The waveguides constructed according to the invention have no layer conductors compared to the high-frequency layer conductors only the advantage of a simplified and cheaper production, but also the advantage of a larger one mechanical insensitivity as well as greater flexibility and twistability. The waveguide can free of cavities and therefore longitudinally watertight and pressure-resistant, so that it is advantageous can also be used for submarine cables.

So that the medium of the waveguide despite the deposits is electrically homogeneous in the end, a certain fineness of the dispersion is required is expressed in an upper limit for the cross section of the particles. In particular, it is advantageous when the conductive particles or the longitudinally oriented chains of conductive particles are thin compared to the equivalent conductor layer thickness. A medium can be assumed for the waveguide, which contains molecular electrical dipoles that are frozen in a preferred direction. The spontaneous one internal polarization can e.g. B. achieve very high electrical values with ferroelectric substances. Are the dipoles "frozen", d. H. in their transversal movement, which they result from the movement of heat

= (<T _r + j ω e _r ) E _r

(A)

dE _z 0—

O _r

- - 1 ^ω Η "φ

The left triple describes an E-wave (Ε _τ , Ε _ζ , Η _φ ), in which the anisotropy of the complex "conductivity and the transverse fields of the wave get, inhibited by the directional forces of the internal polarization and by frictional resistances, so there is a high anisotropy the dielectric constant, the latter briefly referred to as "DK", to be expected.

The insulating compounds used are advantageously those with low DC and low dielectric losses, z. B. polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl carbazole, polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrichlorofluoroethylene or the like. As a preferred method of manufacturing waveguides according to the invention consists in spraying the waveguide z. B. produce by means of an extruder, is in In this case, when selecting the insulating compounds, consideration must also be given to the fact that they are sprayed are processable.

The invention is based on novel considerations. To make these considerations understandable and to clarify which properties the anisotropy should have and which transfer constants a waveguide according to the invention, the relationships in the following are mathematical examined more closely. As a special case, there are also the regularities for the one mentioned at the beginning known shift leader.

To assess the transmission properties, one starts with those specialized in anisotropic media Maxwell's equations. In the field equations

red H = (σ + / ω ε) Ε,

red E = - / ω μ H

the constants σ -j- j to ε and j co μ should be generalized to tensors. In order that the solutions can be obtained with tolerable effort, one assumes that the main axes of these tensors coincide with the directions r, φ, ζ of the cylindrical coordinate system. There are introduced

la _T + ΐ'ωε _τ 0 0 0 G = ° μ _Ψ + / ω ε _ψ 0 \ 0 0 0 e, +} 'fi) s / μτ 0 \ M = ί. 0 ο Vo μζ I

(2)

(3)

and the right-hand sides of equations (1) are replaced by the tensor products (GE) and (MH), respectively. If you separate it into components, you get two triples of equations

~ 7 ΊΓ

τ 0 _r

(B)

oH _z

becomes effective, the right triple an if-wave (H _r , H _z , E ₉ ) with anisotropy of μ.

First, the transfer constants for the Ε wave are derived and the transfer ratios for the conductivity anisotropy and the dielectric anisotropy are considered.

The special case a _z > ωε _ζ and σγ <ί σ _ζ describes the layer conductor of known structure. In the case of predominant dielectric conductivity, it makes sense to use a medium with

O _r = O _z ~ 0 ! £ _z I> I E _r | ,
^ε ζ ^{= ε} ζ1 ί ^ε ζ2 ^{= ε} 2ΐ I ¹

e _r = ε _Γΐ -JSr ₂ = ε _τ1 (ι -? tg ö _r ).
The wave equation applies to Hj

with

⁶ Tl

₂ i - / ε _ζ2 ). (4)

γ is the degree of propagation of the wave damped according to e ~ r ^z. The solution for Η _φ is if de should be finite in r = 0

H ₉ = Al ₁ (Hr)
I ₁ = Bessel function i. Order.

The condition of field freedom in the outer space requires that

^ r ₀₁ = P ₁ , p ₂ , p _s ...,

where pi are the O-sites of I ₁ . Only the wave ι is interested. Order to which applies

3.83

h =

(5)

If one separates equation (4) into real and imaginary parts, one obtains for the phase measure

zl + Sr

CO *

(6)

and for the cushioning

α =

s _rl s _zl

tgö _r

In this equation, <5 _r and ö _{z are} the loss angles of s _r and ε _ζ .

a =

ι -

where is the lower cutoff frequency

μ \ a _z r _a
and the phase measure

It is p _x = 3.83 for the fundamental wave, r _a = outside. From equation (6) one can read that the transmission begins above a cut-off frequency a> _c

ω Ξ5; co _e = ——

^E zl "Γ ^ε Γ

(8th)

You can write when the losses are disappearing

Equation (6) contains the dispersion of the phase velocity of the wave in the shape

ν =

(9)

The dispersion becomes smaller and smaller with increasing frequency.

In equation (7), if tg ö _r > tg <5 _Z , it would become negative, provided that ß, ie ω, is not sufficiently large. Since negative damping is impossible, the condition (8)

ω> ω.

i + tgo _r -tg3, '

(10)

The behavior known for layer conductors applies analogously to the field image and the wave resistance. It should be noted that the wave resistance for this mode is low.

Z _h = 0.122

Ω.

(11)

The conductivity tensor, which is decisive for the anisotropy of the conductivity σ + jms, is derived from equation (2).

For the special case

ωε _ζ

and a _z S> a _r

ωε _τ

there is conductivity anisotropy, which can be generated, for example, by chain-like, coherent conductive particles oriented according to ζ , which are embedded in insulating compound. The attenuation of this medium is described by

radius, tg ö _r = dielectric loss angle. If the anisotropy is high enough, the attenuation becomes independent of ω as long as the »derivative attenuationec i β tgö _{r is} small.

For the further special case σ <ί (οε and ε _ζ > ε _{τ of} the primary ε anisotropy, equations (7) and (6) apply to the transfer constants α and β of the E wave.

The first summand in equation (7) decreases with increasing frequency, the second increases. After deep Frequencies too, the attenuation is determined by the longitudinal dielectric losses, "after high frequencies due to the losses in the radial direction. The longitudinal losses are multiplied by the anisotropy factor

can therefore be kept proportionally small.

The ohmic longitudinal losses that exist in the high-frequency layer conductor do not apply here. The "dissipation loss"? is decisive here as there at higher frequencies.
The wave resistance given by equation (ii) is low-resistance. The displacement current flowing in the ^ -direction has the value 0 at r = 0.63 r _0.

As equation (6) teaches for β , there is a lower limit frequency for transmission in the dielectrically anisotropic medium, which results from setting the root to zero and leads to equation (8). If the losses go away, this is true

λ, τ

V ~ \ l

The transmission only takes place for frequencies ω S: ω ₀ .

If tg d _r <tg <5 _Z , the first summand in equation (7) remains positive, and equations (8) and (8 ') apply as a condition for the transmission frequency. On the other hand, if tg <5 _r > tg <5 _z , this condition is extended to equation (10).

A mixed body with ε-anisotropy is now considered. If one imagines rod-shaped conductor particles embedded in an insulating medium with the DC ε, which are insulated from one another and with their longitudinal axis all lie in the transmission direction of the E- wave, then one obtains a larger resulting DC in this axis than perpendicular to it. The precalculation of the resulting constants ε and σ in the case of mixed bodies would have to take into account the field distortions caused by the deposits and is therefore only possible under simplified assumptions. It is important to us to estimate how the anisotropy is related to the ratio of length to thickness of the particles and to their mean mutual distance. It is therefore not enough to just have a general dependency on the. Set up the mixing ratio of the components. In order to attain the object, we make a very simple model, namely, the embedded particles are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawing square prisms b from the base edge and its length l. They should be in a regular space lattice structure with the large edge I in the longitudinal direction ζ , the distances between the prisms in the ^ -direction be d _z , according to the perpendicular axes χ and y each equal to d _x ■ ρ is the specific resistance of the prisms, ε is the DC of the surrounding insulating material.

The exact calculation would have to take into account the polarization of the particles by the external field and the resulting change in the internal field. For an overview of the mode of action of this medium, however, it is sufficient to specify the resulting elementary resistance by connecting the elements in series and in parallel and to relate it to the unit of volume. For example, the resistance for a longitudinal ζ field lies between points A and B

I 1 d _z

^z b ² ω el ²

ρ = specific resistance of the rod. Lie on length L.

η =

l + d _z

Resistors in series, in a square cross-section of width B 20

+ aj
Rows parallel.

The resistance coating in the 2-direction of a 25 prism of length L and base area B ² is therefore

no _z

b + d,

ωε

B) b ² (i + d _z )

Now place the field in the y-direction and get the resistance between points C and D.

V "- -τ

δ ω · ε b ² lie on width B.

m =

Resistors in series, in cross section LB LB

n m =

1 +

Rows parallel. The total resistance for the prism is therefore 45

Qb-

nm ^g L b * \ - ω ε J

and the covering in the y-direction 50 based on the unit length tion

"FIT*·"

l + d, τ LB b ²

ω ε

(13)

The numbers λ _ζ and X _{1 are} introduced as the resulting complex conductivities, for which applies

R, =

B ² '

K ₁₁ LB ^-

(14)

Λ is broken down into a resulting conductivity σ and a resulting DC, which is the excess

969

represents over the surrounding medium. From equations (12) and (13) and with the help of the equation (14) you get

l + d.

Ql-

ωε

σ » + j Oi (ε, - ε) =

Qb -

ωε

This results in the equations for the resulting direction-dependent DK

»0 ο _

= ε

d _z )

(15)

and for the resulting conductivity b V „. ,. Ql

b + d.

σ «=

-d _z )

Qb

ωε

ωε

If ρ <ss, as in the case of metallic partial

chen, ε _ζ , ε _{ν become} independent of ω. Special case I a>& and d _z - d _v = d _x = b

^ τ (χ) ^{2 β {ωε) 2} '

The anisotropy factor - becomes ~ - I — J, (ω e) ² is

negligibly small compared to ω ε.

To get an overview of the content of these formulas

we assume the special case that I > b and bd _z = d _x . For Cu, ρ = i, 75 · ίο- ⁸ Ω m, for f = io ⁶ Hz and ε = 2.1 ε becomes ₀

= 0.85 · io ⁴ ,

ωε

so it is ρ <s ——. With this neglect

439 5

one obtains from equations (15) and (16)

■ -τ-1 and

* ■ = χ β («ε) ² ·

The conductivities are frequency dependent, but remain very small, for ρ (ω ε) ² ~ 10- ¹⁶ S / m. Of the

The anisotropy factor of the DC becomes for - g> 1

It would be unfavorable to make the distances between the particles d _x , d _z large compared to their dimensions I and b . As can be deduced from equations (15) and (16), the effective e _z and E _{x would be} greatly reduced, as would the conductivities. If the dimensions of the particles become too coarse, the medium no longer presents itself as electrically homogeneous, as this theory requires. The gain in attenuation would then probably suffer a loss.

In the following, the transmission constants for the H- wave and then the anisotropy of the permeability are explained.

The triple equation (B) provides the equation for E ₉

with
_h 2 ₌ μζχ z ^ yz_j _o) (μ ₈₁ - / μ _ζ2 ) (σ + / ωε

μη Wr 2 (xy)

and γ = a + j β.

The regular solution in r = O is

E ₉ = Al ₁ (Hr). (18)

The condition of the field-freedom in the outer space yields 1st order for the wave

If this is put into equation (17), one obtains after decomposition of equation (17) into real and Imaginary part

- β ² + ω ^ζ μ _τ1 ε - ω μ _τΖ σ -

2 _aß - ω μ τ1 σ - ω ² μ _τ2 ε = + ■

μ \ ι

(19)

(20) "5

& 09 524/10

The solution of equations (i8) and (19) gives

α =

For the field functions of the Η-wave one finds after inserting the solution E ₉ into the field equations

ev ^z .

JPx

(23) (24)

The constant A is determined from the longitudinal magnetic flux Φ _ο , which penetrates the cross-sectional area ο < r < r _g , where r ₀ = 0.628 r _{a is} the radius of the zero zone of H.

Φ _ο = 2 TEj μ _ζ Η _ζ rdr.

ο
If you insert from (24), you get because of

.A

Φ _ο = 1 - 2.053 r _a . ω

The induced in a wire ring of radius r ₀

EMKtZ ₀ ISt

U ₀ =

The excitation constant A in equations (18), (23), (24) can therefore be replaced by the EMF in this ring, which is used to excite the H- wave.
The transmitted power results from the integration of the Poynting vector (ExH) = E ₉ H _r over the cross section ο < r < r _a .

N = 0.122 I / -
μ _τ

The characteristic impedance of the line is defined from the transmission power and the excitation voltage by

In contrast to the E- wave, Z _{11 has a} high resistance for the H-wave. According to equation (21), there is a lower limit frequency ω ₀ , in the vicinity of which the attenuation is greatly increased

increases.

ra

μ _τ1 ε

μ _ιΧ

■■ (26) (21) (22)

A magnetically anisotropic medium can be produced, for example, by magnetizing a cylindrical ferromagnetic material in the longitudinal axis. The üf wave can be excited by a ring probe with a current flowing through it, which is placed in the zero zone of the longitudinal magnetic field. The attenuation for a medium with conductivity σ, its permeabilities

= μ _ζ χ (ι - 7

= μ _τ χ (ι -? tg y> _r )

with the condition μ _ζ \ ^> \ μ _τ gives equation (22) in connection with equation (21).

The first term in equation (21) represents the longitudinal magnetic losses, the second the eddy current losses caused by the conductivity in a circular direction, and the third the losses of the radial magnetic field. It can be seen that σ must be kept very small, so that solid magnetic material is out of the question, only ferromagnetic particles embedded in insulating material. In this case, at higher frequencies, the third term as "dissipation attenuation " will predominate

There is also a lower limit frequency here; see equation (26). The difficulty is to find a medium with a sufficiently small loss angle xp _r because of the usually large ε in metallic dispersions.

In the following, various possible embodiments for the invention are given, and it the invention is explained in more detail in part with reference to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 10.

3 and 4 show two exemplary embodiments of anisotropic waveguides produced according to the invention. According to FIG. 3, the waveguide consists of the round Isohermass strand 10 with embedded fine elongated conductive particles, which are indicated as short longitudinal lines. The size of these conductive particles depends on the frequency of the transmission currents and on the desired transmission properties. In view of the economics of manufacturing such conductors, the size of the conductive particles can deviate from the electrical optimum. In terms of size, the particles have a diameter of about 10 μ and a length of about 1 mm and more. The waterproof jacket 11, which is preferably made of a highly conductive material such as aluminum, is arranged above the waveguide 10. The Fig. 4 under; differs from Fig. 3 in that the shaft

conductor into the inner conductor 12 and the outer conductor 13 divided and an insulating layer 14 is arranged between the two conductors. The insulating layer 14 lies in the zero zone, which is why this layer can be referred to as the zero current layer.

It has already been mentioned that in the case of a waveguide with conductivity anisotropy, the coupling of the E- wave can take place capacitively by two ring probes placed inside and outside the zero zone to the medium and the excitation of the H- wave by a ring probe placed in the zero zone of the longitudinal magnetic field. The question of coupling is of general importance when connecting the transmitter and receiver or other transmission elements, such as terminal equipment, amplifiers, connection lines, to the waveguide and also when the waveguide is to be connected to similar or different transmission lines.

5 shows the coupling of a coaxial high-frequency line to an anisotropic waveguide according to the invention. The waveguide on the right corresponds to the embodiment according to FIG. 4 and is accordingly with the same reference

a5 characters provided. It joins the waveguide a coaxial connection or transmission piece, which consists of the inner conductor piece 15 and the outer conductor piece 16 consists. The outer conductor piece 16 is bent over like a flange at the end 17. To achieve a The best possible coupling efficiency are the end faces of the inner conductor piece 15 and the To choose end flange 17 in size favorably. To further improve the matching, this is coaxial Connection piece 15/16 is connected to the coaxial line 18 through the transformer 19.

6 and 7 show the arrangement of a ring probe 20 in the zero zone of the longitudinal magnetic field one used to transmit if waves Waveguide 21, which is provided with the metal jacket 22. Even with this arrangement a matching transformer is arranged between the waveguide and the coaxial line 18, the is denoted here by 23.

Various manufacturing methods are possible for manufacturing waveguides according to the invention. As already indicated, isi; it is particularly advantageous to produce the waveguide on an extrusion press by injection molding. The fine conductive particles get their elongated shape expediently only after they have been mixed into the insulating compound. Particularly It is useful to use the waveguide to align, lengthen and reduce the diameter of the fine Subjecting particles to a stretching process. To carry out such a stretching process there is the possibility of making the waveguide with one of a cold-drawable metal, such as copper, aluminum Od. Like. To surround the existing coat and then a stretching process, preferably a drawing or rolling process to submit. It is also possible to produce a closed, cold-drawn one Metal existing pipe with insulated conductive particles or with a mixture of conductive particles and to fill an insulating material and then also stretch the whole thing. In the middle of A tensile strength core made of a tensile strength, highly conductive metal is advantageously arranged on the waveguide. This embodiment is particularly useful when the waveguide is manufactured on an extrusion press. In In this case, the insulating compound is sprayed around the centrally located tensile core, e.g. B. to a copper or aluminum wire, sprayed.

It is also possible to embed the conductive fine particles in an elongated form in the insulating compound. For this purpose, the conductive particles can be used during or after their embedding in the first liquid or semi-liquid insulating compound can be directed, for example under the action of electrical Fields.

To isolate the conductive particles from one another, they can be provided with oxide layers. It is possible to provide the superficially oxidized particles with high-quality dielectric coatings. Among other things, anodized aluminum particles can also be used, it being desirable that each other results in the best possible insulation of the aluminum particles.

The production of anisotropic waveguides according to the invention is described below with reference to FIG through 10, for example.

A useful manufacturing method is that according to FIG. 8 first a metal pipe 24 with powder particles 25 made of conductive material, but with an insulated surface. Such a filled one and tube sealed at the ends is subjected to such a strong stretching process that the powder particles obtained an elongated shape and a waveguide according to FIG. 4 results. It can be expedient to subject the metal jacket 24 to a tempering during the stretching process, wherein Pay attention to inadmissible temperature stresses on the insulating material of the waveguide. At A seamed metal tube can also take the place of a seamless metal tube.

According to FIG. 9, an insulating compound 26 interspersed with conductive powder particles is applied to a conductive one Wire 27 made of copper, aluminum or the like is applied and provided with a metal jacket 28. The whole is subjected to a stretching process, whereby both the conductive powder particles and the core 27 and the metal jacket 28 can be stretched.

Fig. 10 shows a continuous process for Manufacture of the waveguide according to FIG. 9. The core wire 27 runs into an injection molding machine 29, through which the core wire 27 is coated with a mixture of a suitable insulating compound and a conductive powder is overmolded so that the strand 26 is formed. A highly conductive metal strip 30 runs from the supply roll 31 to the folding device 32, through which the tape 30 is placed around the strand 26 and on the side edges is folded together. Then the coated Waveguide strand pulled through several drawing dies 34 by means of the haul-off disk 33 and opened the supply roll 35 is wound.

Another continuous method of making waveguides in accordance with the invention is in that a half-shell-shaped or different

almost half-shell-shaped metal band, the open side of which is directed upwards, with isolated particles or filled with a mixture of conductive particles and an insulating compound, the tape on top into one closed tube bent and finally the whole thing a stretching process by pulling or hammering is subjected. It is possible to connect the side edges of the metal strip to one another before the stretching process to fold. This method has the advantage that a spray device is not required. The half-shell shape of the metal band forms an upwardly open channel into which the elongated Metal pieces are poured in or filled in from above. The elongated pieces of metal the z. B. in the form of pieces of wire about 0.01 to 0.05 mm thick and 5 to 10 mm long, will generally assume a longitudinal position by themselves within the half-shell channel, but the alignment of the metal pieces in the longitudinal direction can of course still be done by additional Measures, e.g. B. by using electrical directional fields or by mechanical vibration measures, get supported. In this method and also in the method according to FIG. 10 Instead of a single metal band, two half-shell-shaped bands can be used, which are attached to the facing side edges are connected to one another.

The invention is not limited to the specified embodiments limited. For example, the waveguide can have a shape deviating from a circular shape Preserved cross-section. It is also possible to make the waveguide from several strands, who come together to form the overall manager. The conductive particles run preferably in the longitudinal direction, but in certain cases it can be useful to give the particles a twist by one z. B. rotates the waveguide around its own axis while the insulating compound is still in a plastic state. the For example, the zero current layer 14 indicated in FIG. 4 can be made so strong and optionally be replaced by an air space insulation that a coaxial conductor arrangement is formed in which the Inner and outer conductors are designed as anisotropic waveguides. Furthermore, the waveguides are according to of the invention applicable to balanced transmission lines. The waveguide can be equipped with additional, if necessary, insulating protective layers and metallic reinforcements are provided. the Formation of these protective layers is essentially dependent on whether the waveguide is earth, air or Submarine cables are to be laid.

Claims (19)

PATENT CLAIMS: i. Anisotropic waveguide for the transmission of high-frequency currents, characterized in, that the waveguide made of an insulating compound with evenly embedded, against the Diameter of the waveguide thin, elongated conductive particles or an insulating compound with spontaneous internal electrical or magnetic polarization with preferred direction in the axial direction of the waveguide. 2. Waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that that the conductive particles are embedded in coarsely dispersed form in the insulating compound are. 3. Waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that that the conductive particles are magnetizable to achieve magnetic anisotropy are. 4. Waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that that the conductive particles or the chains aligned in the longitudinal direction are more conductive Particles are thin compared to the equivalent conductive layer thickness. 5. Waveguide according to claim i, characterized in that that the coupling of the £ wave takes place capacitively by two ring probes, which within and are applied to the medium outside the zero zone. 6. Waveguide according to claim 3, characterized in that the coupling of the H- wave takes place by a ring probe which is mounted in the zero zone of the magnetic longitudinal field. 7. Waveguide according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that between the waveguide and the connected transmission element, such as terminal equipment, amplifier, connection line, etc., a matching transformer is connected. 8. Waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that that the insulating mass is those with a low dielectric constant and a small dielectric Losses, e.g. B. polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl carbazole, polytetrafluoroethylene, Polytrichlorüuoräthylen or the like. Are used. 9. Waveguide according to claim 1, characterized in that that the conductive particles are provided with non-conductive oxide layers. 10. Waveguide according to claim 9, characterized in that that anodized aluminum particles are used as the conductive particles. 11. Method of manufacturing waveguides according to claim 1, characterized in that the waveguide is produced by spraying, vor- lojj preferably on an extruder. 12. A method for producing waveguides according to claim 1, characterized in that the waveguide for aligning, elongating and reducing the diameter of the conductive particles is subjected to a stretching process. 13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that that the waveguide to carry out the stretching process with one of a cold-drawable metal, such as copper, aluminum Od. Like., Existing coat is surrounded. 14. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that that a closed metal pipe with the isolated particles or with a mixture filled with conductive particles and an insulating compound and then subjected to a stretching process will. 15. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that that the insulating compound is sprayed around a centrally located tensile wire is injected. i6. Method according to claim ii, characterized in that that the strand of insulating compound sprayed on the extruder and provided with the conductive particles in the same operation enveloped in a longitudinal metal band and then subjected to a stretching process will. τη. A method according to claim 12, characterized in that a half-shell-shaped or approximately half-shell-shaped metal band with the open side facing up is filled in a continuous working process with the isolated conductive particles or with a mixture of conductive particles and an insulating compound, the band on top to form a closed tube bent and the whole thing is subjected to a stretching process by drawing or hammering. 18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that that the half-shell-shaped band with the elongated pieces of metal, for. B. in the form of pieces of wire from about 0.01 to 0.05 mm Thickness and 5 to 10 mm in length, is filled by pouring in the particles. 19. A method for producing waveguides according to claim 1 and in particular according to claim 18, characterized in that the conductive particles by additional measures, for. B. by the effect of electrical directional fields or by shaking measures in the desired longitudinal position be judged. 1 sheet of drawings © 609 707/262 11.56 (209 524/10 5.58)