DE966002C - Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor - Google Patents

Description

For the production of thermal energy from nuclear reactions, substances are used as a rule, which through action caused by neutrons to the desired reactions. In addition to splitting The nuclei of heavy elements can also be achieved by building up light elements from hydrogen, for example Example of helium, achieve energy. In order to initiate this structure, extraordinary temperatures are required, the height of which is in the order of 10 million degrees Kelvin (absolute temperature) and which so far could only be achieved through reactions involving nuclear fission. A special task in nuclear reactions is also to regulate the processes in the desired manner, including a considerable one technical effort is required.

The invention aims to simplify the implementation of nuclear reactions and it consists in that the contents of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the Ball by running in the radial direction, generated and controlled periodically repeatedly in quick succession Shock waves is affected. The shock waves are caused by vibrations, for example To produce spherical wall, which can generally be produced with technically simple means, relatively can have low vibrations. Such vibrations are in the cavity of the Sphere generates waves that repeatedly run through the contents of the sphere in rapid succession. These waves take a short time after the initiation of the

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movement of the spherical wall takes the form of shock waves, and the intensity of these shock waves can on the one hand by the number of vibrations to be selected and on the other hand by the size of the selected vibration amplitudes be managed. The inventive regulation of the reactor accordingly consists in primarily in regulating the magnitude of these vibration values. It turns out to be effective that the vibrations are generated in rapid succession. The rapid succession of the vibrations allows an increase in the effect of the waves passing through the sphere. The quick result will on the one hand, a repeated, favorable influencing of the ball content in short time intervals is achieved and on the other hand, every new oscillation of the ball wall can cause the pressure jump within the ball to boost running wave. Since the wave velocities of the medium within the sphere in the Magnitude of 1000 m per second, it follows that the oscillations of the spherical wall in in each case a quick sequence must be obtained in order to achieve a desired high energy concentration in the area of the center of the sphere. However, the number of periods of these oscillations is technical easily manageable limits.

Since it is necessary according to the invention to achieve the desired high energy concentrations, the Periodically repeating shock waves in rapid succession thus becomes the method of the invention through known proposals relating to the generation of a single shock wave by explosives, not touched.

In the figure, for example, an embodiment is shown ^: - The form of a reactor according to the invention is shown,

The hollow ball 1, which consists of magnetically influenceable material, for example steel, is of a Surrounding number of magnetic poles 2, which are excited by means of windings 3 by alternating current. The access and discharge of the current occurs through the contact points 4 and 5. Funnel-shaped channels 6 and 7, in connection with an inlet and outlet line from the outside of the hollow sphere 1 to close to the center point the sphere, allow the substances to and from the reaction zone to be fed in and discharged this will be continued. This is indicated by arrows. In cases where the nuclear reactions generated thermal energy, which consists in particular of radiation energy, directly for evaporation of water or the like is to be used, this energy can also be used on the circumference of the hollow sphere be derived. This can be achieved, for example, by covering the hollow sphere with a water jacket is surrounded, from which the generated steam volumes, their pressure also to generate other forms of energy is to be used, derived.

The effect of shock waves is in chemical reactions, especially in combustion reactions, has been found under the following conditions. A shock wave is at one end of a straight line Tube generated, which contains a chemically neutral gas. The shaft passes through the pipe in an axial direction Direction. The end of the tube towards which the shock wave is directed is closed, and in this Zone of the pipe is immediately adjacent to the chemically neutral gas, inflammable, cold, Gas mixture that cannot be detonated. The volume of this mixture extends over an axial length of the pipe by a multiple of the pipe diameter. When the surge in pressure of the shock wave is strong is enough, the mixture will be ignited when the shock wave passes through at a speed which is approximately corresponds to the shock wave speed, which is higher than the sound speed of the mixture. The height of the pressure jump of the shock wave, which leads to an ignition of the mixture, is down sharply delimited, d. That is, below a certain value of the height of the pressure jump, no inflammation occurs of the mixture.

The studies of such chemical effects of shock waves show that in none Wise relationships exist that are called inflammation by normal adiabatic compression of a mass of gas are known. In particular, the required height of an igniting pressure jump is only a small one Fraction (for example 0.5 to 5 at) of those pressure heads as they are for ignitions by normal adiabatic Compression are required.

The described effect of a shock wave can be explained by a molecular theoretical consideration. This is based on the assumption that the pressure jump of the shock wave briefly affects the molecules affected by the shock Speed given in the direction of the wave course. This follows in a known manner from the law of impulses. This molecular speed going in the direction of the wave course is superimposed on the regulated one Molecular motion, which according to the molecular kinetic conception of the normal temperature of the Before the wave arrives. Due to the superimposed, directed speed, which originates from the shock wave, becomes an increased molecular motion in the direction of the wave course generated. The molecules, whose normal temperature movement is already in the direction of the wave course points, receive an increased kinetic energy in the direction of the wave course. It is a considerable one Proportion of the total number of all molecules. This proportion of the total number of all molecules therefore has a directed increased "temperature" pointing in the direction of the waveform, since the kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to the level of temperature.

The investigations into combustion processes show that significant technical effects through such a directed temperature (»vectorial temperature«) can be generated.

The invention is based on the further observation that the pressure jump of a shock wave increased if the shaft is not in a cylindrical tube, but in a slightly conical narrowing, elongated space runs. It then finds an apparently similar optical appearance Increasing the intensity of the shock wave instead. For this, according to the wave nature of the shock course, to assume, as a first approximation, the same increase in the intensity of the shock as in

optical phenomena for the light intensity is the case.

If a shock wave is emitted from the inner wall of a hollow sphere, there is an increase in intensity of the thrust to the center of the ball. A consideration that, on the one hand, addresses the molecular kinetic Influence of a shock wave on the inner surface of the hollow sphere and on the other hand the influence of the increase in intensity by the radially converging

ίο Shot put wave, leads to surprisingly high "vector temperatures" in the area of the center of the sphere. For example, the calculation shows that in a ^{hollow sphere of 1 m radius filled with hydrogen at 350 °} Kelvin, a weak ball shock wave, which is generated on the inside of the hollow sphere, has a core of around 1 mm radius to well over 100 Millions of degrees Kelvin would have to heat.
The regularity that is applied to the processes cannot, of course, be regarded as quantitatively valid for the areas of these extraordinarily high temperatures. However, they have been practically tested for combustion processes and found to be effective. In addition, detonation processes in gases and solid substances capable of detonation also indicate a direct relationship between high temperatures and shock waves. In the case of solid substances capable of detonation, very considerable pressures and temperatures arise in the zone of impact. The temperature effect of shock waves has thus been proven in practice up to the limit of the highest temperatures of chemical processes. It is therefore not improbable that the technical rule according to the invention, which makes it appear possible to reach the field of extraordinary temperature degrees, can lead to technical advantages in the field of nuclear reactions.

In the case of a molecular kinetic consideration for the purpose of determining the temperature in the area of the center of the sphere, the starting point is the impulse which, for example, is given to a gas layer on the inner wall of the sphere with the radius r ₀ . The momentum is described by the quantities Ac ₀ , the velocity which is imparted to the gas layer in the vicinity of the limiting spherical surface by impact, and AM ₀ , the gas mass detected by the impact. The size of AM ₀ is AM ₀ = 4 · π · ρ ₀ · r ₀ ² · A r ₀ . It denotes ρ ₀ the specific mass of the gas and Ar ₀ the very small thickness of the gas layer covered by the impact at a distance r ₀ from the center of the sphere.

In the same way, the mass of a gas layer lying inside the sphere and covered by a shock wave on the radius r is given by the equation

AM - 4 · π · ρ ■ r ² · Ar

to describe.

The magnitude of the velocity which is imparted to a gas layer in the interior of the ball by the impact is denoted by A c.

It is known from gas dynamics that the increase in the specific density ρ cannot rise above a certain value during impact processes. In diatomic gases, this limit value of ρ reaches asymptotically approximately six times the value that is present in the case of the gas unaffected by the collision. The impact processes on which this is based lead to very high values even after a short wave course, and it is therefore permissible for a qualitative consideration to set the specific density in the impact layer 7c uniformly at six times the initial value. Accordingly, ρ / ρ ₀ Pa 6 has to be introduced.

The gas layer detected by the impact can be set equal to or proportional to the free path of the molecules. This means that at six times the specific gravity the free path or an amount proportional to it is i / y6 times smaller. From this follows ArJAr ₀ ph 0.55.

The impulse given to the gas layer in the vicinity of the inner wall of the hollow sphere is transmitted in a first approximation in full on the gas layer) on smaller radii of the spherical space. It follows

Ac ₀ - 4- π- ρ _ο rl- Ar ₀ = Ac 4 π ρ - r ^z Ar.
With the values given, the result is

Ac Pa 0.3- Ac ₀ -

This equation describes the vectorial velocity directed towards the center of the sphere, which the molecules are retained in the layers affected by the impact.

For the determination of the effective temperature, on the one hand, the temperature level comes into consideration, which the gas possesses as a result of the unregulated molecular movement. On the other hand occurs as a result of Shock wave the temperature component called "vector temperature" appears.

The experiments with shock waves to achieve ignition effects in mixtures resulted in the effective temperature value of the kinetic energy of the molecules, the speed portion of which consists of the square of the sum: mean molecular speed of the uncontrolled molecular movement plus vector speed of the molecules as a result of a shock wave. If the mean molecular velocity of the unaffected gas _{is denoted by w 0} (which is the same everywhere within the gas in the sphere), then the effective temperature of a molecule with mass m, pointing towards the center of the sphere, is given by the equation

T = const (M ₀ + A c) ² [ ⁰ K]

to describe. These temperatures, expressed in degrees Kelvin, do not have all of the molecules, but rather only those who, when the shock wave hits, have an average molecular speed of Have the center of the sphere. If one takes the Maxwellian distribution as a basis, then relates the order of magnitude of this temperature value, however, on a considerable number of the total Molecules. Many reach a higher temperature - 12; worth, as they already have a higher molecular weight before the collision

have speed towards the center of the sphere than corresponds to the mean value applied.

Among the assumptions made for the purpose of qualitative consideration is for that influenced by the shock Apply gas layer near the inner wall of the sphere

T = const ■ —- [U ₀ + Ac ₀ ) K [ ⁰ K]

From the two equations for the temperature values it follows

[ ⁰ K]

and after introducing the equation for A c

'2

Ac ₀

+ 1 For a sphere with a radius of 1 m, filled with normal hydrogen, which has an absolute temperature T ₀ of 350 ^° K (77 ^° C.), the following values of the effective temperature in the area of the center of the sphere are calculated. In accordance with the preceding explanation, this is essentially the "vector temperature", since the normal temperature T _{0 of} the contents of the sphere is very small compared to the temperature values attainable by impact. The molecular speed of the hydrogen is set at U _0-2000 m / s (corresponding to around 350 ⁰ K). For the various values of Δ C ₀ , the vectorial molecular velocity in the vicinity of the inner wall of the sphere, various values are used to illustrate a regulation. Furthermore, to complete the illustration in the second line of the table with Ap _0, the approximate height of the pressure jump in kilograms per centimeter square, which occurs at the assumed speeds of Ac _n .

Ac ₀ ... 10 mm is T IO 50 100 m / s Af ₀ ... ι mm is T 0.011 0.055 0.11 kg / cm ² On r = 0.088 · io ^e 1.93 · io ⁶ 7.24 · io ° ⁰ K On r ■ = 0.775 · io ⁹ 18.7 io ⁹ 71.2 io ^{9 0} K

The table shows that with the relatively low energy values for shock waves Inner ball radius r <, resulting in extraordinary temperature values in the area * of the center of the ball.

Even if the molecular kinetic consideration pursued here does not lead to any direct conclusions The nuclear influence of substances is permitted, but the knowledge that the nuclei of the atoms in the are essentially the carriers of the mass, a certain support of the technical conclusions according to the invention. Another support is that the temperature and energy values resulting from the calculation experience an unimaginable increase in the Area in the immediate vicinity of the center of the sphere. Theoretically, this is where the shock waves hit of the spherical space on top of each other and were thus a multiplication compared to the table values the energy concentration.

Also a consideration that ₀ verteilujng, puts an even fabric-J in the ball, a continuum based on the achievement can be extraordinary temperatures in the range of ball center expected. The known gas-dynamic relationships that apply to a straight shock wave may serve for such a qualitative consideration. If τ denotes the temperature that is generated by the shock wave and T ₀ denotes the temperature before the shock wave hit, § and p ₀ denote the corresponding pressures and ρ and ρ ₀ denote the corresponding densities of a gas, then applies

= T _n

JL Qo

The values of PJp ₀ and ρ / ρ ₀ correspond to the equation

Concentration camp

+ 1

Qo

P ,

Po

from which the value follows for a diatomic gas with K = 1.4 _ ■ - ■■ - '

Qo

f + 6

The values as shown in the following table result from these relationships.

PIPo 50 ⁰ K is T. I · IO ³ IO IO ³ 100 · IO ³ I · IO ^{6 0} K With T ₀ = 2 0.06 • IO ⁶ 0.58 • IO ⁶ 5.8 IO ⁶ 58.3 • IO ^e

This tabular overview shows that also with the Approach of a continuum consideration as well as extraordinary temperature values through a shock wave process are to be expected as they follow from the molecular kinetic consideration.

It is to be regarded as physically probable that the laws mentioned are of a molecular kinetic and gas dynamic nature in the area extraordinary temperatures no longer in the

ίο given form exist. Instead, you should Laws occur that cause the impact energy to be dispersed to larger masses than theoretically are set, take into account. In the area of extraordinary temperatures, however, occurs at the same time also an extraordinary acceleration of the impact process, so that in the area of the center of the sphere the. very rapid build-up of energy concentration counteracts energy dissipation. This qualitative Consideration suggests that even if a certain energy dispersion is taken into account, the The effect of extraordinary temperatures comes about when this is also in greater proximity to the The center of the sphere occurs as it results from the computational approaches.

as the spherical shape to be used according to the invention Shock waves have the advantage that the excitation of oscillation of the contents of each part of the sphere inner spherical surface leads to a reflection of the oscillation on the opposite inner spherical surface leads. If the number of vibrations of the spherical surface is adjusted so that the spherical surface of an incoming When the wave front runs in the opposite direction, there is an increase in the intensity of the shock wave on the wall of the sphere due to resonance. To this In this way, shock waves can be achieved which already have a considerable intensity on the inner surface of the hollow sphere have, with only a small oscillation amplitude and oscillation number of the wall of the hollow sphere. This results in little technical effort in order to generate shock waves with a high pressure jump and to generate a correspondingly high vectorial molecular velocity.

It is well known that the passage of a harmonic wave through a gaseous medium takes a short time automatically to the formation of a wave with shock front, since a harmonic pressure increase with stronger ones Pressure differences, as they come into question here, are not possible according to the laws of gas dynamics, but leads to a shock front. " through a harmonic oscillation of the spherical wall, for example through the excitation of magnetic poles with 50 periods per second, which is technically easy to achieve.

The reactor is regulated by regulating the vibration intensity of the wall of the hollow sphere accessible. This can be brought about, for example, by changing the current strength, which is passed through the turns 3. In addition, there is a change in the number of periods of the vibrations to carry out a regulation of the spherical wall. In this case, a fluctuation in Periodicity of the oscillation of the spherical surface can be used, causing a fluctuation in the shock wave intensity is achieved in the manner of a beat. Such a regulation leads in each case after one Number of lesser intensity fluctuations for one or too few successive shock waves in particular high intensity. Further possibilities for regulation exist in changes of the pressure or the mean, normal temperature of the contents of the hollow sphere.

The application of a shock wave curve in the manner of an oscillation with beat allows heating the content of the sphere in the area of the center of the sphere as a result of the increase in entropy that occurs with shock waves entry. Submit the smaller pressure jumps that occur in the course of a beat period the core of the content of the sphere through the increase in entropy of the substance in this part of the sphere Temperature increase of a normal kind, that is, a strong unregulated molecular movement. That then The following maximum of the pressure jump of the shock waves thus finds a highly heated one in the core of the sphere Medium before. It is readily apparent that the action of an impact on a heated medium can trigger more intense effects than on a cold medium, from which it follows that the application of a Has shock wave course in the manner of a beat particularly favorable technical effects. go

The use of relatively low period numbers is particularly meaningful and advantageous for the operation of the reactor. Such oscillation frequencies are not only low technical effort to generate, but it is also possible in a simple manner, each individual Vibration, or each individual shock wave, to impress a high amount of energy. the The amounts of energy that can be imparted to each oscillation are many times higher than, for example, an ultrasonic wave can be given. Since it is essential in the invention to use a single shock wave as possible To give a high amount of energy, for example, the application of ultrasound shows up as not particularly cheap.

For a reactor with a 1 m inner radius of the sphere, when filled with gaseous, normal Hydrogen and for operation with an oscillation of the spherical wall, which is in resonance with the waveform it says that the ball wall has to perform approximately 1000 to 2000 oscillations per second. However, an integral fraction of this number of vibrations is also to be used, as well as an integral fraction Multiples. In the case of such an order of magnitude of the oscillation numbers, which is given for example there are relatively large longitudinal extensions of a wave course. This has opposite High-frequency waves have the advantage that a technically easy to master adaptation to technically conditioned Deviations from the strict physical requirements and a compensation for secondary influences can be brought about.

In addition to the illustrated embodiment according to the figure, it should be pointed out, among other things, that the excitation of shock waves, for example, also essentially purely electrical, i.e. without an

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Order of magnets, is to be achieved. In this case, an electrostatic influencing of the spherical surface by means of a periodically fluctuating voltage can be used to generate a periodic movement of the contents of the sphere in the vicinity of the inner wall. It is known that electrical overhead lines for low-frequency electricity cause visible oscillations of the mist droplets in foggy weather. To achieve a similar effect, the ίο zone of the content of the sphere near the inner wall is to be enriched with ionized molecules, for example, or made electrically controllable by the inclusion of condensation droplets. The direct electrical excitation of vibration has the advantage that the ball content by wave an impact ₇ can also be directly imprinted, because it is given technically readily, an electric voltage fluctuation with a periodically recurring provide voltage rise or to generate -Slope, ao To To use a cheaper form of energy to generate the shock waves, on the other hand, the outer spherical surface can also be mechanically excited to vibrate directly or indirectly (for example with the interposition of a gaseous or liquid medium).

A flow through the zone around the center point of the hollow sphere 1, as indicated by the arrows is and can be effected through the channels 6 and 7, enables a discharge of reaction products immediately after the reaction has taken place. The reaction is extreme when exposed to shock waves short time. That it is still possible to remove the substance immediately after the brief exposure To dissipate the highest temperature range seems to be the use of the reactor in some cases which easily disintegrate substances are formed, very desirable.

A filling of the hollow sphere with liquid or solid Substances basically lead to the same technical effects as they are described for gas fillings. For example, it is possible to use a filling with liquefied hydrogen or with solid substances. In these cases the shock waves travel at higher speeds and pressures, because of the predominance of the "vectorial temperatures" over the im achievable with gases Area of the center of the sphere are advantageous. When using liquid or solid substances for the filling the sphere can also define the zone inside the sphere by means of an externally acting, radially directed Thermal radiation are kept gaseous or liquid, insofar as not the radiation of the Shock waves automatically change the physical state of the content on small radii brings about.

The basic idea of the invention is not based on that

Arrangement of a full hollow sphere limited. Rather, it is readily apparent that, for example an arrangement that consists of spherical cutouts, in principle, allows the same effects to be achieved.

The arrangement according to the invention is also not

limited to nuclear reactions, it can also be used to carry out beneficial effects Substance conversions are used, which are still referred to as chemical and for the unusually high Temperatures are necessary or appropriate.

In some cases it can also be useful to only carry out a nuclear test in the area of the center of the sphere to bring in influencing substances or substances for the purpose of technical, thermal or chemical influencing should be exposed to very high temperatures without these substances causing nuclear reactions should experience in the real sense. The area around the center of the ball is, according to technical Considered, not only characterized by an extraordinarily high temperature, but also by high pressure, its property, especially related to high temperatures, to technically advantageous influences on substances within the meaning of the invention can be used. There should be the possibility of only short-term and regulated influencing may be of particular technical importance in some cases.

Claims (10)

PATENT CLAIMS: x. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor, characterized in that the content of a hollow sphere is influenced in order to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the sphere by shock waves which run in a radial direction and are periodically repeated in rapid succession, and that the energy generated is converted into usable form . 9b 2. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the Contents of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the sphere caused by vibrations in the wall of the ball running in the radial direction, regulated shock waves is influenced. 3. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the Sphere due to changes in energy that run in the radial direction and periodically changing the wall of the ball generated and regulated shock waves is influenced. 4. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the sphere by running in the radial direction and by a fluctuation of the periodicity Periodically changing energy changes in the wall of the sphere generated and regulated shock waves being affected. 5. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve, nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the sphere by regulated shock waves running in the radial direction of a level lower than ultrasound lying frequency is influenced. 6. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim ι or the following, characterized in that that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the sphere by shock waves running in radial direction, which resonate with the shock wave course periodically changing energy changes of the wall of the sphere are generated, is influenced. 7. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the area of the center of the ball by extending in the radial direction, by means of periodic change of the electrical Stress of the spherical wall generated shock waves is influenced. 8. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the region of the center of the sphere is influenced by radial controlled shock waves generated by a mechanically excited oscillation of the wall of the sphere will. 9. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that the content of a hollow sphere to achieve nuclear reactions in the region of the center of the sphere is influenced by regulated shock waves extending in the radial direction and that the reactants through channels in the area of the The center of the ball are introduced and removed from it. 10. Regulated thermo-nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or the following, characterized in that a spherical segment-shaped hollow spherical part is arranged to achieve nuclear reactions by regulated shock waves extending in the radial direction. 4a Considered publications:
French Patent No. 922877;
"Journal of Applied Physics", Vol. 22, 1951, pp. 878ff. 1 sheet of drawings © 509 659/208 2.56 (709 571/35 6. 57)